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6 development of compilers and interpreters is confusing in some cases. This document describes what
12   compilation" are used to indicate that the source code or bytecode is compiled before actual
13   execution. In case of Panda Runtime, AOT compilation is used to compile Panda Bytecode into
17 * **Compiler** is a tool that performs source code or bytecode translation, optimization and
19 * **IR** stands for **Intermediate Representation**. IR is an internal compiler data structure
25   compilation" are used to indicate that the source code or bytecode is compiled during program
26   execution. In case of Panda Runtime, JIT compilation is used to compile Panda Bytecode into
29 * **Panda Assembler** is a tool that translates **Panda Assembly Language**
31 * **Panda Assembly Language** is a low-level programming language retaining very strong
34 * **Panda Binary File** or **Panda File** or **PF** is a binary representation of Panda Bytecode.
36 * **Panda Bytecode** or **PBC** is a portable hardware-independent instruction set designed for
38 * **Runtime** is a runtime system, also called runtime environment.
42 * **Allocator** is a part of the system that servicing allocation and deallocation requests.
43 * **Card** is a division of memory with some fixed size. Card size usually smaller than a page.
49 * **Compacting GC** is a GC which compacts live objects to reduce fragmentation.
52 * **Full GC** is cleaning the entire Heap.
53 * **Garbage collection** is also known as automatic memory management,
54   is the automatic recycling of dynamically allocated memory.
58 * **Minor GC** in general it is garbage collection worked over Young generation space
60 * **Major GC** in general it is garbage collection worked over Tenured/Old generation space.
61   Sometimes it is triggered by Minor GC, so it is impossible to separate them(see Full GC).
62 * **Safepoint** is a range of execution where the state of the executing thread is well described.
63     Safepoint is used as a point at which we can safely stop the thread, and at this point, all
64 … references on the stack are mapped (i.e., it is known when we have an object on the stack or not).
65     Mutator is at a known point in its interaction with the heap.
70 * **Semi-space compaction** is a compaction algorithm when memory is split to the two equal spaces
71   (one is empty and one used for allocation) and we just copy objects from one space to another
78 * **white object** is an object non visited by GC(at the end of GC white objects will be reclaimed) 
79 * **gray object** is reachable/alive object, but still should be scanned by GC (to process all fiel…
80 * **black object** is reachable/alive object and scanned by GC
81 * **throughput** is % of time not spent in GC over a long period of time(sometimes `GC throughput` …