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113 <ul> 114 <li class="pinned-header">Node.js v18.18.2</li> 115 116 <li class="picker-header"> 117 <a href="#"> 118 <span class="collapsed-arrow">►</span><span class="expanded-arrow">▼</span> 119 Table of contents 120 </a> 121 122 <div class="picker"><div class="toc"><ul> 123<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#single-executable-applications">Single executable applications</a></span> 124<ul> 125<li><a href="#notes">Notes</a> 126<ul> 127<li><a href="#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based"><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based</a></li> 128<li><a href="#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module"><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module</a></li> 129<li><a href="#__dirname-in-the-injected-module"><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module</a></li> 130<li><a href="#single-executable-application-creation-process">Single executable application creation process</a></li> 131<li><a href="#platform-support">Platform support</a></li> 132</ul> 133</li> 134</ul> 135</li> 136</ul></div></div> 137 </li> 138 139 140 <li class="picker-header"> 141 <a href="#"> 142 <span class="collapsed-arrow">►</span><span class="expanded-arrow">▼</span> 143 Index 144 </a> 145 146 <div class="picker"><ul> 147<li><a href="documentation.html" class="nav-documentation">About this documentation</a></li> 148<li><a href="synopsis.html" class="nav-synopsis">Usage and example</a></li> 149 150 <li> 151 <a href="index.html">Index</a> 152 </li> 153 </ul> 154 155<hr class="line"> 156<ul> 157<li><a href="assert.html" class="nav-assert">Assertion testing</a></li> 158<li><a href="async_context.html" class="nav-async_context">Asynchronous context tracking</a></li> 159<li><a href="async_hooks.html" class="nav-async_hooks">Async hooks</a></li> 160<li><a href="buffer.html" class="nav-buffer">Buffer</a></li> 161<li><a href="addons.html" class="nav-addons">C++ addons</a></li> 162<li><a href="n-api.html" 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class="nav-https-github-com-nodejs-node">Code repository and issue tracker</a></li> 221</ul></div> 222 </li> 223 224 225 <li class="picker-header"> 226 <a href="#"> 227 <span class="collapsed-arrow">►</span><span class="expanded-arrow">▼</span> 228 Other versions 229 </a> 230 <div class="picker"><ol id="alt-docs"><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v20.x/api/single-executable-applications.html">20.x</a></li> 231<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v19.x/api/single-executable-applications.html">19.x</a></li> 232<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v18.x/api/single-executable-applications.html">18.x <b>LTS</b></a></li></ol></div> 233 </li> 234 235 <li class="picker-header"> 236 <a href="#"> 237 <span class="collapsed-arrow">►</span><span class="expanded-arrow">▼</span> 238 Options 239 </a> 240 241 <div class="picker"> 242 <ul> 243 <li> 244 <a href="all.html">View on single page</a> 245 </li> 246 <li> 247 <a href="single-executable-applications.json">View as JSON</a> 248 </li> 249 <li class="edit_on_github"><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/edit/main/doc/api/single-executable-applications.md">Edit on GitHub</a></li> 250 </ul> 251 </div> 252 </li> 253 </ul> 254 </div> 255 <hr> 256 </header> 257 258 <details id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul> 259<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#single-executable-applications">Single executable applications</a></span> 260<ul> 261<li><a href="#notes">Notes</a> 262<ul> 263<li><a href="#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based"><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based</a></li> 264<li><a href="#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module"><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module</a></li> 265<li><a href="#__dirname-in-the-injected-module"><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module</a></li> 266<li><a href="#single-executable-application-creation-process">Single executable application creation process</a></li> 267<li><a href="#platform-support">Platform support</a></li> 268</ul> 269</li> 270</ul> 271</li> 272</ul></details> 273 274 <div id="apicontent"> 275 <h2>Single executable applications<span><a class="mark" href="#single-executable-applications" id="single-executable-applications">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_single_executable_applications"></a></h2> 276 277<div class="api_metadata"> 278<span>Added in: v19.7.0, v18.16.0</span> 279</div> 280<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental: This feature is being designed and will change.</div><p></p> 281<p><strong>Source Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v18.18.2/src/node_sea.cc">src/node_sea.cc</a></p> 282<p>This feature allows the distribution of a Node.js application conveniently to a 283system that does not have Node.js installed.</p> 284<p>Node.js supports the creation of <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable">single executable applications</a> by allowing 285the injection of a JavaScript file into the <code>node</code> binary. During start up, the 286program checks if anything has been injected. If the script is found, it 287executes its contents. Otherwise Node.js operates as it normally does.</p> 288<p>The single executable application feature only supports running a single 289embedded <a href="modules.html#modules-commonjs-modules">CommonJS</a> file.</p> 290<p>A bundled JavaScript file can be turned into a single executable application 291with any tool which can inject resources into the <code>node</code> binary.</p> 292<p>Here are the steps for creating a single executable application using one such 293tool, <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/postject">postject</a>:</p> 294<ol> 295<li> 296<p>Create a JavaScript file:</p> 297<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">'console.log(`Hello, ${process.argv[2]}!`);'</span> > hello.js</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> 298</li> 299<li> 300<p>Create a copy of the <code>node</code> executable and name it according to your needs:</p> 301<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cp</span> $(<span class="hljs-built_in">command</span> -v node) hello</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> 302</li> 303<li> 304<p>Inject the JavaScript file into the copied binary by running <code>postject</code> with 305the following options:</p> 306<ul> 307<li><code>hello</code> - The name of the copy of the <code>node</code> executable created in step 2.</li> 308<li><code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> - The name of the resource / note / section in the binary 309where the contents of the JavaScript file will be stored.</li> 310<li><code>hello.js</code> - The name of the JavaScript file created in step 1.</li> 311<li><code>--sentinel-fuse NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</code> - The 312<a href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/fuses">fuse</a> used by the Node.js project to detect if a file has been injected.</li> 313<li><code>--macho-segment-name NODE_JS</code> (only needed on macOS) - The name of the 314segment in the binary where the contents of the JavaScript file will be 315stored.</li> 316</ul> 317<p>To summarize, here is the required command for each platform:</p> 318<ul> 319<li> 320<p>On systems other than macOS:</p> 321<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">npx postject hello NODE_JS_CODE hello.js \ 322 --sentinel-fuse NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> 323</li> 324<li> 325<p>On macOS:</p> 326<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">npx postject hello NODE_JS_CODE hello.js \ 327 --sentinel-fuse NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2 \ 328 --macho-segment-name NODE_JS</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> 329</li> 330</ul> 331</li> 332<li> 333<p>Run the binary:</p> 334<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">./hello world</span> 335Hello, world!</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> 336</li> 337</ol> 338<section><h3>Notes<span><a class="mark" href="#notes" id="notes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_notes"></a></h3> 339<h4><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based<span><a class="mark" href="#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based" id="requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_require_id_in_the_injected_module_is_not_file_based"></a></h4> 340<p><code>require()</code> in the injected module is not the same as the <a href="modules.html#requireid"><code>require()</code></a> 341available to modules that are not injected. It also does not have any of the 342properties that non-injected <a href="modules.html#requireid"><code>require()</code></a> has except <a href="modules.html#accessing-the-main-module"><code>require.main</code></a>. It 343can only be used to load built-in modules. Attempting to load a module that can 344only be found in the file system will throw an error.</p> 345<p>Instead of relying on a file based <code>require()</code>, users can bundle their 346application into a standalone JavaScript file to inject into the executable. 347This also ensures a more deterministic dependency graph.</p> 348<p>However, if a file based <code>require()</code> is still needed, that can also be achieved:</p> 349<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createRequire } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:module'</span>); 350<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_">createRequire</span>(__filename);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> 351<h4><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module<span><a class="mark" href="#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module" id="__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_filename_and_module_filename_in_the_injected_module"></a></h4> 352<p>The values of <code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module are 353equal to <a href="process.html#processexecpath"><code>process.execPath</code></a>.</p> 354<h4><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module<span><a class="mark" href="#__dirname-in-the-injected-module" id="__dirname-in-the-injected-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_dirname_in_the_injected_module"></a></h4> 355<p>The value of <code>__dirname</code> in the injected module is equal to the directory name 356of <a href="process.html#processexecpath"><code>process.execPath</code></a>.</p> 357<h4>Single executable application creation process<span><a class="mark" href="#single-executable-application-creation-process" id="single-executable-application-creation-process">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_single_executable_application_creation_process"></a></h4> 358<p>A tool aiming to create a single executable Node.js application must 359inject the contents of a JavaScript file into:</p> 360<ul> 361<li>a resource named <code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> if the <code>node</code> binary is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Executable">PE</a> file</li> 362<li>a section named <code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> in the <code>NODE_JS</code> segment if the <code>node</code> binary 363is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach-O">Mach-O</a> file</li> 364<li>a note named <code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> if the <code>node</code> binary is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format">ELF</a> file</li> 365</ul> 366<p>Search the binary for the 367<code>NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2:0</code> <a href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/fuses">fuse</a> string and flip the 368last character to <code>1</code> to indicate that a resource has been injected.</p> 369<h4>Platform support<span><a class="mark" href="#platform-support" id="platform-support">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_platform_support"></a></h4> 370<p>Single-executable support is tested regularly on CI only on the following 371platforms:</p> 372<ul> 373<li>Windows</li> 374<li>macOS</li> 375<li>Linux (AMD64 only)</li> 376</ul> 377<p>This is due to a lack of better tools to generate single-executables that can be 378used to test this feature on other platforms.</p> 379<p>Suggestions for other resource injection tools/workflows are welcomed. Please 380start a discussion at <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable/discussions">https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable/discussions</a> 381to help us document them.</p></section> 382 <!-- API END --> 383 </div> 384 </div> 385 </div> 386</body> 387</html> 388