# Performing Lifecycle Management Using JSVM-API

## Introduction

In JSVM-API, **JSVM_Value** is an abstract data type that represents a JavaScript (JS) value of any type, which includes the basic type (such as number, string, or Boolean) and the composite type (such as array, function, or object).
The **JSVM_Value** lifecycle is closely related to the lifecycle of the JS value. When a JS value is garbage-collected, the **JSVM_Value** associated with it is no longer valid. Avoid using the **JSVM_Value** when the JS value no longer exists.

Scope is used to manage the **JSVM_Value** lifecycle in the framework layer. You can use **OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope** to create a scope and use **OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope** to destroy a scope. By creating a **JSVM_Value** in a scope, you can ensure that the **JSVM_Value** is automatically released when the scope ends. This helps prevent memory leaks.

**JSVM_Ref** is a JSVM-API data type used to manage the **JSVM_Value** lifecycle. It allows reference to a **JSVM_Value** during its lifecycle, even if the value is beyond its original context. The reference allows a **JSVM_Value** to be shared in different contexts and released in a timely manner.

Properly using **OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope** and **OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope** can minimize the **JSVM_Value** lifecycle and prevent memory leaks.

Each **JSVM_Value** belongs to a specific **HandleScope** instance, which is created by **OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope** and closed by **OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope**. After a **HandleScope** instance is closed, the corresponding **JSVM_Value** will be automatically released.

## Basic Concepts

JSVM-API provides APIs for creating and manipulating JS objects, managing references to and lifecycle of the JS objects, and registering garbage collection (GC) callbacks in C/C++. Before you get started, you need to understand the following concepts:

- Scope: used to ensure that the objects created within a certain scope remain active and are properly cleared when no longer required. JSVM-API provides APIs for creating and closing normal and escapable scopes.
- Reference management: JSVM-API provides APIs for creating, deleting, and managing object references to extend the object lifecycle and prevent memory leaks when objects are used.
- Escapable scope: used to return the values created within the **escapable_handle_scope** to a parent scope. It is created by **OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope** and closed by **OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope**.
- GC callback: You can register GC callbacks to perform specific cleanup operations when JS objects are garbage-collected.

Understanding these concepts helps you securely and effectively manipulate JS objects in C/C++ and perform object lifecycle management.

## Available APIs

| API                      | Description                      |
|----------------------------|--------------------------------|
| OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope     | Opens a handle scope. **JSVM_Value** within the scope will not be garbage-collected.|
| OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope    | Closes a handle scope.|
| OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope     | Opens an escapable handle scope. Before this scope is closed, the object created within the scope has the same lifecycle as its parent scope.|
| OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope    | Closes an escapable handle scope.|
| OH_JSVM_EscapeHandle         | Promotes a handle to a JS object so that it is valid for the lifetime of the outer scope.|
| OH_JSVM_CreateReference      | Creates a reference with the specified reference count to the value passed in. The reference allows objects to be used and shared in different contexts and helps effective track of the object lifecycle.|
| OH_JSVM_DeleteReference      | Deletes the reference created by **OH_JSVM_CreateReference**. This allows objects to be correctly released and reclaimed when they are no longer required, avoiding memory leaks.|
| OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef         | Increments the reference count of the reference created by **OH_JSVM_CreateReference** so that the object referenced will not be released.|
| OH_JSVM_ReferenceUnref       | Decrements the reference count of the reference created by **OH_JSVM_CreateReference** so that the object can be correctly released and reclaimed when it is not referenced.|
| OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue   | Obtains the object referenced by **OH_JSVM_CreateReference**. |
| OH_JSVM_AddFinalizer          | Adds a **JSVM_Finalize** callback to a JS object. The callback will be invoked to release the native object when the JS object is garbage-collected.|

## Example

If you are just starting out with JSVM-API, see [JSVM-API Development Process](use-jsvm-process.md). The following demonstrates only the C++ code involved in lifecycle management.

### OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope and OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope

Call **OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope** to open a handle scope. Call **OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope** to close a handle scope. Properly managing JS handle scopes can prevent GC problems.

CPP code:

```cpp
// Define OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope and OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope.
static JSVM_Value HandleScopeFor(JSVM_Env env, JSVM_CallbackInfo info) {
    // When JSVM-API is frequently called to create JS objects in the for loop, use handle_scope to release resources in a timely manner when they are no longer required.
    // In the following example, the lifecycle of the local variable res ends at the end of each loop. To prevent memory leaks, scope is used to release the JS object in a timely manner.
    constexpr uint32_t DIFF_VALUE_HUNDRED_THOUSAND = 10000;
    JSVM_Value checked = nullptr;
    for (int i = 0; i < DIFF_VALUE_HUNDRED_THOUSAND; i++) {
        JSVM_HandleScope scope = nullptr;
        JSVM_Status status = OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope(env, &scope);
        if (status != JSVM_OK || scope == nullptr) {
            OH_JSVM_GetBoolean(env, false, &checked);
            OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope: failed");
            return checked;
        }
        JSVM_Value res = nullptr;
        OH_JSVM_CreateObject(env, &res);
        status = OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope(env, scope);
        if (status != JSVM_OK) {
            OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope: failed");
        }
    }
    OH_JSVM_GetBoolean(env, true, &checked);
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM HandleScopeFor: success");
    return checked;
}

// Register the HandleScopeFor callback.
static JSVM_CallbackStruct param[] = {
    {.callback = HandleScopeFor, .data = nullptr},
};

static JSVM_CallbackStruct *method = param;
// Alias for the HandleScopeFor method, which can be called from JS.
static JSVM_PropertyDescriptor descriptor[] = {
    {"HandleScopeFor", nullptr, method++, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, JSVM_DEFAULT},
};

const char *srcCallNative = "HandleScopeFor()";
```

Expected result:
```
JSVM HandleScopeFor: success
```

### OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope, OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope, and OH_JSVM_EscapeHandle

Call **OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope** to create an escapable handle scope, which allows the declared values in a scope to be returned to its parent scope. <br>Call **OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope** to close the created scope.<br>Call **OH_JSVM_EscapeHandle** to promote the lifecycle of the passed-in JS object to its parent scope.
These APIs are helpful for managing JS objects more flexibly in C/C++, especially when passing cross-scope values.

CPP code:

```cpp
// Define OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope, OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope, and OH_JSVM_EscapeHandle.
static JSVM_Value EscapableHandleScopeTest(JSVM_Env env, JSVM_CallbackInfo info)
{
    // Create an escapable handle scope.
    JSVM_EscapableHandleScope scope = nullptr;
    JSVM_Status status = OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope(env, &scope);
    if (status != JSVM_OK) {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_OpenEscapableHandleScope: failed");
        return nullptr;
    }
    // Create an object within the scope of the escapable handle.
    JSVM_Value obj;
    OH_JSVM_CreateObject(env, &obj);
    // Add properties to the object.
    JSVM_Value value = nullptr;
    OH_JSVM_CreateStringUtf8(env, "Test jsvm_escapable_handle_scope", JSVM_AUTO_LENGTH, &value);
    OH_JSVM_SetNamedProperty(env, obj, "name", value);
    // Call OH_JSVM_EscapeHandle to promote the JS object handle to make it valid with the lifetime of the outer scope.
    JSVM_Value escapedObj = nullptr;
    OH_JSVM_EscapeHandle(env, scope, obj, &escapedObj);
    // Close the escapable handle scope to clear resources.
    status = OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope(env, scope);
    if (status != JSVM_OK) {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_CloseEscapableHandleScope: failed");
        return nullptr;
    }
    // Here, escapedObj can be used in the outer scope.
    bool result = false;
    OH_JSVM_CreateStringUtf8(env, "name", JSVM_AUTO_LENGTH, &value);
    OH_JSVM_HasProperty(env, escapedObj, value, &result);
    if (result) {
        OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM EscapableHandleScopeTest: success");
    }
    return escapedObj;
}

// Define the EscapableHandleScopeTest callback.
static JSVM_CallbackStruct param[] = {
    {.callback = EscapableHandleScopeTest, .data = nullptr},
};
static JSVM_CallbackStruct *method = param;
// Alias for the escapableHandleScopeTest method, which can be called from JS.
static JSVM_PropertyDescriptor descriptor[] = {
    {"escapableHandleScopeTest", nullptr, method++, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, JSVM_DEFAULT},
};

const char *srcCallNative = "escapableHandleScopeTest()";
```

Expected result:

```
JSVM EscapableHandleScopeTest: success
```

### OH_JSVM_CreateReference, OH_JSVM_DeleteReference, and OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue

Call **OH_JSVM_CreateReference** to create a reference for a JS variable to extend its lifecycle.
Call **OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue** to obtain the JS variable associated with the reference.
Call **OH_JSVM_DeleteReference** to delete the reference.

The caller must manage the reference lifecycle. During the reference validity period, the JS variable will not be garbage-collected.

### OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef and OH_JSVM_ReferenceUnref

Call **OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef** to increment the reference count of a reference and call **OH_JSVM_ReferenceUnref** to decrement the reference count of a reference, and return the new count value. 
When the reference count is **0**:
- For the JS types that can be set as weak references (objects, functions, and external variables), the reference will be set as a weak reference. The associated variable will be garbage-collected when the GC mechanism deems it necessary. After the variable is garbage-collected, calling **OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue** will return JS **NULL**. 
- For the JS types that cannot be set as weak references, the reference will be cleared and calling **OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue** will return JS **NULL**.

CPP code:

```cpp
static JSVM_Value UseReference(JSVM_Env env, JSVM_CallbackInfo info)
{
    // Create a JS object.
    JSVM_Value obj = nullptr;
    OH_JSVM_CreateObject(env, &obj);
    JSVM_Value value = nullptr;
    OH_JSVM_CreateStringUtf8(env, "UseReference", JSVM_AUTO_LENGTH, &value);
    OH_JSVM_SetNamedProperty(env, obj, "name", value);
    
    JSVM_Ref g_ref = nullptr;
    // Create a reference to the JS object.
    JSVM_Status status = OH_JSVM_CreateReference(env, obj, 1, &g_ref);
    if (status != JSVM_OK) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Increment the reference count and return the new reference count.
    uint32_t result;
    OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef(env, g_ref, &result);
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef, count = %{public}d.", result);
    if (result != 2) {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef: failed");
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Decrement the reference count and return the new reference count.
    uint32_t num;
    OH_JSVM_ReferenceUnref(env, g_ref, &num);
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_ReferenceUnref, count = %{public}d.", num);
    if (num != 1) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    JSVM_Value object = nullptr;
    // Call OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue to obtain the referenced JS object.
    status = OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue(env, g_ref, &object);
    if (status != JSVM_OK) {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_GetReferenceValue: failed");
        return nullptr;
    }

    // When the reference is no longer required, call OH_JSVM_DeleteReference to delete it.
    status = OH_JSVM_DeleteReference(env, g_ref);
    if (status != JSVM_OK) {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "JSVM OH_JSVM_DeleteReference: failed");
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Return the obtained object.
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM UseReference success");
    return object;
}

// Register the CreateReference, UseReference, and DeleteReference callbacks.
static JSVM_CallbackStruct param[] = {
    {.callback = UseReference, .data = nullptr},
};
static JSVM_CallbackStruct *method = param;
// Aliases for the CreateReference, UseReference, and DeleteReference methods, which cal be called from JS.
static JSVM_PropertyDescriptor descriptor[] = {
    {"useReference", nullptr, method++, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, JSVM_DEFAULT},
};

const char *srcCallNative = "useReference()";
```

Expected result:

```
JSVM OH_JSVM_ReferenceRef, count = 2.
JSVM OH_JSVM_ReferenceUnref, count = 1.
JSVM UseReference success
```

### OH_JSVM_AddFinalizer
Call **OH_JSVM_AddFinalizer** to add the **JSVM_Finalize** callback to a JS object. The callback will be invoked when the JS object is garbage-collected. **OH_JSVM_AddFinalizer** is usually used to release the native object associated with a JS object. If the input parameter is not a JS object, the call will fail and return an error code.
The Finalizer method cannot be canceled after being registered. If it is not executed before **OH_JSVM_DestroyEnv** is called, it will be executed when **OH_JVSM_DestroyEnv** is called.

CPP code:

```cpp
static int AddFinalizer(JSVM_VM vm, JSVM_Env env) {
    // Open the handle scope.
    JSVM_HandleScope handleScope;
    CHECK_RET(OH_JSVM_OpenHandleScope(env, &handleScope));
    // Create an object and set a callback.
    JSVM_Value obj;
    CHECK_RET(OH_JSVM_CreateObject(env, &obj));
    CHECK_RET(OH_JSVM_AddFinalizer(
        env, obj, nullptr,
        [](JSVM_Env env, void *data, void *hint) -> void {
            // Finalizer method, which can be used to clear the native object.
            OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM: finalizer called.");
        },
        nullptr, nullptr));
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM: finalizer added.");
    // Close the handle scope to trigger GC. The Finalizer callback will be called during GC.
    CHECK_RET(OH_JSVM_CloseHandleScope(env, handleScope));
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM: before call gc.");
    CHECK_RET(OH_JSVM_MemoryPressureNotification(env, JSVM_MemoryPressureLevel::JSVM_MEMORY_PRESSURE_LEVEL_CRITICAL));
    OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "JSVM: after call gc.");

    return 0;
}

static JSVM_Value RunDemo(JSVM_Env env, JSVM_CallbackInfo info) {
    JSVM_VM vm;
    OH_JSVM_GetVM(env, &vm);
    if (AddFinalizer(vm, env) != 0) {
        OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "Run PromiseRegisterHandler failed");
    }

    return nullptr;
}

// Register the RunDemo callback.
static JSVM_CallbackStruct param[] = {
    {.data = nullptr, .callback = RunDemo},
};
static JSVM_CallbackStruct *method = param;
// Alias for the RunDemo method to be called from JS.
static JSVM_PropertyDescriptor descriptor[] = {
    {"RunDemo", nullptr, method++, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, JSVM_DEFAULT},
};

// Call C++ code from JS.
const char *srcCallNative = R"JS(RunDemo();)JS";
```

Expected result:
```ts
JSVM: finalizer added.
JSVM: before call gc.
JSVM: finalizer called.
JSVM: after call gc.
```