Lines Matching +full:dozen +full:- +full:test +full:- +full:rules
1 .. _whats-new-in-2.6:
12 Rules for maintenance:
41 sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary.
61 :mod:`future_builtins` module and a :option:`!-3` switch to warn about
82 .. Compare with previous release in 2 - 3 sentences here.
86 .. Large, PEP-level features and changes should be described here.
97 Python 3.0 is a far-ranging redesign of Python that breaks
103 document in the appropriate place. Some of the 3.0-derived features
108 * The addition of :func:`functools.reduce` as a synonym for the built-in
111 Python 3.0 adds several new built-in functions and changes the
119 A new command-line switch, :option:`!-3`, enables warnings
131 3.0, and then explore the higher-numbered PEPS that propose
145 --------------------------------------------------
162 offers no-cost hosted instances to free-software projects; Roundup
163 is an open-source project that requires volunteers
197 -----------------------------------------------------------
203 straightforward to write once the basic rules of the markup were
211 L. Drake Jr., the long-time Python documentation editor, spent a lot
220 https://www.sphinx-doc.org/.
229 almost two dozen other projects
230 (`listed on the Sphinx web site <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/examples.html>`__)
238 `Sphinx <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>`__
245 .. _pep-0343:
260 ``try...finally`` blocks to ensure that clean-up code is executed. In this
265 The ':keyword:`with`' statement is a control-flow structure whose basic
269 with-block
275 The object's :meth:`__enter__` is called before *with-block* is executed and
276 therefore can run set-up code. It also may return a value that is bound to the
280 After execution of the *with-block* is finished, the object's :meth:`__exit__`
282 clean-up code.
294 part-way through the block.
328 .. _new-26-context-managers:
331 ------------------------
339 A high-level explanation of the context management protocol is:
355 is re-raised: any false value re-raises the exception, and ``True`` will result
413 will be re-raised automatically. If you wished, you could be more explicit and
428 .. _new-module-contextlib:
431 ---------------------
488 :pep:`343` - The "with" statement
498 .. _pep-0366:
503 Python's :option:`-m` switch allows running a module as a script.
512 PEP 302-style importers can then set :attr:`__package__` as necessary.
513 The :mod:`runpy` module that implements the :option:`-m` switch now
519 .. _pep-0370:
521 PEP 370: Per-user ``site-packages`` Directory
525 includes a directory whose path ends in ``"site-packages"``. This
529 Python 2.6 introduces a convention for user-specific site directories.
535 Within this directory, there will be version-specific subdirectories,
536 such as :file:`lib/python2.6/site-packages` on Unix/Mac OS and
537 :file:`Python26/site-packages` on Windows.
542 Windows, the directory for application-specific data can be changed by
547 :option:`-s` option or setting the :envvar:`PYTHONNOUSERSITE`
552 :pep:`370` - Per-user ``site-packages`` Directory
558 .. _pep-0371:
625 higher-level interfaces. :class:`Pool` will create a fixed number of
651 The other high-level interface, the :class:`Manager` class, creates a
685 # Mark pool as closed -- no more tasks can be added.
708 :pep:`371` - Addition of the multiprocessing package
715 .. _pep-3101:
724 In 2.6, both 8-bit and Unicode strings have a ``.format()`` method that
753 >>> 'Content-type: {0[.mp4]}'.format(mimetypes.types_map)
754 'Content-type: video/mp4'
756 Note that when using dictionary-style notation such as ``[.mp4]``, you
791 < (default) Left-align
792 > Right-align
798 controls how the value is formatted. For example, floating-point numbers
815 ``x`` Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower-case letters for
819 ``g`` General format. This prints the number as a fixed-point number, unless
851 :pep:`3101` - Advanced String Formatting
856 .. _pep-3105:
886 :pep:`3105` - Make print a function
891 .. _pep-3110:
893 PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
937 :pep:`3110` - Catching Exceptions in Python 3000
942 .. _pep-3112:
948 denotes 8-bit literals differently, either as ``b'string'``
958 12-byte string representing the :func:`str` of the list.
963 contain either characters or 8-bit bytes; you can now
979 At the C level, Python 3.0 will rename the existing 8-bit
992 >>> b = bytearray(u'\u21ef\u3244', 'utf-8')
998 >>> unicode(str(b), 'utf-8')
1021 :pep:`3112` - Bytes literals in Python 3000
1026 .. _pep-3116:
1031 Python's built-in file objects support a number of methods, but
1032 file-like objects don't necessarily support all of them. Objects that
1036 and text-handling features from the fundamental read and write
1064 that support write-only or read-only usage that have a :meth:`seek`
1070 over an in-memory buffer.
1096 forward-compatible with 3.0, and to save developers the effort of writing
1101 :pep:`3116` - New I/O
1108 .. _pep-3118:
1113 The buffer protocol is a C-level API that lets Python types
1115 memory-mapped file can be viewed as a buffer of characters, for
1117 treat memory-mapped files as a string of characters to be searched.
1119 The primary users of the buffer protocol are numeric-processing
1136 .. XXX PyObject_GetBuffer not documented in c-api
1143 * :const:`PyBUF_LOCK` requests a read-only or exclusive lock on the memory.
1146 requests a C-contiguous (last dimension varies the fastest) or
1147 Fortran-contiguous (first dimension varies the fastest) array layout.
1154 :pep:`3118` - Revising the buffer protocol
1161 .. _pep-3119:
1166 Some object-oriented languages such as Java support interfaces,
1177 dictionary-style access. The phrase "dictionary-style" is vague, however.
1216 to declare that some third-party class implements an ABC.
1237 above example. Python has a strong tradition of duck-typing, where
1238 explicit type-checking is never done and code simply calls methods on
1301 :pep:`3119` - Introducing Abstract Base Classes
1308 .. _pep-3127:
1313 Python 3.0 changes the syntax for octal (base-8) integer literals,
1315 support for binary (base-2) integer literals, signalled by a "0b" or
1338 and "0b" prefixes when base-8 or base-2 are requested, or when the
1354 :pep:`3127` - Integer Literal Support and Syntax
1360 .. _pep-3129:
1382 :pep:`3129` - Class Decorators
1387 .. _pep-3141:
1403 real and imaginary parts and obtain a number's conjugate. Python's built-in
1413 converted to floats. Python 2.6 adds a simple rational-number class,
1431 :pep:`3141` - A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
1434 …er <https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Numerical-Tower.html#Numerical-Tower>`__, …
1436 …ttps://conservatory.scheme.org/schemers/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.2>`_…
1440 --------------------------------------------------
1443 module provides a rational-number class. Rational numbers store their
1445 exactly represent numbers such as ``2/3`` that floating-point numbers
1461 For converting floating-point numbers to rationals,
1464 floating-point value::
1473 Note that values that can only be approximated by floating-point
1475 approximated; the fraction attempts to match the floating-point value
1548 * The built-in types now have improved support for extended slicing syntax,
1582 * Several methods of the built-in set types now accept multiple iterables:
1598 * Many floating-point features were added. The :func:`float` function
1600 IEEE 754 Not A Number value, and ``+inf`` and ``-inf`` into
1605 :func:`isnan`, return true if their floating-point argument is
1608 Conversion functions were added to convert floating-point numbers
1623 '0x1.5555555555555p-2'
1626 on systems that support signed zeros (-0 and +0), the
1656 * The :func:`compile` built-in function now accepts keyword arguments
1662 will now round-trip values. For example, ``complex('(3+4j)')``
1671 * The built-in :func:`dir` function now checks for a :meth:`__dir__`
1676 methods can use this to advertise pseudo-attributes they will honor.
1693 -------------
1730 * Some of the standard built-in types now set a bit in their type
1744 free lists when garbage-collecting the highest generation of objects.
1749 .. _new-26-interpreter:
1752 -------------------------------
1754 Two command-line options have been reserved for use by other Python
1755 implementations. The :option:`-J` switch has been reserved for use by
1756 Jython for Jython-specific options, such as switches that are passed to
1757 the underlying JVM. :option:`-X` has been reserved for options
1763 files by supplying the :option:`-B` switch to the Python interpreter,
1774 The *encoding* part specifies the encoding's name, e.g. ``utf-8`` or
1775 ``latin-1``; the optional *errorhandler* part specifies
1811 "/cgi-bin/add.py?category=1". (Contributed by Alexandre Fiori and
1847 test cases exercise the algebraic functions.
1850 special values and floating-point exceptions in a manner consistent
1925 object, zero-padded on
1959 * The :func:`reduce` built-in function is also available in the
1988 :mod:`heapq` is now implemented to only use less-than comparison,
1989 instead of the less-than-or-equal comparison it previously used.
2029 repeated *N* times. With a single iterable argument, *N*-tuples
2036 With two iterables, *2N*-tuples are returned. ::
2044 ``combinations(iterable, r)`` returns sub-sequences of length *r* from
2096 *y*. For example, ``math.copysign(1, -0.0)`` returns -1.0.
2116 `PEP 3141's type hierarchy for numbers <#pep-3141>`__.
2120 floating-point exceptions and IEEE 754 special values.
2123 standard about 754's special values. For example, ``sqrt(-1.)``
2127 'divide-by-zero' or 'invalid', Python will raise :exc:`ValueError`.
2196 This produces better results when operating on Unix's dot-files.
2213 and can optionally take new command-line arguments for the program.
2231 >>> print pkgutil.get_data('test', 'exception_hierarchy.txt')
2233 +-- SystemExit
2234 +-- KeyboardInterrupt
2235 +-- GeneratorExit
2236 +-- Exception
2237 +-- StopIteration
2238 +-- StandardError
2256 now be pickled on a 32-bit system and unpickled on a 64-bit
2271 time-consuming searches can now be interrupted.
2275 for a tiny regex-specific virtual machine. Untrusted code
2286 have a read-only :attr:`queue` attribute that returns the
2306 takes an arbitrary number of glob-style patterns and returns a
2324 file descriptor. There's also a C-level function,
2345 wall-clock time, consumed process time, or combined process+system
2358 e-mail between agents that don't manage a mail queue. (LMTP
2367 a high-performance non-IP-based protocol designed for use in clustered
2368 environments. TIPC addresses are 4- or 5-tuples.
2405 about the platform's floating-point support. Attributes of this
2414 variable is initially set on start-up by supplying the :option:`-B`
2422 Information about the command-line arguments supplied to the Python
2427 These attributes are all read-only.
2431 the amount of memory used by the object, measured in bytes. Built-in
2432 objects return correct results; third-party extensions may not,
2441 * The :mod:`tarfile` module now supports POSIX.1-2001 (pax) tarfiles in
2442 addition to the POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) and GNU tar formats that were
2453 ``'utf-8'`` is a special value that replaces bad characters with
2454 their UTF-8 representation. (Character conversions occur because the
2455 PAX format supports Unicode filenames, defaulting to UTF-8 encoding.)
2479 an on-disk temporary file. (Contributed by Dustin J. Mitchell.)
2486 * The :mod:`test.test_support` module gained a number
2495 a network test may ignore certain failures when connecting to an
2539 underscores instead of camel-case; for example, the
2605 line of source code. (Added as part of :issue:`1631171`, which re-implemented
2612 * The XML-RPC :class:`SimpleXMLRPCServer` and :class:`DocXMLRPCServer`
2623 as HTTP headers "X-Exception" and "X-Traceback". This feature is
2636 and 64-bit integers represented by using ``<i8>`` in XML-RPC responses
2644 z = zipfile.ZipFile('python-251.zip')
2667 ----------------------
2685 d[i + i] = ord(i) - ord('a') + 1
2747 --------------------------------------
2749 Python 3.0 makes many changes to the repertoire of built-in
2753 of these built-in functions that can be imported when writing
2754 3.0-compatible code.
2775 --------------------------------------------------------------------
2782 :mod:`json` comes with support for decoding and encoding most built-in Python
2794 more types. Pretty-printing of the JSON strings is also supported.
2802 The :mod:`plistlib` module: A Property-List Parser
2803 --------------------------------------------------
2807 and dictionaries) by serializing them into an XML-based format.
2808 It resembles the XML-RPC serialization of data types.
2811 has nothing Mac-specific about it and the Python implementation works
2836 # read/writePlist accepts file-like objects as well as paths.
2842 --------------------------------------------------
2872 and then call the module-level methods :meth:`set_errno` and
2878 and then call the module-level methods :meth:`set_last_error`
2888 --------------------------------------------------
2921 * (3.0-warning mode) Python 3.0 will feature a reorganized standard
2923 Python 2.6 running in 3.0-warning mode will warn about these modules
2948 :mod:`test.testall`, and
2969 use the built-in :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` types.
2993 * On Mac OS X, Python 2.6 can be compiled as a 4-way universal build.
2995 can take a :option:`!--with-universal-archs=[32-bit|64-bit|all]`
2996 switch, controlling whether the binaries are built for 32-bit
2997 architectures (x86, PowerPC), 64-bit (x86-64 and PPC-64), or both.
3006 `the PEP 3118 section <#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol>`__,
3010 * Python's use of the C stdio library is now thread-safe, or at least
3011 as thread-safe as the underlying library is. A long-standing potential
3020 immediately after the GIL is re-acquired.
3032 floating-point support. :c:func:`PyFloat_GetMax` returns
3049 * Python's C API now includes two functions for case-insensitive string
3066 The mixed-case macros are still available
3075 internal free lists of objects that can be re-used. The data
3088 Another new target, "make profile-opt", compiles a Python binary
3089 using GCC's profile-guided optimization. It compiles Python with
3090 profiling enabled, runs the test suite to obtain a set of profiling
3096 Port-Specific Changes: Windows
3097 -----------------------------------
3135 registry reflection for 32-bit processes running on 64-bit systems.
3145 Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
3146 -----------------------------------
3150 :option:`!--with-framework-name=` option to the
3199 Port-Specific Changes: IRIX
3200 -----------------------------------
3202 A number of old IRIX-specific modules were deprecated and will
3264 the built-in :func:`__import__` function, it would actually import
3289 * (3.0-warning mode) The :class:`Exception` class now warns
3293 * (3.0-warning mode) inequality comparisons between two dictionaries
3299 scoping rules, also cause warnings because such comparisons are forbidden