/* * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All rights reserved. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ using System; namespace FlatBuffers.Test { [FlatBuffersTestClass] public class FlatBuffersFuzzTests { private readonly Lcg _lcg = new Lcg(); [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestObjects() { CheckObjects(11, 100); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestNumbers() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddBool(true); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddSbyte(-127); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 129, 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddByte(255); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 255, 129, 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // First pad builder.AddShort(-32222); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0x22, 0x82, 0, 255, 129, 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // Second pad builder.AddUshort(0xFEEE); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0xEE, 0xFE, 0x22, 0x82, 0, 255, 129, 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // no pad builder.AddInt(-53687092); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 204, 204, 204, 252, 0xEE, 0xFE, 0x22, 0x82, 0, 255, 129, 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // third pad builder.AddUint(0x98765432); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0x32, 0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 204, 204, 204, 252, 0xEE, 0xFE, 0x22, 0x82, 0, 255, 129, 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // no pad } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestNumbers64() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.AddUlong(0x1122334455667788); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0x88, 0x77, 0x66, 0x55, 0x44, 0x33, 0x22, 0x11 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.AddLong(0x1122334455667788); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0x88, 0x77, 0x66, 0x55, 0x44, 0x33, 0x22, 0x11 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVector_1xUInt8() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(byte), 1, 1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddByte(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.EndVector(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVector_2xUint8() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(byte), 2, 1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddByte(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddByte(2); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.EndVector(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVector_1xUInt16() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(ushort), 1, 1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddUshort(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.EndVector(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVector_2xUInt16() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(ushort), 2, 1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddUshort(0xABCD); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xCD, 0xAB }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddUshort(0xDCBA); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xCD, 0xAB }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.EndVector(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 2, 0, 0, 0, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xCD, 0xAB }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestCreateAsciiString() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.CreateString("foo"); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 3, 0, 0, 0, (byte)'f', (byte)'o', (byte)'o', 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.CreateString("moop"); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 4, 0, 0, 0, (byte)'m', (byte)'o', (byte)'o', (byte)'p', 0, 0, 0, 0, // zero terminator with 3 byte pad 3, 0, 0, 0, (byte)'f', (byte)'o', (byte)'o', 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestCreateArbitarytring() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.CreateString("\x01\x02\x03"); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 3, 0, 0, 0, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // No padding builder.CreateString("\x04\x05\x06\x07"); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 4, 0, 0, 0, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0, 0, 0, 0, // zero terminator with 3 byte pad 3, 0, 0, 0, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // No padding } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestEmptyVTable() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(0); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithOneBool() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddBool(0, true, false); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, // padding to 16 bytes 6, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length inc vtable offset 7, 0, // start of bool value 6, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, 0, 0, // padding 1, // value 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithOneBool_DefaultValue() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddBool(0, false, false); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { // No padding. 4, 0, // vtable bytes 4, 0, // end of object from here // entry 0 is not stored (trimmed end of vtable) 4, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithOneInt16() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddShort(0, 0x789A, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, // padding to 16 bytes 6, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length inc vtable offset 6, 0, // start of int16 value 6, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, 0, // padding 0x9A, 0x78, //value 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithTwoInt16() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(2); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddShort(0, 0x3456, 0); builder.AddShort(1, 0x789A, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 8, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length inc vtable offset 6, 0, // start of int16 value 0 4, 0, // start of int16 value 1 8, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0x9A, 0x78, // value 1 0x56, 0x34, // value 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithInt16AndBool() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(2); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); builder.AddShort(0, 0x3456, 0); builder.AddBool(1, true, false); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 8, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length inc vtable offset 6, 0, // start of int16 value 0 5, 0, // start of bool value 1 8, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, 1, // padding + value 1 0x56, 0x34, // value 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithEmptyVector() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(byte), 0, 1); var vecEnd = builder.EndVector(); builder.StartObject(1); builder.AddOffset(0, vecEnd.Value, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 6, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length inc vtable offset 4, 0, // start of vector offset value 0 6, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithEmptyVectorAndScalars() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(byte), 0, 1); var vecEnd = builder.EndVector(); builder.StartObject(2); builder.AddShort(0, 55, 0); builder.AddOffset(1, vecEnd.Value, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 8, 0, // vtable bytes 12, 0, // object length inc vtable offset 10, 0, // offset to int16 value 0 4, 0, // start of vector offset value 1 8, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 8, 0, 0, 0, // value 1 0, 0, 55, 0, // value 0 0, 0, 0, 0, // length of vector (not in sctruc) }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWith_1xInt16_and_Vector_or_2xInt16() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(short), 2, 1); builder.AddShort(0x1234); builder.AddShort(0x5678); var vecEnd = builder.EndVector(); builder.StartObject(2); builder.AddOffset(1, vecEnd.Value, 0); builder.AddShort(0, 55, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 8, 0, // vtable bytes 12, 0, // object length 6, 0, // start of value 0 from end of vtable 8, 0, // start of value 1 from end of buffer 8, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, 0, 55, 0, // padding + value 0 4, 0, 0, 0, // position of vector from here 2, 0, 0, 0, // length of vector 0x78, 0x56, // vector value 0 0x34, 0x12, // vector value 1 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithAStruct_of_int8_int16_int32() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(1); builder.Prep(4+4+4, 0); builder.AddSbyte(55); builder.Pad(3); builder.AddShort(0x1234); builder.Pad(2); builder.AddInt(0x12345678); var structStart = builder.Offset; builder.AddStruct(0, structStart, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 6, 0, // vtable bytes 16, 0, // object length 4, 0, // start of struct from here 6, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12, // struct value 2 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x12, // struct value 1 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 55, // struct value 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithAVectorOf_2xStructOf_2xInt8() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartVector(sizeof(byte)*2, 2, 1); builder.AddByte(33); builder.AddByte(44); builder.AddByte(55); builder.AddByte(66); var vecEnd = builder.EndVector(); builder.StartObject(1); builder.AddOffset(0, vecEnd.Value, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Padding to 32 bytes 6, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length 4, 0, // offset of vector offset 6, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 4, 0, 0, 0, // Vector start offset 2, 0, 0, 0, // Vector len 66, // vector 1, 1 55, // vector 1, 0 44, // vector 0, 1 33, // vector 0, 0 }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestVTableWithSomeElements() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(2); builder.AddByte(0, 33, 0); builder.AddShort(1, 66, 0); var off = builder.EndObject(); builder.Finish(off); byte[] padded = new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, //Padding to 32 bytes 12, 0, 0, 0, // root of table, pointing to vtable offset 8, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length 7, 0, // start of value 0 4, 0, // start of value 1 8, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 66, 0, // value 1 0, 33, // value 0 }; Assert.ArrayEqual(padded, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // no padding in sized array byte[] unpadded = new byte[padded.Length - 12]; Buffer.BlockCopy(padded, 12, unpadded, 0, unpadded.Length); Assert.ArrayEqual(unpadded, builder.DataBuffer.ToSizedArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestTwoFinishTable() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(2); builder.AddByte(0, 33, 0); builder.AddByte(1, 44, 0); var off0 = builder.EndObject(); builder.Finish(off0); builder.StartObject(3); builder.AddByte(0, 55, 0); builder.AddByte(1, 66, 0); builder.AddByte(2, 77, 0); var off1 = builder.EndObject(); builder.Finish(off1); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // padding to 64 bytes 16, 0, 0, 0, // root of table, pointing to vtable offset (obj1) 0, 0, // padding 10, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length 7, 0, // start of value 0 6, 0, // start of value 1 5, 0, // start of value 2 10, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, // pad 77, // values 2, 1, 0 66, 55, 12, 0, 0, 0, // root of table, pointing to vtable offset (obj0) 8, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length 7, 0, // start of value 0 6, 0, // start of value 1 8, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, 0, // pad 44, // value 1, 0 33, }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestBunchOfBools() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(8); for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) { builder.AddBool(i, true, false); } var off = builder.EndObject(); builder.Finish(off); byte[] padded = new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // padding to 64 bytes 24, 0, 0, 0, // root of table, pointing to vtable offset (obj0) 20, 0, // vtable bytes 12, 0, // object length 11, 0, // start of value 0 10, 0, // start of value 1 9, 0, // start of value 2 8, 0, // start of value 3 7, 0, // start of value 4 6, 0, // start of value 5 5, 0, // start of value 6 4, 0, // start of value 7 20, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 1, 1, 1, 1, // values 1, 1, 1, 1, }; Assert.ArrayEqual(padded, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // no padding in sized array byte[] unpadded = new byte[padded.Length - 28]; Buffer.BlockCopy(padded, 28, unpadded, 0, unpadded.Length); Assert.ArrayEqual(unpadded, builder.DataBuffer.ToSizedArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestBunchOfBoolsSizePrefixed() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(8); for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) { builder.AddBool(i, true, false); } var off = builder.EndObject(); builder.FinishSizePrefixed(off); byte[] padded = new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // padding to 64 bytes 36, 0, 0, 0, // size prefix 24, 0, 0, 0, // root of table, pointing to vtable offset (obj0) 20, 0, // vtable bytes 12, 0, // object length 11, 0, // start of value 0 10, 0, // start of value 1 9, 0, // start of value 2 8, 0, // start of value 3 7, 0, // start of value 4 6, 0, // start of value 5 5, 0, // start of value 6 4, 0, // start of value 7 20, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 1, 1, 1, 1, // values 1, 1, 1, 1, }; Assert.ArrayEqual(padded, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); // no padding in sized array byte[] unpadded = new byte[padded.Length - 24]; Buffer.BlockCopy(padded, 24, unpadded, 0, unpadded.Length); Assert.ArrayEqual(unpadded, builder.DataBuffer.ToSizedArray()); } [FlatBuffersTestMethod] public void TestWithFloat() { var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); builder.StartObject(1); builder.AddFloat(0, 1, 0); builder.EndObject(); Assert.ArrayEqual(new byte[] { 0, 0, 6, 0, // vtable bytes 8, 0, // object length 4, 0, // start of value 0 6, 0, 0, 0, // int32 offset for start of vtable 0, 0, 128, 63, // value }, builder.DataBuffer.ToFullArray()); } private void CheckObjects(int fieldCount, int objectCount) { _lcg.Reset(); const int testValuesMax = 11; var builder = new FlatBufferBuilder(1); var objects = new int[objectCount]; for (var i = 0; i < objectCount; ++i) { builder.StartObject(fieldCount); for (var j = 0; j < fieldCount; ++j) { var fieldType = _lcg.Next()%testValuesMax; switch (fieldType) { case 0: { builder.AddBool(j, FuzzTestData.BoolValue, false); break; } case 1: { builder.AddSbyte(j, FuzzTestData.Int8Value, 0); break; } case 2: { builder.AddByte(j, FuzzTestData.UInt8Value, 0); break; } case 3: { builder.AddShort(j, FuzzTestData.Int16Value, 0); break; } case 4: { builder.AddUshort(j, FuzzTestData.UInt16Value, 0); break; } case 5: { builder.AddInt(j, FuzzTestData.Int32Value, 0); break; } case 6: { builder.AddUint(j, FuzzTestData.UInt32Value, 0); break; } case 7: { builder.AddLong(j, FuzzTestData.Int64Value, 0); break; } case 8: { builder.AddUlong(j, FuzzTestData.UInt64Value, 0); break; } case 9: { builder.AddFloat(j, FuzzTestData.Float32Value, 0); break; } case 10: { builder.AddDouble(j, FuzzTestData.Float64Value, 0); break; } default: throw new Exception("Unreachable"); } } var offset = builder.EndObject(); // Store the object offset objects[i] = offset; } _lcg.Reset(); // Test all objects are readable and return expected values... for (var i = 0; i < objectCount; ++i) { var table = new TestTable(builder.DataBuffer, builder.DataBuffer.Length - objects[i]); for (var j = 0; j < fieldCount; ++j) { var fieldType = _lcg.Next() % testValuesMax; var fc = 2 + j; // 2 == VtableMetadataFields var f = fc * 2; switch (fieldType) { case 0: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.BoolValue, table.GetSlot(f, false)); break; } case 1: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.Int8Value, table.GetSlot(f, (sbyte)0)); break; } case 2: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.UInt8Value, table.GetSlot(f, (byte)0)); break; } case 3: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.Int16Value, table.GetSlot(f, (short)0)); break; } case 4: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.UInt16Value, table.GetSlot(f, (ushort)0)); break; } case 5: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.Int32Value, table.GetSlot(f, (int)0)); break; } case 6: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.UInt32Value, table.GetSlot(f, (uint)0)); break; } case 7: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.Int64Value, table.GetSlot(f, (long)0)); break; } case 8: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.UInt64Value, table.GetSlot(f, (ulong)0)); break; } case 9: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.Float32Value, table.GetSlot(f, (float)0)); break; } case 10: { Assert.AreEqual(FuzzTestData.Float64Value, table.GetSlot(f, (double)0)); break; } default: throw new Exception("Unreachable"); } } } } } }