xref: /external/tensorflow/tensorflow/cc/gradients/math_grad.cc

/* Copyright 2016 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
==============================================================================*/

#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <cmath>

#include "tensorflow/cc/ops/array_ops_internal.h"
#include "tensorflow/cc/ops/math_ops_internal.h"
#include "tensorflow/cc/ops/standard_ops.h"

#include "tensorflow/cc/framework/grad_op_registry.h"
#include "tensorflow/cc/framework/gradients.h"

namespace tensorflow {
namespace ops {
namespace {

// Logical operations have no gradients.
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("Less");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("LessEqual");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("Greater");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("GreaterEqual");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("Equal");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("ApproximateEqual");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("NotEqual");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("LogicalAnd");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("LogicalOr");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("LogicalNot");
REGISTER_NO_GRADIENT_OP("Floor");

// Conjugate helper function returns the conjugate of an Output if it
// is complex valued.
Output ConjugateHelper(const Scope& scope, const Output& out) {
  DataType dtype = out.type();
  if (dtype == DT_COMPLEX64 || dtype == DT_COMPLEX128) {
    return Conj(scope, out);
  } else {
    return out;
  }
}

// TODO(andydavis) Add control dependencies to gradient functions (as needed).

Status AbsGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // dx = dy * sign(x)
  grad_outputs->push_back(Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], Sign(scope, op.input(0))));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Abs", AbsGrad);

Status NegGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // dx = -dy;
  grad_outputs->push_back(Neg(scope, grad_inputs[0]));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Neg", NegGrad);

Status InvGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // Use the built-in operator.
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      internal::ReciprocalGrad(scope, op.output(0), grad_inputs[0]));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Inv", InvGrad);
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Reciprocal", InvGrad);

Status SquareGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                  const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                  std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // dy/dx = (2 * x)
  auto two = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 2), op.input(0).type());
  auto dydx = Mul(scope, two, op.input(0));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Square", SquareGrad);

Status SqrtGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // Use the built-in operator.
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      internal::SqrtGrad(scope, op.output(0), grad_inputs[0]));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sqrt", SqrtGrad);

Status RsqrtGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // Use the built-in operator.
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      internal::RsqrtGrad(scope, op.output(0), grad_inputs[0]));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Rsqrt", RsqrtGrad);

Status ExpGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // dy/dx = exp(x) = y
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  //         = grad(y) * conj(y)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, op.output(0))));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Exp", ExpGrad);

Status Expm1Grad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = expm1(x)
  // dy/dx = exp(x)
  auto dydx = Exp(scope, op.input(0));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Expm1", Expm1Grad);

Status LogGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = log(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / x
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, op.input(0));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Log", LogGrad);

Status Log1pGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = log1p(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / (1 + x)
  auto one = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 1.0), op.input(0).type());
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, Add(scope, one, op.input(0)));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Log1p", Log1pGrad);

Status SinhGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = sinh(x)
  // dy/dx = cosh(x)
  auto dydx = Cosh(scope, op.input(0));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sinh", SinhGrad);

Status CoshGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = cosh(x)
  // dy/dx = sinh(x)
  auto dydx = Sinh(scope, op.input(0));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Cosh", CoshGrad);

Status TanhGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // Use the built-in operator.
  // Note that the built-in operator does not return the conjugate of
  // the gradient.
  auto grad = grad_inputs[0];
  // Optimization to avoid calculating conj(y) until the gradient is
  // evaluated.
  Scope grad_scope = scope.WithControlDependencies(grad);
  auto y = ConjugateHelper(grad_scope, op.output(0));
  grad_outputs->push_back(internal::TanhGrad(grad_scope, y, grad));
  return grad_scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Tanh", TanhGrad);

Status AsinhGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = asinh(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / cosh(y)
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, Cosh(scope, op.output(0)));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Asinh", AsinhGrad);

Status AcoshGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = acosh(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / sinh(y)
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, Sinh(scope, op.output(0)));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Acosh", AcoshGrad);

Status AtanhGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = atanh(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / (1 - x^2)
  auto one = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 1.0), op.input(0).type());
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, Sub(scope, one, Square(scope, op.input(0))));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Atanh", AtanhGrad);

Status SigmoidGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                   const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                   std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // Use the built-in operator.
  // Note that the built-in operator does not return the conjugate of
  // the gradient.
  auto grad = grad_inputs[0];
  // Optimization to avoid calculating conj(y) until the gradient is
  // evaluated.
  Scope grad_scope = scope.WithControlDependencies(grad);
  auto y = ConjugateHelper(grad_scope, op.output(0));
  grad_outputs->push_back(internal::SigmoidGrad(grad_scope, y, grad));
  return grad_scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sigmoid", SigmoidGrad);

Status SignGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto shape = Shape(scope, op.input(0));
  auto zero = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 0.0), op.input(0).type());
  auto dx = Fill(scope, shape, zero);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sign", SignGrad);

Status SinGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = sin(x)
  // dy/dx = cos(x)
  auto dydx = Cos(scope, op.input(0));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sin", SinGrad);

Status CosGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = cos(x)
  // dy/dx = -sin(x)
  auto dydx = Neg(scope, Sin(scope, op.input(0)));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx)));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Cos", CosGrad);

Status AsinGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = asin(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)
  auto x2 = Square(scope, op.input(0));
  auto one = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 1.0), op.input(0).type());
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, Sqrt(scope, Sub(scope, one, x2)));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  auto dx = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx));
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Asin", AsinGrad);

Status AcosGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = acos(x)
  // dy/dx = - 1 / (1 - x * x)^1/2
  // dx = dy * (- 1 / (1 - x * x)^1/2)
  auto x2 = Square(scope, op.input(0));
  auto one = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 1.0), op.input(0).type());
  auto dydx = Neg(scope, Reciprocal(scope, Sqrt(scope, Sub(scope, one, x2))));
  auto dx = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], dydx);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Acos", AcosGrad);

Status TanGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = tan(x)
  // dy/dx = sec(x)^2 = 1 / cos(x)^2
  auto dydx = Square(scope, Reciprocal(scope, Cos(scope, op.input(0))));
  // grad(x) = grad(y) * conj(dy/dx)
  auto dx = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], ConjugateHelper(scope, dydx));
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Tan", TanGrad);

Status AtanGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = arctan(x)
  // dy/dx = 1 / (1 + x^2)
  // dx = dy * (1 / (1 + x^2)
  auto one = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 1.0), op.input(0).type());
  auto dydx = Reciprocal(scope, Add(scope, one, Square(scope, op.input(0))));
  auto dx = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], dydx);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Atan", AtanGrad);

// BinaryGradCommon handles the setup for binary ops that broadcast
// their inputs.
Status BinaryGradCommon(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                        std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs, const Output& gx_1,
                        const Output& gx_2) {
  auto sx_1 = Shape(scope, op.input(0));
  auto sx_2 = Shape(scope, op.input(1));
  auto rx = internal::BroadcastGradientArgs(scope, sx_1, sx_2);
  auto dx_1 = Reshape(scope, Sum(scope, gx_1, rx.r0), sx_1);
  auto dx_2 = Reshape(scope, Sum(scope, gx_2, rx.r1), sx_2);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx_1);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx_2);
  return scope.status();
}

Status AddGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = x_1 + x_2
  // dy/dx_1 = dy/dx_2 = 1
  auto gx_1 = Identity(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  auto gx_2 = Identity(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Add", AddGrad);

Status SubGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = x_1 - x_2
  // dy/dx_1 = 1
  // dy/dx_2 = -1
  auto gx_1 = Identity(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  auto gx_2 = Neg(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sub", SubGrad);

Status MulGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto x_1 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(0));
  auto x_2 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(1));
  // y = x_1 * x_2
  // dy/dx_1 = x_2
  // dy/dx_2 = x_1
  auto gx_1 = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], x_2);
  auto gx_2 = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], x_1);
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Mul", MulGrad);

Status DivGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto x_1 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(0));
  auto x_2 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(1));
  // y = x_1 / x_2
  // dy/dx_1 = 1/x_2
  // dy/dx_2 = -x_1/x_2^2
  auto gx_1 = Div(scope, grad_inputs[0], x_2);
  auto gx_2 = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0],
                  Div(scope, Div(scope, Neg(scope, x_1), x_2), x_2));
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Div", DivGrad);

Status RealDivGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                   const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                   std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto x_1 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(0));
  auto x_2 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(1));
  // y = x_1 / x_2
  // dy/dx_1 = 1/x_2
  // dy/dx_2 = -x_1/x_2^2
  auto gx_1 = RealDiv(scope, grad_inputs[0], x_2);
  auto gx_2 = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0],
                  RealDiv(scope, RealDiv(scope, Neg(scope, x_1), x_2), x_2));
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("RealDiv", RealDivGrad);

Status DivNoNanGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                    const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                    std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto x_1 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(0));
  auto x_2 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(1));
  // y = x_1 / x_2
  // dy/dx_1 = 1/x_2
  // dy/dx_2 = -x_1/x_2^2
  auto gx_1 = DivNoNan(scope, grad_inputs[0], x_2);
  auto gx_2 = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0],
                  DivNoNan(scope, DivNoNan(scope, Neg(scope, x_1), x_2), x_2));
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("DivNoNan", DivNoNanGrad);

Status SquaredDifferenceGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                             const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                             std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto x_1 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(0));
  auto x_2 = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(1));
  // y = (x_1 - x_2)^2
  // dy/dx_1 = 2 * (x_1 - x_2)
  // dy/dx_2 = -2 * (x_1 - x_2)
  auto two = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 2), grad_inputs[0].type());
  auto gx_1 = Mul(scope, grad_inputs[0], Mul(scope, two, Sub(scope, x_1, x_2)));
  auto gx_2 = Neg(scope, gx_1);
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("SquaredDifference", SquaredDifferenceGrad);

Status AddNGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // AddN doesn't support broadcasting, so all the inputs must be the
  // same shape.
  // Note:
  // dy/dx_k = d(x_1 + x_2 + ... + x_n)/dx_k = 1 for all x_k
  // hence dx_k = dy for all x_k
  // So the gradient for AddN just transfers the incoming gradient to
  // all outgoing gradients.
  auto incoming = Identity(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  for (int32 i = 0; i < op.num_inputs(); ++i) {
    grad_outputs->push_back(incoming);
  }
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("AddN", AddNGrad);

Status PowGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto x = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(0));
  auto y = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.input(1));
  auto z = ConjugateHelper(scope, op.output(0));
  auto grad = grad_inputs[0];
  // grad * y * pow(x, y - 1)
  auto one = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 1.0), y.type());
  auto gx_1 = Mul(scope,
                  Mul(scope, grad, y),
                  Pow(scope, x, Sub(scope, y, one)));
  // Avoid false singularity at x = 0
  DataType x_dtype = x.type();
  auto zero = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 0.0), x_dtype);
  if (x_dtype == DT_COMPLEX64 || x_dtype == DT_COMPLEX128) {
    // real(x) < 0 is fine for the complex case
    auto log_x = Where3(scope,
                        NotEqual(scope, x, zero),
                        Log(scope, x),
                        ZerosLike(scope, x));
    auto gy_1 = Mul(scope, Mul(scope, grad, z), log_x);
    return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gy_1);
  } else {
    // There's no sensible real value to return if x < 0, so return 0
    auto log_x = Where3(scope,
                        Greater(scope, x, zero),
                        Log(scope, x),
                        ZerosLike(scope, x));
    auto gy_1 = Mul(scope, Mul(scope, grad, z), log_x);
    return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gy_1);
  }
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Pow", PowGrad);

// MaximumMinimumGradCommon adds shared ops to calculate gradients for
// the binary Maximum and Minimum ops.
Status MaximumMinimumGradCommon(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs,
                                const Output& comparator) {
  // comparator is a boolean tensor, with
  // y = x_1 at points where comparator is true, and x_2 otherwise
  // Therefore
  // dy/dx_1 = 1 where comparator is true, and 0 otherwise.
  // dy/dx_2 = 0 where comparator is true, and 1 otherwise.
  auto grad = grad_inputs[0];
  auto zeros = ZerosLike(scope, grad);
  auto gx_1 = Where3(scope, comparator, grad, zeros);
  auto gx_2 = Where3(scope, comparator, zeros, grad);
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}

Status MaximumGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                   const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                   std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto comparator = GreaterEqual(scope, op.input(0), op.input(1));
  return MaximumMinimumGradCommon(scope, op, grad_inputs, grad_outputs,
                                  comparator);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Maximum", MaximumGrad);

Status MinimumGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                   const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                   std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto comparator = LessEqual(scope, op.input(0), op.input(1));
  return MaximumMinimumGradCommon(scope, op, grad_inputs, grad_outputs,
                                  comparator);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Minimum", MinimumGrad);

Status RealGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto zero = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 0.0), op.output(0).type());
  auto dx = Complex(scope, grad_inputs[0], zero);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Real", RealGrad);

Status ImagGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto zero = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 0.0), op.output(0).type());
  auto dx = Complex(scope, zero, grad_inputs[0]);
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Imag", ImagGrad);

Status ComplexGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                   const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                   std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto gx_1 = Real(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  auto gx_2 = Imag(scope, grad_inputs[0]);
  return BinaryGradCommon(scope, op, grad_outputs, gx_1, gx_2);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Complex", ComplexGrad);

Status AngleGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                 const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                 std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // y = Angle(x)
  // dx = -dy / (Im(x) + iRe(x)) = -dy * z
  auto re = Real(scope, op.input(0));
  auto im = Imag(scope, op.input(0));
  auto z_inv = Reciprocal(scope, Complex(scope, im, re));
  auto zero = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 0), grad_inputs[0].type());
  auto grad = Complex(scope, grad_inputs[0], zero);
  auto dx = Neg(scope, Mul(scope, grad, z_inv));
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Angle", AngleGrad);

Status ConjGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  grad_outputs->push_back(Conj(scope, grad_inputs[0]));
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Conj", ConjGrad);

// Integer division x / y, assuming x and y >=0, but treats x/0 = x
Output SafeDivHelper(const Scope& scope, const Output& x, const Output& y) {
  return Div(scope, x, Maximum(scope, y, Const(scope, 1)));
}

// Helper function for reduction ops.
//
// input_shape: 1-D Tensor, the shape of the Tensor being reduced.
// axes: 1-D Tensor, the reduction axes.
//   Note that the reduction indices are in the range
//   -rank(input_shape), rank(input_shape)
// returns a 1-D Tensor, the output shape as if keep_dims were set to True.
Output ReducedShapeHelper(const Scope& scope, const Output& input_shape,
                          const Output& reduction_axes) {
  auto zero = Const(scope, 0);
  auto one = Const(scope, 1);

  // Running example in comments
  // input_shape = [2, 3, 5, 7]
  // axes = [1, 2]
  // The result (a shape after a reduction with keep_dims=True)
  // [2, 1, 1, 7]
  //
  // We can treat each entry in axes as an index into input_shape that
  // should be replaced by 1.
  // We use DynamicStitch to do this.

  // input_rank = 4
  auto input_rank = Size(scope, input_shape);

  // Normalize any negative indices in the reduction_axes to positive
  // values.
  auto axes = Mod(scope, Add(scope, reduction_axes, input_rank), input_rank);

  // This [0..input_rank) range of integers is used in DynamicStitch to
  // first copy input_shape to the result.
  // input_rank_range = [0, 1, 2, 3]
  auto input_rank_range = Range(scope, zero, input_rank, one);

  // A 1-filled tensor with the same shape as axes. DynamicStitch will
  // merge these 1s (using axes for indices) to the correct
  // position in the result.
  // axes_ones = [1, 1]
  auto axes_ones = OnesLike(scope, axes);

  // using DynamicStitch:
  // indices = { input_rank_range, axes }
  //         = { [0, 1, 2, 3], [1, 2] }
  // data = { input_shape, axes_ones }
  //      = { [2, 3, 5, 7], [1, 1] }
  // The input_rank_range entry in indices first replicates the
  // input_shape to the result.
  // The axes entry in indices then moves a 1 to each of its entries,
  // resulting in
  // [2, 1, 1, 7]
  std::vector<Output> indices = {input_rank_range, axes};
  std::vector<Output> data = {input_shape, axes_ones};
  return DynamicStitch(scope, indices, data);
}

// SumGradHelper returns the gradient for the Sum operator, and is used
// by SumGrad and MeanGrad.
Output SumGradHelper(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                     const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs) {
  // The partial derivative for any input along a "reduced" dimension
  // is just 1, so we only need replicate the output gradient on such a
  // dimension to its "expanded" shape.
  // Running example:
  // input is
  // [[a, b, c],
  //  [d, e, f]]
  // reduction_indices = [1]
  // Sum = [a + b + c, d + e + f]
  // if the gradient is [g1, g2]
  // We want the propagated gradient to be
  // [[g1, g1, g1],
  //  [g2, g2, g2]]

  // input_shape = [2, 3]
  auto input_shape = Shape(scope, op.input(0));

  // output_shape_kept_dims = [2, 1]
  auto output_shape_kept_dims =
      ReducedShapeHelper(scope, input_shape, op.input(1));

  // This step "flips" any 1s with values from the input_shape, and
  // replaces remaining entries with 1. This creates a shape that
  // shows how much each dimension in the incoming gradient should be
  // replicated.
  // tile_scaling = [1, 3]
  auto tile_scaling = SafeDivHelper(scope, input_shape, output_shape_kept_dims);

  // grad = [[g1], [g2]]
  auto grad = Reshape(scope, grad_inputs[0], output_shape_kept_dims);

  // tile(grad, tile_scaling) = [[g1, g1, g1], [g2, g2, g2]]
  return Tile(scope, grad, tile_scaling);
}

Status SumGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  grad_outputs->push_back(SumGradHelper(scope, op, grad_inputs));

  // Stop propagation along reduction_indices
  grad_outputs->push_back(NoGradient());
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Sum", SumGrad);

Status MeanGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // The Mean gradient is just like the Sum gradient, except that
  // all gradients are also divided by the size of reduced groups.
  auto sum_grad = SumGradHelper(scope, op, grad_inputs);

  // The product of all entries in a tensor's shape is the total
  // number of entries in the tensor. This step calculates
  // n_input_entries/n_output_entries
  // = group_size
  auto input_shape = Shape(scope, op.input(0));
  auto output_shape = Shape(scope, op.output(0));
  auto zero = Const(scope, 0);
  auto group_size = SafeDivHelper(scope, Prod(scope, input_shape, zero),
                                  Prod(scope, output_shape, zero));

  // propagate sum_grad/group_size
  grad_outputs->push_back(
      Div(scope, sum_grad, Cast(scope, group_size, sum_grad.type())));

  // Stop propagation along reduction_indices
  grad_outputs->push_back(NoGradient());
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Mean", MeanGrad);

Status ErfGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
               const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
               std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto grad = grad_inputs[0];
  auto two_over_root_pi = Cast(scope, Const(scope, 2 / std::sqrt(M_PI)),
                               grad.type());
  Scope grad_scope = scope.WithControlDependencies(grad);
  auto x = ConjugateHelper(grad_scope, op.input(0));
  // grad * 2/sqrt(pi) * exp(-x**2)
  auto dx = Mul(grad_scope,
                Mul(grad_scope, grad, two_over_root_pi),
                Exp(grad_scope, Neg(grad_scope, Square(grad_scope, x))));
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return grad_scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Erf", ErfGrad);

Status LgammaGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                  const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                  std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto grad = grad_inputs[0];
  Scope grad_scope = scope.WithControlDependencies(grad);
  auto x = ConjugateHelper(grad_scope, op.input(0));
  auto dx = Mul(grad_scope, grad, Digamma(grad_scope, x));
  grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
  return grad_scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Lgamma", LgammaGrad);

Status MinOrMaxGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                    const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                    std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // The partial derivative for any input along a "reduced" dimension
  // is 1 when it is the min (or max) and 0 everywhere else. So the
  // gradient calculation is identical for both operators.
  //
  // There's a special case for propagating gradients when there are
  // multiple minima (or maxima) - we choose to divide the gradient
  // equally among all matching inputs.
  //
  // Please note this comment
  // https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/4886#issuecomment-256836063
  // for details.

  // Running example:
  // input: [[5, 5, 5],
  //         [1, 2, -3]]
  // reduction_indices: [1]
  auto input = op.input(0);
  auto reduction_indices = op.input(1);

  // [2, 3]
  auto input_shape = Shape(scope, input);

  // [2, 1]
  auto output_shape_kept_dims =
      ReducedShapeHelper(scope, input_shape, reduction_indices);

  // for op=min (say)
  // output = [5, -3]
  // y = [[5],
  //      [-3]]
  auto y = Reshape(scope, op.output(0), output_shape_kept_dims);

  // reshape([g1, g2], [2, 1]) = [[g1],
  //                              [g2]]
  auto grad = Reshape(scope, grad_inputs[0], output_shape_kept_dims);

  // indicators = equal(y, input)
  //  = equal([[5],   [[5, 5, 5],
  //           [-3]],  [1, 2, -3]])
  //  = [[1, 1, 1],
  //     [0, 0, 1]]
  auto indicators = Cast(scope, Equal(scope, y, input), grad_inputs[0].type());

  // [[3],
  //  [1]]
  auto num_selected = Reshape(scope, Sum(scope, indicators, reduction_indices),
                              output_shape_kept_dims);

  // [[1/3, 1/3, 1/3],
  //  [0, 0, 1]]
  auto scale = Div(scope, indicators, num_selected);

  // [[g1/3, g1/3, g1/3],
  //  [0, 0, g2]]
  grad_outputs->push_back(Mul(scope, scale, grad));

  // Stop propagation along reduction_indices
  grad_outputs->push_back(NoGradient());
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Min", MinOrMaxGrad);
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Max", MinOrMaxGrad);

Status ProdGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto zero = Const(scope, 0);
  auto one = Const(scope, 1);

  // The gradient can be expressed by dividing the product by each entry of
  // the input tensor. If our input is
  // [
  //  [3, 4],
  //  [5, 6],
  //  [7, 8]
  // ]
  // and we do a Prod operation on the axis 1, we will obtain [[105, 192]].
  // The gradient will have the same shape as the input
  //     [
  //       [105/3, 192/4],
  // dz *  [105/5, 192/6],
  //       [105/7, 192/6]
  //     ]
  // If the input contains a zero, the division is impossible but
  // if we take the calculation that gave the first gradient
  // (3 * 5 * 6)/3 is equal to 5 * 6
  // the trick will be to cumprod the elements on the axis without
  // the element at the current position (3 in the example above).
  // We will take as example:
  // [
  //   [
  //     [3.0, 4.0],
  //     [5.0, 6.0],
  //     [7.0, 8.0]
  //   ],
  //   [
  //     [3.0, 5.0],
  //     [0.0, 6.0],
  //     [5.0, 6.0]
  //   ]
  // ]

  // [2, 3, 2]
  auto input_shape = Shape(scope, op.input(0));

  // The Reshape with -1 flattens the reduction indices.
  // [1]
  auto reduction_indices = Reshape(scope, op.input(1), {-1});

  // [2, 1, 2]
  auto output_shape_kept_dims =
      ReducedShapeHelper(scope, input_shape, reduction_indices);

  // [1, 3, 1]
  auto tile_scaling = SafeDivHelper(scope, input_shape, output_shape_kept_dims);

  // [[[105, 192]], [[0, 180]]]
  auto grad = Reshape(scope, grad_inputs[0], output_shape_kept_dims);

  // [[[105, 192], [105, 192], [105, 192]], [[0, 180], [0, 180], [0, 180]]]
  auto grad_tiled = Tile(scope, grad, tile_scaling);

  Scope cpu_scope = scope.WithDevice("/cpu:0");

  // [3]
  auto rank = Rank(cpu_scope, op.input(0));


  // Normalize any negative indices in the reduction_axes to positive values.
  auto reduction_indices_pos = Mod(cpu_scope, Add(cpu_scope, reduction_indices, rank), rank);

  // [1]
  auto reduced = Cast(cpu_scope, reduction_indices_pos, DataType::DT_INT32);

  // [0, 1, 2]
  auto idx = Range(cpu_scope, zero, rank, one);

  // [0, 2]
  auto other = SetDiff1D(cpu_scope, idx, reduced).out;

  // [1, 0, 2]
  auto perm =
      Concat(cpu_scope, std::initializer_list<Input>{reduced, other}, 0);

  // 3 => [3]
  auto reduced_num = Prod(cpu_scope, Gather(scope, input_shape, reduced), 0);

  // 2 * 2 => [2]
  auto other_num = Prod(cpu_scope, Gather(scope, input_shape, other), 0);

  // [
  //    [
  //       [ 3.,  4.],
  //       [ 3.,  5.]
  //   ],
  //   [
  //       [ 5.,  6.],
  //       [ 0.,  6.]
  //   ],
  //   [
  //       [ 7.,  8.],
  //       [ 5.,  6.]
  //   ]
  // ]
  auto permuted = Transpose(scope, op.input(0), perm);

  // [3, 2, 2]
  auto permuted_shape = Shape(scope, permuted);

  // [
  //   [ 3.,  4.,  3.,  5.],
  //   [ 5.,  6.,  0.,  6.],
  //   [ 7.,  8.,  5.,  6.]
  // ]
  auto reshaped = Reshape(
      scope, permuted,
      Stack(scope, std::initializer_list<Input>{reduced_num, other_num}));

  // [
  //   [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
  //   [ 3.,  4.,  3.,  5.],
  //   [ 15.,  24.,  0.,  30.]
  // ]
  auto left = Cumprod(scope, reshaped, zero, Cumprod::Exclusive(true));

  // [
  //   [ 35.,  48.,  0.,  36.],
  //   [  7.,   8.,   5.,   6.],
  //   [  1.,   1.,   1.,   1.]
  // ]
  auto right =
      Cumprod(scope, reshaped, zero, Cumprod::Exclusive(true).Reverse(true));

  // left * right =
  // [
  //   [ 35.,  48.,  0.,  36.],
  //   [ 21.,  32.,  15.,  30.],
  //   [ 15.,  24.,  0.,  30.]
  // ]
  // y =
  // [
  //   [
  //     [ 35.,  48.],
  //     [ 0.,  36.]
  //   ],
  //   [
  //     [ 21.,  32.],
  //     [ 15.,  30.]
  //   ],
  //   [
  //     [ 15.,  24.],
  //     [ 0.,  30.]
  //   ]
  // ]
  auto y = Reshape(scope, Mul(scope, left, right), permuted_shape);

  // out =
  // [
  //   [
  //     [ 35.,  48.],
  //     [ 21.,  32.],
  //     [ 15.,  24.]
  //   ],
  //   [
  //     [ 0.,   36.],
  //     [ 15.,  30.],
  //     [ 0.,  30.]
  //   ]
  // ]
  auto out =
      Mul(scope, grad_tiled, Transpose(scope, y, InvertPermutation(scope, perm)));

  grad_outputs->push_back(Reshape(scope, out, input_shape));

  // stop propagation along reduction_indices
  grad_outputs->push_back(NoGradient());
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("Prod", ProdGrad);

Status SegmentSumGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                      const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                      std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  // The SegmentSum operation sums segments of the Tensor that have the same
  // index in the segment_ids parameter.
  // i.e z = [2, 3, 4, 5], segment_ids [0, 0, 0, 1]
  // will produce [2 + 3 + 4, 5] = [9, 5]
  // The gradient that will flow back to the gather operation will look like
  // [x1, x2], it will have the same shape as the output of the SegmentSum
  // operation. The differentiation step of the SegmentSum operation just
  // broadcast the gradient in order to retrieve the z's shape.
  // dy/dz = [x1, x1, x1, x2]
  grad_outputs->push_back(Gather(scope, grad_inputs[0], op.input(1)));

  // stop propagation along segment_ids
  grad_outputs->push_back(NoGradient());
  return scope.status();
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("SegmentSum", SegmentSumGrad);

// MatMulGrad helper function used to compute two MatMul operations
// based on input matrix transposition combinations.
Status MatMulGradHelper(const Scope& scope, const bool is_batch,
                        const Output& x0, const bool adj_x0, const Output& x1,
                        const bool adj_x1, const Output& y0, const bool adj_y0,
                        const Output& y1, const bool adj_y1,
                        std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  if (is_batch == false) {
    auto dx =
        MatMul(scope, x0, x1, MatMul::TransposeA(adj_x0).TransposeB(adj_x1));
    grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
    auto dy =
        MatMul(scope, y0, y1, MatMul::TransposeA(adj_y0).TransposeB(adj_y1));
    grad_outputs->push_back(dy);
  } else {
    auto dx =
        BatchMatMul(scope, x0, x1, BatchMatMul::AdjX(adj_x0).AdjY(adj_x1));
    grad_outputs->push_back(dx);
    auto dy =
        BatchMatMul(scope, y0, y1, BatchMatMul::AdjX(adj_y0).AdjY(adj_y1));
    grad_outputs->push_back(dy);
  }
  return scope.status();
}

// MatMulGrad common used to read and check node attr state, and determine
// proper MatMul products for gradients based on input matrix transposition
// combinations.
Status MatMulGradCommon(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                        const bool is_batch,
                        const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                        const string& attr_adj_x, const string& attr_adj_y,
                        std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  auto a = op.input(0);
  auto b = op.input(1);
  // Use conjugate of the inputs for MatMul
  if (is_batch == false) {
    a = ConjugateHelper(scope, a);
    b = ConjugateHelper(scope, b);
  }
  auto product = op.output(0);

  bool ta;
  bool tb;
  TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(GetNodeAttr(product.node()->attrs(), attr_adj_x, &ta));
  TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(GetNodeAttr(product.node()->attrs(), attr_adj_y, &tb));

  if (!ta && !tb) {
    return MatMulGradHelper(scope, is_batch, grad_inputs[0], false, b, true, a,
                            true, grad_inputs[0], false, grad_outputs);
  } else if (!ta && tb) {
    return MatMulGradHelper(scope, is_batch, grad_inputs[0], false, b, false,
                            grad_inputs[0], true, a, false, grad_outputs);
  } else if (ta && !tb) {
    return MatMulGradHelper(scope, is_batch, b, false, grad_inputs[0], true, a,
                            false, grad_inputs[0], false, grad_outputs);
  }
  return MatMulGradHelper(scope, is_batch, b, true, grad_inputs[0], true,
                          grad_inputs[0], true, a, true, grad_outputs);
}

Status MatMulGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                  const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                  std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  return MatMulGradCommon(scope, op, false, grad_inputs, "transpose_a",
                          "transpose_b", grad_outputs);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("MatMul", MatMulGrad);

Status BatchMatMulGrad(const Scope& scope, const Operation& op,
                       const std::vector<Output>& grad_inputs,
                       std::vector<Output>* grad_outputs) {
  return MatMulGradCommon(scope, op, true, grad_inputs, "adj_x", "adj_y",
                          grad_outputs);
}
REGISTER_GRADIENT_OP("BatchMatMul", BatchMatMulGrad);

}  // anonymous namespace
}  // namespace ops
}  // namespace tensorflow