xref: /libcore/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/logging/LogManager.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 * Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */


package java.util.logging;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.security.*;
import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.beans.PropertyChangeListener;

/**
 * There is a single global LogManager object that is used to
 * maintain a set of shared state about Loggers and log services.
 * <p>
 * This LogManager object:
 * <ul>
 * <li> Manages a hierarchical namespace of Logger objects.  All
 *      named Loggers are stored in this namespace.
 * <li> Manages a set of logging control properties.  These are
 *      simple key-value pairs that can be used by Handlers and
 *      other logging objects to configure themselves.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * The global LogManager object can be retrieved using LogManager.getLogManager().
 * The LogManager object is created during class initialization and
 * cannot subsequently be changed.
 * <p>
 * At startup the LogManager class is located using the
 * java.util.logging.manager system property.
 * <p>
 * The LogManager defines two optional system properties that allow control over
 * the initial configuration:
 * <ul>
 * <li>"java.util.logging.config.class"
 * <li>"java.util.logging.config.file"
 * </ul>
 * These two properties may be specified on the command line to the "java"
 * command, or as system property definitions passed to JNI_CreateJavaVM.
 * <p>
 * If the "java.util.logging.config.class" property is set, then the
 * property value is treated as a class name.  The given class will be
 * loaded, an object will be instantiated, and that object's constructor
 * is responsible for reading in the initial configuration.  (That object
 * may use other system properties to control its configuration.)  The
 * alternate configuration class can use <tt>readConfiguration(InputStream)</tt>
 * to define properties in the LogManager.
 * <p>
 * If "java.util.logging.config.class" property is <b>not</b> set,
 * then the "java.util.logging.config.file" system property can be used
 * to specify a properties file (in java.util.Properties format). The
 * initial logging configuration will be read from this file.
 * <p>
 * If neither of these properties is defined then the LogManager uses its
 * default configuration. The default configuration is typically loaded from the
 * properties file "{@code lib/logging.properties}" in the Java installation
 * directory.
 * <p>
 * The properties for loggers and Handlers will have names starting
 * with the dot-separated name for the handler or logger.
 * <p>
 * The global logging properties may include:
 * <ul>
 * <li>A property "handlers".  This defines a whitespace or comma separated
 * list of class names for handler classes to load and register as
 * handlers on the root Logger (the Logger named "").  Each class
 * name must be for a Handler class which has a default constructor.
 * Note that these Handlers may be created lazily, when they are
 * first used.
 *
 * <li>A property "&lt;logger&gt;.handlers". This defines a whitespace or
 * comma separated list of class names for handlers classes to
 * load and register as handlers to the specified logger. Each class
 * name must be for a Handler class which has a default constructor.
 * Note that these Handlers may be created lazily, when they are
 * first used.
 *
 * <li>A property "&lt;logger&gt;.useParentHandlers". This defines a boolean
 * value. By default every logger calls its parent in addition to
 * handling the logging message itself, this often result in messages
 * being handled by the root logger as well. When setting this property
 * to false a Handler needs to be configured for this logger otherwise
 * no logging messages are delivered.
 *
 * <li>A property "config".  This property is intended to allow
 * arbitrary configuration code to be run.  The property defines a
 * whitespace or comma separated list of class names.  A new instance will be
 * created for each named class.  The default constructor of each class
 * may execute arbitrary code to update the logging configuration, such as
 * setting logger levels, adding handlers, adding filters, etc.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * Note that all classes loaded during LogManager configuration are
 * first searched on the system class path before any user class path.
 * That includes the LogManager class, any config classes, and any
 * handler classes.
 * <p>
 * Loggers are organized into a naming hierarchy based on their
 * dot separated names.  Thus "a.b.c" is a child of "a.b", but
 * "a.b1" and a.b2" are peers.
 * <p>
 * All properties whose names end with ".level" are assumed to define
 * log levels for Loggers.  Thus "foo.level" defines a log level for
 * the logger called "foo" and (recursively) for any of its children
 * in the naming hierarchy.  Log Levels are applied in the order they
 * are defined in the properties file.  Thus level settings for child
 * nodes in the tree should come after settings for their parents.
 * The property name ".level" can be used to set the level for the
 * root of the tree.
 * <p>
 * All methods on the LogManager object are multi-thread safe.
 *
 * @since 1.4
*/

public class LogManager {
    // The global LogManager object
    private static final LogManager manager;

    // 'props' is assigned within a lock but accessed without it.
    // Declaring it volatile makes sure that another thread will not
    // be able to see a partially constructed 'props' object.
    // (seeing a partially constructed 'props' object can result in
    // NPE being thrown in Hashtable.get(), because it leaves the door
    // open for props.getProperties() to be called before the construcor
    // of Hashtable is actually completed).
    private volatile Properties props = new Properties();
    private final static Level defaultLevel = Level.INFO;

    // The map of the registered listeners. The map value is the registration
    // count to allow for cases where the same listener is registered many times.
    private final Map<Object,Integer> listenerMap = new HashMap<>();

    // LoggerContext for system loggers and user loggers
    private final LoggerContext systemContext = new SystemLoggerContext();
    private final LoggerContext userContext = new LoggerContext();
    // non final field - make it volatile to make sure that other threads
    // will see the new value once ensureLogManagerInitialized() has finished
    // executing.
    private volatile Logger rootLogger;
    // Have we done the primordial reading of the configuration file?
    // (Must be done after a suitable amount of java.lang.System
    // initialization has been done)
    private volatile boolean readPrimordialConfiguration;
    // Have we initialized global (root) handlers yet?
    // This gets set to false in readConfiguration
    private boolean initializedGlobalHandlers = true;
    // True if JVM death is imminent and the exit hook has been called.
    private boolean deathImminent;

    static {
        manager = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<LogManager>() {
            @Override
            public LogManager run() {
                LogManager mgr = null;
                String cname = null;
                try {
                    cname = System.getProperty("java.util.logging.manager");
                    if (cname != null) {
                        // Android-changed: Extract logic into the getClassInstance() helper.
                        mgr = (LogManager) getClassInstance(cname).newInstance();
                    }
                } catch (Exception ex) {
                    System.err.println("Could not load Logmanager \"" + cname + "\"");
                    ex.printStackTrace();
                }
                if (mgr == null) {
                    mgr = new LogManager();
                }
                return mgr;

            }
        });
    }


    // This private class is used as a shutdown hook.
    // It does a "reset" to close all open handlers.
    private class Cleaner extends Thread {

        private Cleaner() {
            /* Set context class loader to null in order to avoid
             * keeping a strong reference to an application classloader.
             */
            this.setContextClassLoader(null);
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            // This is to ensure the LogManager.<clinit> is completed
            // before synchronized block. Otherwise deadlocks are possible.
            LogManager mgr = manager;

            // If the global handlers haven't been initialized yet, we
            // don't want to initialize them just so we can close them!
            synchronized (LogManager.this) {
                // Note that death is imminent.
                deathImminent = true;
                initializedGlobalHandlers = true;
            }

            // Do a reset to close all active handlers.
            reset();
        }
    }


    /**
     * Protected constructor.  This is protected so that container applications
     * (such as J2EE containers) can subclass the object.  It is non-public as
     * it is intended that there only be one LogManager object, whose value is
     * retrieved by calling LogManager.getLogManager.
     */
    protected LogManager() {
        this(checkSubclassPermissions());
    }

    private LogManager(Void checked) {

        // Add a shutdown hook to close the global handlers.
        try {
            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Cleaner());
        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
            // If the VM is already shutting down,
            // We do not need to register shutdownHook.
        }
    }

    private static Void checkSubclassPermissions() {
        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            // These permission will be checked in the LogManager constructor,
            // in order to register the Cleaner() thread as a shutdown hook.
            // Check them here to avoid the penalty of constructing the object
            // etc...
            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("shutdownHooks"));
            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setContextClassLoader"));
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Lazy initialization: if this instance of manager is the global
     * manager then this method will read the initial configuration and
     * add the root logger and global logger by calling addLogger().
     *
     * Note that it is subtly different from what we do in LoggerContext.
     * In LoggerContext we're patching up the logger context tree in order to add
     * the root and global logger *to the context tree*.
     *
     * For this to work, addLogger() must have already have been called
     * once on the LogManager instance for the default logger being
     * added.
     *
     * This is why ensureLogManagerInitialized() needs to be called before
     * any logger is added to any logger context.
     *
     */
    private boolean initializedCalled = false;
    private volatile boolean initializationDone = false;
    final void ensureLogManagerInitialized() {
        final LogManager owner = this;
        if (initializationDone || owner != manager) {
            // we don't want to do this twice, and we don't want to do
            // this on private manager instances.
            return;
        }

        // Maybe another thread has called ensureLogManagerInitialized()
        // before us and is still executing it. If so we will block until
        // the log manager has finished initialized, then acquire the monitor,
        // notice that initializationDone is now true and return.
        // Otherwise - we have come here first! We will acquire the monitor,
        // see that initializationDone is still false, and perform the
        // initialization.
        //
        synchronized(this) {
            // If initializedCalled is true it means that we're already in
            // the process of initializing the LogManager in this thread.
            // There has been a recursive call to ensureLogManagerInitialized().
            final boolean isRecursiveInitialization = (initializedCalled == true);

            assert initializedCalled || !initializationDone
                    : "Initialization can't be done if initialized has not been called!";

            if (isRecursiveInitialization || initializationDone) {
                // If isRecursiveInitialization is true it means that we're
                // already in the process of initializing the LogManager in
                // this thread. There has been a recursive call to
                // ensureLogManagerInitialized(). We should not proceed as
                // it would lead to infinite recursion.
                //
                // If initializationDone is true then it means the manager
                // has finished initializing; just return: we're done.
                return;
            }
            // Calling addLogger below will in turn call requiresDefaultLogger()
            // which will call ensureLogManagerInitialized().
            // We use initializedCalled to break the recursion.
            initializedCalled = true;
            try {
                AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
                    @Override
                    public Object run() {
                        assert rootLogger == null;
                        assert initializedCalled && !initializationDone;

                        // Read configuration.
                        owner.readPrimordialConfiguration();

                        // Create and retain Logger for the root of the namespace.
                        owner.rootLogger = owner.new RootLogger();
                        owner.addLogger(owner.rootLogger);
                        if (!owner.rootLogger.isLevelInitialized()) {
                            owner.rootLogger.setLevel(defaultLevel);
                        }

                        // Adding the global Logger.
                        // Do not call Logger.getGlobal() here as this might trigger
                        // subtle inter-dependency issues.
                        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
                        final Logger global = Logger.global;

                        // Make sure the global logger will be registered in the
                        // global manager
                        owner.addLogger(global);
                        return null;
                    }
                });
            } finally {
                initializationDone = true;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the global LogManager object.
     * @return the global LogManager object
     */
    public static LogManager getLogManager() {
        if (manager != null) {
            manager.ensureLogManagerInitialized();
        }
        return manager;
    }

    private void readPrimordialConfiguration() {
        if (!readPrimordialConfiguration) {
            synchronized (this) {
                if (!readPrimordialConfiguration) {
                    // If System.in/out/err are null, it's a good
                    // indication that we're still in the
                    // bootstrapping phase
                    if (System.out == null) {
                        return;
                    }
                    readPrimordialConfiguration = true;

                    try {
                        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Void>() {
                                @Override
                                public Void run() throws Exception {
                                    readConfiguration();

                                    // Platform loggers begin to delegate to java.util.logging.Logger
                                    sun.util.logging.PlatformLogger.redirectPlatformLoggers();
                                    return null;
                                }
                            });
                    } catch (Exception ex) {
                        assert false : "Exception raised while reading logging configuration: " + ex;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds an event listener to be invoked when the logging
     * properties are re-read. Adding multiple instances of
     * the same event Listener results in multiple entries
     * in the property event listener table.
     *
     * <p><b>WARNING:</b> This method is omitted from this class in all subset
     * Profiles of Java SE that do not include the {@code java.beans} package.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param l  event listener
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
     * @exception NullPointerException if the PropertyChangeListener is null.
     * @deprecated The dependency on {@code PropertyChangeListener} creates a
     *             significant impediment to future modularization of the Java
     *             platform. This method will be removed in a future release.
     *             The global {@code LogManager} can detect changes to the
     *             logging configuration by overridding the {@link
     *             #readConfiguration readConfiguration} method.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void addPropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener l) throws SecurityException {
        PropertyChangeListener listener = Objects.requireNonNull(l);
        checkPermission();
        synchronized (listenerMap) {
            // increment the registration count if already registered
            Integer value = listenerMap.get(listener);
            value = (value == null) ? 1 : (value + 1);
            listenerMap.put(listener, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes an event listener for property change events.
     * If the same listener instance has been added to the listener table
     * through multiple invocations of <CODE>addPropertyChangeListener</CODE>,
     * then an equivalent number of
     * <CODE>removePropertyChangeListener</CODE> invocations are required to remove
     * all instances of that listener from the listener table.
     * <P>
     * Returns silently if the given listener is not found.
     *
     * <p><b>WARNING:</b> This method is omitted from this class in all subset
     * Profiles of Java SE that do not include the {@code java.beans} package.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param l  event listener (can be null)
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
     * @deprecated The dependency on {@code PropertyChangeListener} creates a
     *             significant impediment to future modularization of the Java
     *             platform. This method will be removed in a future release.
     *             The global {@code LogManager} can detect changes to the
     *             logging configuration by overridding the {@link
     *             #readConfiguration readConfiguration} method.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void removePropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener l) throws SecurityException {
        checkPermission();
        if (l != null) {
            PropertyChangeListener listener = l;
            synchronized (listenerMap) {
                Integer value = listenerMap.get(listener);
                if (value != null) {
                    // remove from map if registration count is 1, otherwise
                    // just decrement its count
                    int i = value.intValue();
                    if (i == 1) {
                        listenerMap.remove(listener);
                    } else {
                        assert i > 1;
                        listenerMap.put(listener, i - 1);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // LoggerContext maps from AppContext
    private WeakHashMap<Object, LoggerContext> contextsMap = null;

    // Returns the LoggerContext for the user code (i.e. application or AppContext).
    // Loggers are isolated from each AppContext.
    private LoggerContext getUserContext() {
        // Android-changed: Remove AWT specific hooks.
        return userContext;
    }

    // The system context.
    final LoggerContext getSystemContext() {
        return systemContext;
    }

    private List<LoggerContext> contexts() {
        List<LoggerContext> cxs = new ArrayList<>();
        cxs.add(getSystemContext());
        cxs.add(getUserContext());
        return cxs;
    }

    // Find or create a specified logger instance. If a logger has
    // already been created with the given name it is returned.
    // Otherwise a new logger instance is created and registered
    // in the LogManager global namespace.
    // This method will always return a non-null Logger object.
    // Synchronization is not required here. All synchronization for
    // adding a new Logger object is handled by addLogger().
    //
    // This method must delegate to the LogManager implementation to
    // add a new Logger or return the one that has been added previously
    // as a LogManager subclass may override the addLogger, getLogger,
    // readConfiguration, and other methods.
    Logger demandLogger(String name, String resourceBundleName, Class<?> caller) {
        Logger result = getLogger(name);
        if (result == null) {
            // only allocate the new logger once
            Logger newLogger = new Logger(name, resourceBundleName, caller, this, false);
            do {
                if (addLogger(newLogger)) {
                    // We successfully added the new Logger that we
                    // created above so return it without refetching.
                    return newLogger;
                }

                // We didn't add the new Logger that we created above
                // because another thread added a Logger with the same
                // name after our null check above and before our call
                // to addLogger(). We have to refetch the Logger because
                // addLogger() returns a boolean instead of the Logger
                // reference itself. However, if the thread that created
                // the other Logger is not holding a strong reference to
                // the other Logger, then it is possible for the other
                // Logger to be GC'ed after we saw it in addLogger() and
                // before we can refetch it. If it has been GC'ed then
                // we'll just loop around and try again.
                result = getLogger(name);
            } while (result == null);
        }
        return result;
    }

    Logger demandSystemLogger(String name, String resourceBundleName) {
        // Add a system logger in the system context's namespace
        final Logger sysLogger = getSystemContext().demandLogger(name, resourceBundleName);

        // Add the system logger to the LogManager's namespace if not exist
        // so that there is only one single logger of the given name.
        // System loggers are visible to applications unless a logger of
        // the same name has been added.
        Logger logger;
        do {
            // First attempt to call addLogger instead of getLogger
            // This would avoid potential bug in custom LogManager.getLogger
            // implementation that adds a logger if does not exist
            if (addLogger(sysLogger)) {
                // successfully added the new system logger
                logger = sysLogger;
            } else {
                logger = getLogger(name);
            }
        } while (logger == null);

        // LogManager will set the sysLogger's handlers via LogManager.addLogger method.
        if (logger != sysLogger && sysLogger.accessCheckedHandlers().length == 0) {
            // if logger already exists but handlers not set
            final Logger l = logger;
            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run() {
                    for (Handler hdl : l.accessCheckedHandlers()) {
                        sysLogger.addHandler(hdl);
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            });
        }
        return sysLogger;
    }

    // Android-added: getClassInstance helper method, used in several places in this class.
    private static Class getClassInstance(String cname) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        try {
            return ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass(cname);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
            return Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(cname);
        }
    }

    // LoggerContext maintains the logger namespace per context.
    // The default LogManager implementation has one system context and user
    // context.  The system context is used to maintain the namespace for
    // all system loggers and is queried by the system code.  If a system logger
    // doesn't exist in the user context, it'll also be added to the user context.
    // The user context is queried by the user code and all other loggers are
    // added in the user context.
    class LoggerContext {
        // Table of named Loggers that maps names to Loggers.
        private final Hashtable<String,LoggerWeakRef> namedLoggers = new Hashtable<>();
        // Tree of named Loggers
        private final LogNode root;
        private LoggerContext() {
            this.root = new LogNode(null, this);
        }


        // Tells whether default loggers are required in this context.
        // If true, the default loggers will be lazily added.
        final boolean requiresDefaultLoggers() {
            final boolean requiresDefaultLoggers = (getOwner() == manager);
            if (requiresDefaultLoggers) {
                getOwner().ensureLogManagerInitialized();
            }
            return requiresDefaultLoggers;
        }

        // This context's LogManager.
        final LogManager getOwner() {
            return LogManager.this;
        }

        // This context owner's root logger, which if not null, and if
        // the context requires default loggers, will be added to the context
        // logger's tree.
        final Logger getRootLogger() {
            return getOwner().rootLogger;
        }

        // The global logger, which if not null, and if
        // the context requires default loggers, will be added to the context
        // logger's tree.
        final Logger getGlobalLogger() {
            // Android-changed: Fix SuppressWarnings from "deprecated" to "deprecation".
            @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") // avoids initialization cycles.
            final Logger global = Logger.global;
            return global;
        }

        Logger demandLogger(String name, String resourceBundleName) {
            // a LogManager subclass may have its own implementation to add and
            // get a Logger.  So delegate to the LogManager to do the work.
            final LogManager owner = getOwner();
            return owner.demandLogger(name, resourceBundleName, null);
        }


        // Due to subtle deadlock issues getUserContext() no longer
        // calls addLocalLogger(rootLogger);
        // Therefore - we need to add the default loggers later on.
        // Checks that the context is properly initialized
        // This is necessary before calling e.g. find(name)
        // or getLoggerNames()
        //
        private void ensureInitialized() {
            if (requiresDefaultLoggers()) {
                // Ensure that the root and global loggers are set.
                ensureDefaultLogger(getRootLogger());
                ensureDefaultLogger(getGlobalLogger());
            }
        }


        synchronized Logger findLogger(String name) {
            // ensure that this context is properly initialized before
            // looking for loggers.
            ensureInitialized();
            LoggerWeakRef ref = namedLoggers.get(name);
            if (ref == null) {
                return null;
            }
            Logger logger = ref.get();
            if (logger == null) {
                // Hashtable holds stale weak reference
                // to a logger which has been GC-ed.
                ref.dispose();
            }
            return logger;
        }

        // This method is called before adding a logger to the
        // context.
        // 'logger' is the context that will be added.
        // This method will ensure that the defaults loggers are added
        // before adding 'logger'.
        //
        private void ensureAllDefaultLoggers(Logger logger) {
            if (requiresDefaultLoggers()) {
                final String name = logger.getName();
                if (!name.isEmpty()) {
                    ensureDefaultLogger(getRootLogger());
                    if (!Logger.GLOBAL_LOGGER_NAME.equals(name)) {
                        ensureDefaultLogger(getGlobalLogger());
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private void ensureDefaultLogger(Logger logger) {
            // Used for lazy addition of root logger and global logger
            // to a LoggerContext.

            // This check is simple sanity: we do not want that this
            // method be called for anything else than Logger.global
            // or owner.rootLogger.
            if (!requiresDefaultLoggers() || logger == null
                    || logger != Logger.global && logger != LogManager.this.rootLogger) {

                // the case where we have a non null logger which is neither
                // Logger.global nor manager.rootLogger indicates a serious
                // issue - as ensureDefaultLogger should never be called
                // with any other loggers than one of these two (or null - if
                // e.g manager.rootLogger is not yet initialized)...
                assert logger == null;

                return;
            }

            // Adds the logger if it's not already there.
            if (!namedLoggers.containsKey(logger.getName())) {
                // It is important to prevent addLocalLogger to
                // call ensureAllDefaultLoggers when we're in the process
                // off adding one of those default loggers - as this would
                // immediately cause a stack overflow.
                // Therefore we must pass addDefaultLoggersIfNeeded=false,
                // even if requiresDefaultLoggers is true.
                addLocalLogger(logger, false);
            }
        }

        boolean addLocalLogger(Logger logger) {
            // no need to add default loggers if it's not required
            return addLocalLogger(logger, requiresDefaultLoggers());
        }

        // Add a logger to this context.  This method will only set its level
        // and process parent loggers.  It doesn't set its handlers.
        synchronized boolean addLocalLogger(Logger logger, boolean addDefaultLoggersIfNeeded) {
            // addDefaultLoggersIfNeeded serves to break recursion when adding
            // default loggers. If we're adding one of the default loggers
            // (we're being called from ensureDefaultLogger()) then
            // addDefaultLoggersIfNeeded will be false: we don't want to
            // call ensureAllDefaultLoggers again.
            //
            // Note: addDefaultLoggersIfNeeded can also be false when
            //       requiresDefaultLoggers is false - since calling
            //       ensureAllDefaultLoggers would have no effect in this case.
            if (addDefaultLoggersIfNeeded) {
                ensureAllDefaultLoggers(logger);
            }

            final String name = logger.getName();
            if (name == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            LoggerWeakRef ref = namedLoggers.get(name);
            if (ref != null) {
                if (ref.get() == null) {
                    // It's possible that the Logger was GC'ed after a
                    // drainLoggerRefQueueBounded() call above so allow
                    // a new one to be registered.
                    ref.dispose();
                } else {
                    // We already have a registered logger with the given name.
                    return false;
                }
            }

            // We're adding a new logger.
            // Note that we are creating a weak reference here.
            final LogManager owner = getOwner();
            logger.setLogManager(owner);
            ref = owner.new LoggerWeakRef(logger);
            namedLoggers.put(name, ref);

            // Apply any initial level defined for the new logger, unless
            // the logger's level is already initialized
            Level level = owner.getLevelProperty(name + ".level", null);
            if (level != null && !logger.isLevelInitialized()) {
                doSetLevel(logger, level);
            }

            // instantiation of the handler is done in the LogManager.addLogger
            // implementation as a handler class may be only visible to LogManager
            // subclass for the custom log manager case
            processParentHandlers(logger, name);

            // Find the new node and its parent.
            LogNode node = getNode(name);
            node.loggerRef = ref;
            Logger parent = null;
            LogNode nodep = node.parent;
            while (nodep != null) {
                LoggerWeakRef nodeRef = nodep.loggerRef;
                if (nodeRef != null) {
                    parent = nodeRef.get();
                    if (parent != null) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                nodep = nodep.parent;
            }

            if (parent != null) {
                doSetParent(logger, parent);
            }
            // Walk over the children and tell them we are their new parent.
            node.walkAndSetParent(logger);
            // new LogNode is ready so tell the LoggerWeakRef about it
            ref.setNode(node);
            return true;
        }

        synchronized void removeLoggerRef(String name, LoggerWeakRef ref) {
            namedLoggers.remove(name, ref);
        }

        synchronized Enumeration<String> getLoggerNames() {
            // ensure that this context is properly initialized before
            // returning logger names.
            ensureInitialized();
            return namedLoggers.keys();
        }

        // If logger.getUseParentHandlers() returns 'true' and any of the logger's
        // parents have levels or handlers defined, make sure they are instantiated.
        private void processParentHandlers(final Logger logger, final String name) {
            final LogManager owner = getOwner();
            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run() {
                    if (logger != owner.rootLogger) {
                        boolean useParent = owner.getBooleanProperty(name + ".useParentHandlers", true);
                        if (!useParent) {
                            logger.setUseParentHandlers(false);
                        }
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            });

            int ix = 1;
            for (;;) {
                int ix2 = name.indexOf(".", ix);
                if (ix2 < 0) {
                    break;
                }
                String pname = name.substring(0, ix2);
                if (owner.getProperty(pname + ".level") != null ||
                    owner.getProperty(pname + ".handlers") != null) {
                    // This pname has a level/handlers definition.
                    // Make sure it exists.
                    demandLogger(pname, null);
                }
                ix = ix2+1;
            }
        }

        // Gets a node in our tree of logger nodes.
        // If necessary, create it.
        LogNode getNode(String name) {
            if (name == null || name.equals("")) {
                return root;
            }
            LogNode node = root;
            while (name.length() > 0) {
                int ix = name.indexOf(".");
                String head;
                if (ix > 0) {
                    head = name.substring(0, ix);
                    name = name.substring(ix + 1);
                } else {
                    head = name;
                    name = "";
                }
                if (node.children == null) {
                    node.children = new HashMap<>();
                }
                LogNode child = node.children.get(head);
                if (child == null) {
                    child = new LogNode(node, this);
                    node.children.put(head, child);
                }
                node = child;
            }
            return node;
        }
    }

    final class SystemLoggerContext extends LoggerContext {
        // Add a system logger in the system context's namespace as well as
        // in the LogManager's namespace if not exist so that there is only
        // one single logger of the given name.  System loggers are visible
        // to applications unless a logger of the same name has been added.
        @Override
        Logger demandLogger(String name, String resourceBundleName) {
            Logger result = findLogger(name);
            if (result == null) {
                // only allocate the new system logger once
                Logger newLogger = new Logger(name, resourceBundleName, null, getOwner(), true);
                do {
                    if (addLocalLogger(newLogger)) {
                        // We successfully added the new Logger that we
                        // created above so return it without refetching.
                        result = newLogger;
                    } else {
                        // We didn't add the new Logger that we created above
                        // because another thread added a Logger with the same
                        // name after our null check above and before our call
                        // to addLogger(). We have to refetch the Logger because
                        // addLogger() returns a boolean instead of the Logger
                        // reference itself. However, if the thread that created
                        // the other Logger is not holding a strong reference to
                        // the other Logger, then it is possible for the other
                        // Logger to be GC'ed after we saw it in addLogger() and
                        // before we can refetch it. If it has been GC'ed then
                        // we'll just loop around and try again.
                        result = findLogger(name);
                    }
                } while (result == null);
            }
            return result;
        }
    }

    // Add new per logger handlers.
    // We need to raise privilege here. All our decisions will
    // be made based on the logging configuration, which can
    // only be modified by trusted code.
    private void loadLoggerHandlers(final Logger logger, final String name,
                                    final String handlersPropertyName)
    {
        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
            @Override
            public Object run() {
                String names[] = parseClassNames(handlersPropertyName);
                for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
                    String word = names[i];
                    try {
                        // Android-changed: Fall back from the system to the context classloader.
                        // Class<?> clz = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass(word);
                        Class<?> clz = getClassInstance(word);
                        Handler hdl = (Handler) clz.newInstance();
                        // Check if there is a property defining the
                        // this handler's level.
                        String levs = getProperty(word + ".level");
                        if (levs != null) {
                            Level l = Level.findLevel(levs);
                            if (l != null) {
                                hdl.setLevel(l);
                            } else {
                                // Probably a bad level. Drop through.
                                System.err.println("Can't set level for " + word);
                            }
                        }
                        // Add this Handler to the logger
                        logger.addHandler(hdl);
                    } catch (Exception ex) {
                        System.err.println("Can't load log handler \"" + word + "\"");
                        System.err.println("" + ex);
                        ex.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                return null;
            }
        });
    }


    // loggerRefQueue holds LoggerWeakRef objects for Logger objects
    // that have been GC'ed.
    private final ReferenceQueue<Logger> loggerRefQueue
        = new ReferenceQueue<>();

    // Package-level inner class.
    // Helper class for managing WeakReferences to Logger objects.
    //
    // LogManager.namedLoggers
    //     - has weak references to all named Loggers
    //     - namedLoggers keeps the LoggerWeakRef objects for the named
    //       Loggers around until we can deal with the book keeping for
    //       the named Logger that is being GC'ed.
    // LogManager.LogNode.loggerRef
    //     - has a weak reference to a named Logger
    //     - the LogNode will also keep the LoggerWeakRef objects for
    //       the named Loggers around; currently LogNodes never go away.
    // Logger.kids
    //     - has a weak reference to each direct child Logger; this
    //       includes anonymous and named Loggers
    //     - anonymous Loggers are always children of the rootLogger
    //       which is a strong reference; rootLogger.kids keeps the
    //       LoggerWeakRef objects for the anonymous Loggers around
    //       until we can deal with the book keeping.
    //
    final class LoggerWeakRef extends WeakReference<Logger> {
        private String                name;       // for namedLoggers cleanup
        private LogNode               node;       // for loggerRef cleanup
        private WeakReference<Logger> parentRef;  // for kids cleanup
        private boolean disposed = false;         // avoid calling dispose twice

        LoggerWeakRef(Logger logger) {
            super(logger, loggerRefQueue);

            name = logger.getName();  // save for namedLoggers cleanup
        }

        // dispose of this LoggerWeakRef object
        void dispose() {
            // Avoid calling dispose twice. When a Logger is gc'ed, its
            // LoggerWeakRef will be enqueued.
            // However, a new logger of the same name may be added (or looked
            // up) before the queue is drained. When that happens, dispose()
            // will be called by addLocalLogger() or findLogger().
            // Later when the queue is drained, dispose() will be called again
            // for the same LoggerWeakRef. Marking LoggerWeakRef as disposed
            // avoids processing the data twice (even though the code should
            // now be reentrant).
            synchronized(this) {
                // Note to maintainers:
                // Be careful not to call any method that tries to acquire
                // another lock from within this block - as this would surely
                // lead to deadlocks, given that dispose() can be called by
                // multiple threads, and from within different synchronized
                // methods/blocks.
                if (disposed) return;
                disposed = true;
            }

            final LogNode n = node;
            if (n != null) {
                // n.loggerRef can only be safely modified from within
                // a lock on LoggerContext. removeLoggerRef is already
                // synchronized on LoggerContext so calling
                // n.context.removeLoggerRef from within this lock is safe.
                synchronized (n.context) {
                    // if we have a LogNode, then we were a named Logger
                    // so clear namedLoggers weak ref to us
                    n.context.removeLoggerRef(name, this);
                    name = null;  // clear our ref to the Logger's name

                    // LogNode may have been reused - so only clear
                    // LogNode.loggerRef if LogNode.loggerRef == this
                    if (n.loggerRef == this) {
                        n.loggerRef = null;  // clear LogNode's weak ref to us
                    }
                    node = null;            // clear our ref to LogNode
                }
            }

            if (parentRef != null) {
                // this LoggerWeakRef has or had a parent Logger
                Logger parent = parentRef.get();
                if (parent != null) {
                    // the parent Logger is still there so clear the
                    // parent Logger's weak ref to us
                    parent.removeChildLogger(this);
                }
                parentRef = null;  // clear our weak ref to the parent Logger
            }
        }

        // set the node field to the specified value
        void setNode(LogNode node) {
            this.node = node;
        }

        // set the parentRef field to the specified value
        void setParentRef(WeakReference<Logger> parentRef) {
            this.parentRef = parentRef;
        }
    }

    // Package-level method.
    // Drain some Logger objects that have been GC'ed.
    //
    // drainLoggerRefQueueBounded() is called by addLogger() below
    // and by Logger.getAnonymousLogger(String) so we'll drain up to
    // MAX_ITERATIONS GC'ed Loggers for every Logger we add.
    //
    // On a WinXP VMware client, a MAX_ITERATIONS value of 400 gives
    // us about a 50/50 mix in increased weak ref counts versus
    // decreased weak ref counts in the AnonLoggerWeakRefLeak test.
    // Here are stats for cleaning up sets of 400 anonymous Loggers:
    //   - test duration 1 minute
    //   - sample size of 125 sets of 400
    //   - average: 1.99 ms
    //   - minimum: 0.57 ms
    //   - maximum: 25.3 ms
    //
    // The same config gives us a better decreased weak ref count
    // than increased weak ref count in the LoggerWeakRefLeak test.
    // Here are stats for cleaning up sets of 400 named Loggers:
    //   - test duration 2 minutes
    //   - sample size of 506 sets of 400
    //   - average: 0.57 ms
    //   - minimum: 0.02 ms
    //   - maximum: 10.9 ms
    //
    private final static int MAX_ITERATIONS = 400;
    final void drainLoggerRefQueueBounded() {
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ITERATIONS; i++) {
            if (loggerRefQueue == null) {
                // haven't finished loading LogManager yet
                break;
            }

            LoggerWeakRef ref = (LoggerWeakRef) loggerRefQueue.poll();
            if (ref == null) {
                break;
            }
            // a Logger object has been GC'ed so clean it up
            ref.dispose();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Add a named logger.  This does nothing and returns false if a logger
     * with the same name is already registered.
     * <p>
     * The Logger factory methods call this method to register each
     * newly created Logger.
     * <p>
     * The application should retain its own reference to the Logger
     * object to avoid it being garbage collected.  The LogManager
     * may only retain a weak reference.
     *
     * @param   logger the new logger.
     * @return  true if the argument logger was registered successfully,
     *          false if a logger of that name already exists.
     * @exception NullPointerException if the logger name is null.
     */
    public boolean addLogger(Logger logger) {
        final String name = logger.getName();
        if (name == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        drainLoggerRefQueueBounded();
        LoggerContext cx = getUserContext();
        if (cx.addLocalLogger(logger)) {
            // Do we have a per logger handler too?
            // Note: this will add a 200ms penalty
            loadLoggerHandlers(logger, name, name + ".handlers");
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // Private method to set a level on a logger.
    // If necessary, we raise privilege before doing the call.
    private static void doSetLevel(final Logger logger, final Level level) {
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm == null) {
            // There is no security manager, so things are easy.
            logger.setLevel(level);
            return;
        }
        // There is a security manager.  Raise privilege before
        // calling setLevel.
        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
            @Override
            public Object run() {
                logger.setLevel(level);
                return null;
            }});
    }

    // Private method to set a parent on a logger.
    // If necessary, we raise privilege before doing the setParent call.
    private static void doSetParent(final Logger logger, final Logger parent) {
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm == null) {
            // There is no security manager, so things are easy.
            logger.setParent(parent);
            return;
        }
        // There is a security manager.  Raise privilege before
        // calling setParent.
        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
            @Override
            public Object run() {
                logger.setParent(parent);
                return null;
            }});
    }

    /**
     * Method to find a named logger.
     * <p>
     * Note that since untrusted code may create loggers with
     * arbitrary names this method should not be relied on to
     * find Loggers for security sensitive logging.
     * It is also important to note that the Logger associated with the
     * String {@code name} may be garbage collected at any time if there
     * is no strong reference to the Logger. The caller of this method
     * must check the return value for null in order to properly handle
     * the case where the Logger has been garbage collected.
     * <p>
     * @param name name of the logger
     * @return  matching logger or null if none is found
     */
    public Logger getLogger(String name) {
        return getUserContext().findLogger(name);
    }

    /**
     * Get an enumeration of known logger names.
     * <p>
     * Note:  Loggers may be added dynamically as new classes are loaded.
     * This method only reports on the loggers that are currently registered.
     * It is also important to note that this method only returns the name
     * of a Logger, not a strong reference to the Logger itself.
     * The returned String does nothing to prevent the Logger from being
     * garbage collected. In particular, if the returned name is passed
     * to {@code LogManager.getLogger()}, then the caller must check the
     * return value from {@code LogManager.getLogger()} for null to properly
     * handle the case where the Logger has been garbage collected in the
     * time since its name was returned by this method.
     * <p>
     * @return  enumeration of logger name strings
     */
    public Enumeration<String> getLoggerNames() {
        return getUserContext().getLoggerNames();
    }

    /**
     * Reinitialize the logging properties and reread the logging configuration.
     * <p>
     * The same rules are used for locating the configuration properties
     * as are used at startup.  So normally the logging properties will
     * be re-read from the same file that was used at startup.
     * <P>
     * Any log level definitions in the new configuration file will be
     * applied using Logger.setLevel(), if the target Logger exists.
     * <p>
     * A PropertyChangeEvent will be fired after the properties are read.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
     * @exception  IOException if there are IO problems reading the configuration.
     */
    public void readConfiguration() throws IOException, SecurityException {
        checkPermission();

        // if a configuration class is specified, load it and use it.
        String cname = System.getProperty("java.util.logging.config.class");
        if (cname != null) {
            try {
                // Instantiate the named class.  It is its constructor's
                // responsibility to initialize the logging configuration, by
                // calling readConfiguration(InputStream) with a suitable stream.
                // Android-changed: Extract logic into the getClassInstance() helper.
                getClassInstance(cname).newInstance();
                return;
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                System.err.println("Logging configuration class \"" + cname + "\" failed");
                System.err.println("" + ex);
                // keep going and useful config file.
            }
        }

        String fname = System.getProperty("java.util.logging.config.file");
        if (fname == null) {
            fname = System.getProperty("java.home");
            if (fname == null) {
                throw new Error("Can't find java.home ??");
            }
            File f = new File(fname, "lib");
            f = new File(f, "logging.properties");
            fname = f.getCanonicalPath();
        }

        // BEGIN Android-changed: Look in the boot class-path jar files for the logging.properties.
        // It may not be present in the file system.
        /*
        try (final InputStream in = new FileInputStream(fname)) {
            final BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(in);
            readConfiguration(bin);
        }
        */
        InputStream in;
        try {
            in = new FileInputStream(fname);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            in = LogManager.class.getResourceAsStream("logging.properties");
            if (in == null) {
                throw e;
            }
        }

        BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(in);
        try {
            readConfiguration(bin);
        } finally {
            if (in != null) {
                in.close();
            }
        }
        // END Android-changed: Look in the boot class-path jar files for the logging.properties.
    }

    /**
     * Reset the logging configuration.
     * <p>
     * For all named loggers, the reset operation removes and closes
     * all Handlers and (except for the root logger) sets the level
     * to null.  The root logger's level is set to Level.INFO.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
     */

    public void reset() throws SecurityException {
        checkPermission();
        synchronized (this) {
            props = new Properties();
            // Since we are doing a reset we no longer want to initialize
            // the global handlers, if they haven't been initialized yet.
            initializedGlobalHandlers = true;
        }
        for (LoggerContext cx : contexts()) {
            Enumeration<String> enum_ = cx.getLoggerNames();
            while (enum_.hasMoreElements()) {
                String name = enum_.nextElement();
                Logger logger = cx.findLogger(name);
                if (logger != null) {
                    resetLogger(logger);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Private method to reset an individual target logger.
    private void resetLogger(Logger logger) {
        // Close all the Logger's handlers.
        Handler[] targets = logger.getHandlers();
        for (int i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
            Handler h = targets[i];
            logger.removeHandler(h);
            try {
                h.close();
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                // Problems closing a handler?  Keep going...
            }
        }
        String name = logger.getName();
        if (name != null && name.equals("")) {
            // This is the root logger.
            logger.setLevel(defaultLevel);
        } else {
            logger.setLevel(null);
        }
    }

    // get a list of whitespace separated classnames from a property.
    private String[] parseClassNames(String propertyName) {
        String hands = getProperty(propertyName);
        if (hands == null) {
            return new String[0];
        }
        hands = hands.trim();
        int ix = 0;
        final List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
        while (ix < hands.length()) {
            int end = ix;
            while (end < hands.length()) {
                if (Character.isWhitespace(hands.charAt(end))) {
                    break;
                }
                if (hands.charAt(end) == ',') {
                    break;
                }
                end++;
            }
            String word = hands.substring(ix, end);
            ix = end+1;
            word = word.trim();
            if (word.length() == 0) {
                continue;
            }
            result.add(word);
        }
        return result.toArray(new String[result.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Reinitialize the logging properties and reread the logging configuration
     * from the given stream, which should be in java.util.Properties format.
     * A PropertyChangeEvent will be fired after the properties are read.
     * <p>
     * Any log level definitions in the new configuration file will be
     * applied using Logger.setLevel(), if the target Logger exists.
     *
     * @param ins       stream to read properties from
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
     * @exception  IOException if there are problems reading from the stream.
     */
    public void readConfiguration(InputStream ins) throws IOException, SecurityException {
        checkPermission();
        reset();

        // Load the properties
        props.load(ins);
        // Instantiate new configuration objects.
        String names[] = parseClassNames("config");

        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            String word = names[i];
            try {
                // Android-changed: Fall back from the system to the context classloader.
                // Class<?> clz = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass(word);
                // clz.newInstance();
                getClassInstance(word).newInstance();
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                System.err.println("Can't load config class \"" + word + "\"");
                System.err.println("" + ex);
                // ex.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        // Set levels on any pre-existing loggers, based on the new properties.
        setLevelsOnExistingLoggers();

        // Notify any interested parties that our properties have changed.
        // We first take a copy of the listener map so that we aren't holding any
        // locks when calling the listeners.
        Map<Object,Integer> listeners = null;
        synchronized (listenerMap) {
            if (!listenerMap.isEmpty())
                listeners = new HashMap<>(listenerMap);
        }
        if (listeners != null) {
            assert Beans.isBeansPresent();
            Object ev = Beans.newPropertyChangeEvent(LogManager.class, null, null, null);
            for (Map.Entry<Object,Integer> entry : listeners.entrySet()) {
                Object listener = entry.getKey();
                int count = entry.getValue().intValue();
                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                    Beans.invokePropertyChange(listener, ev);
                }
            }
        }


        // Note that we need to reinitialize global handles when
        // they are first referenced.
        synchronized (this) {
            initializedGlobalHandlers = false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of a logging property.
     * The method returns null if the property is not found.
     * @param name      property name
     * @return          property value
     */
    public String getProperty(String name) {
        return props.getProperty(name);
    }

    // Package private method to get a String property.
    // If the property is not defined we return the given
    // default value.
    String getStringProperty(String name, String defaultValue) {
        String val = getProperty(name);
        if (val == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        return val.trim();
    }

    // Package private method to get an integer property.
    // If the property is not defined or cannot be parsed
    // we return the given default value.
    int getIntProperty(String name, int defaultValue) {
        String val = getProperty(name);
        if (val == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Integer.parseInt(val.trim());
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    // Package private method to get a boolean property.
    // If the property is not defined or cannot be parsed
    // we return the given default value.
    boolean getBooleanProperty(String name, boolean defaultValue) {
        String val = getProperty(name);
        if (val == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        val = val.toLowerCase();
        if (val.equals("true") || val.equals("1")) {
            return true;
        } else if (val.equals("false") || val.equals("0")) {
            return false;
        }
        return defaultValue;
    }

    // Package private method to get a Level property.
    // If the property is not defined or cannot be parsed
    // we return the given default value.
    Level getLevelProperty(String name, Level defaultValue) {
        String val = getProperty(name);
        if (val == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        Level l = Level.findLevel(val.trim());
        return l != null ? l : defaultValue;
    }

    // Package private method to get a filter property.
    // We return an instance of the class named by the "name"
    // property. If the property is not defined or has problems
    // we return the defaultValue.
    Filter getFilterProperty(String name, Filter defaultValue) {
        String val = getProperty(name);
        try {
            if (val != null) {
                // Android-changed: Fall back from the system to the context classloader.
                // Class<?> clz = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass(val);
                // return (Filter) clz.newInstance();
                return (Filter) getClassInstance(val).newInstance();
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            // We got one of a variety of exceptions in creating the
            // class or creating an instance.
            // Drop through.
        }
        // We got an exception.  Return the defaultValue.
        return defaultValue;
    }


    // Package private method to get a formatter property.
    // We return an instance of the class named by the "name"
    // property. If the property is not defined or has problems
    // we return the defaultValue.
    Formatter getFormatterProperty(String name, Formatter defaultValue) {
        String val = getProperty(name);
        try {
            if (val != null) {
                // Android-changed: Fall back from the system to the context classloader.
                // Class<?> clz = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass(val);
                // return (Formatter) clz.newInstance();
                return (Formatter) getClassInstance(val).newInstance();
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            // We got one of a variety of exceptions in creating the
            // class or creating an instance.
            // Drop through.
        }
        // We got an exception.  Return the defaultValue.
        return defaultValue;
    }

    // Private method to load the global handlers.
    // We do the real work lazily, when the global handlers
    // are first used.
    private synchronized void initializeGlobalHandlers() {
        if (initializedGlobalHandlers) {
            return;
        }

        initializedGlobalHandlers = true;

        if (deathImminent) {
            // Aaargh...
            // The VM is shutting down and our exit hook has been called.
            // Avoid allocating global handlers.
            return;
        }
        loadLoggerHandlers(rootLogger, null, "handlers");
    }

    private final Permission controlPermission = new LoggingPermission("control", null);

    void checkPermission() {
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null)
            sm.checkPermission(controlPermission);
    }

    /**
     * Check that the current context is trusted to modify the logging
     * configuration.  This requires LoggingPermission("control").
     * <p>
     * If the check fails we throw a SecurityException, otherwise
     * we return normally.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
     */
    public void checkAccess() throws SecurityException {
        checkPermission();
    }

    // Nested class to represent a node in our tree of named loggers.
    private static class LogNode {
        HashMap<String,LogNode> children;
        LoggerWeakRef loggerRef;
        LogNode parent;
        final LoggerContext context;

        LogNode(LogNode parent, LoggerContext context) {
            this.parent = parent;
            this.context = context;
        }

        // Recursive method to walk the tree below a node and set
        // a new parent logger.
        void walkAndSetParent(Logger parent) {
            if (children == null) {
                return;
            }
            Iterator<LogNode> values = children.values().iterator();
            while (values.hasNext()) {
                LogNode node = values.next();
                LoggerWeakRef ref = node.loggerRef;
                Logger logger = (ref == null) ? null : ref.get();
                if (logger == null) {
                    node.walkAndSetParent(parent);
                } else {
                    doSetParent(logger, parent);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // We use a subclass of Logger for the root logger, so
    // that we only instantiate the global handlers when they
    // are first needed.
    private final class RootLogger extends Logger {
        private RootLogger() {
            // We do not call the protected Logger two args constructor here,
            // to avoid calling LogManager.getLogManager() from within the
            // RootLogger constructor.
            super("", null, null, LogManager.this, true);
        }

        @Override
        public void log(LogRecord record) {
            // Make sure that the global handlers have been instantiated.
            initializeGlobalHandlers();
            super.log(record);
        }

        @Override
        public void addHandler(Handler h) {
            initializeGlobalHandlers();
            super.addHandler(h);
        }

        @Override
        public void removeHandler(Handler h) {
            initializeGlobalHandlers();
            super.removeHandler(h);
        }

        @Override
        Handler[] accessCheckedHandlers() {
            initializeGlobalHandlers();
            return super.accessCheckedHandlers();
        }
    }


    // Private method to be called when the configuration has
    // changed to apply any level settings to any pre-existing loggers.
    synchronized private void setLevelsOnExistingLoggers() {
        Enumeration<?> enum_ = props.propertyNames();
        while (enum_.hasMoreElements()) {
            String key = (String)enum_.nextElement();
            if (!key.endsWith(".level")) {
                // Not a level definition.
                continue;
            }
            int ix = key.length() - 6;
            String name = key.substring(0, ix);
            Level level = getLevelProperty(key, null);
            if (level == null) {
                System.err.println("Bad level value for property: " + key);
                continue;
            }
            for (LoggerContext cx : contexts()) {
                Logger l = cx.findLogger(name);
                if (l == null) {
                    continue;
                }
                l.setLevel(level);
            }
        }
    }

    // Management Support
    private static LoggingMXBean loggingMXBean = null;
    // Android-removed: References to java.lang.management in javadoc.
    /**
     * String representation of the {@code ObjectName} for the management interface
     * for the logging facility.
     *
     * @see java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public final static String LOGGING_MXBEAN_NAME
        = "java.util.logging:type=Logging";

    // Android-removed: References to java.lang.management in javadoc.
    /**
     * Returns <tt>LoggingMXBean</tt> for managing loggers.
     *
     * @return a {@link LoggingMXBean} object.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static synchronized LoggingMXBean getLoggingMXBean() {
        if (loggingMXBean == null) {
            loggingMXBean =  new Logging();
        }
        return loggingMXBean;
    }

    /**
     * A class that provides access to the java.beans.PropertyChangeListener
     * and java.beans.PropertyChangeEvent without creating a static dependency
     * on java.beans. This class can be removed once the addPropertyChangeListener
     * and removePropertyChangeListener methods are removed.
     */
    private static class Beans {
        private static final Class<?> propertyChangeListenerClass =
            getClass("java.beans.PropertyChangeListener");

        private static final Class<?> propertyChangeEventClass =
            getClass("java.beans.PropertyChangeEvent");

        private static final Method propertyChangeMethod =
            getMethod(propertyChangeListenerClass,
                      "propertyChange",
                      propertyChangeEventClass);

        private static final Constructor<?> propertyEventCtor =
            getConstructor(propertyChangeEventClass,
                           Object.class,
                           String.class,
                           Object.class,
                           Object.class);

        private static Class<?> getClass(String name) {
            try {
                return Class.forName(name, true, Beans.class.getClassLoader());
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                return null;
            }
        }
        private static Constructor<?> getConstructor(Class<?> c, Class<?>... types) {
            try {
                return (c == null) ? null : c.getDeclaredConstructor(types);
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException x) {
                throw new AssertionError(x);
            }
        }

        private static Method getMethod(Class<?> c, String name, Class<?>... types) {
            try {
                return (c == null) ? null : c.getMethod(name, types);
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                throw new AssertionError(e);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns {@code true} if java.beans is present.
         */
        static boolean isBeansPresent() {
            return propertyChangeListenerClass != null &&
                   propertyChangeEventClass != null;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new PropertyChangeEvent with the given source, property
         * name, old and new values.
         */
        static Object newPropertyChangeEvent(Object source, String prop,
                                             Object oldValue, Object newValue)
        {
            try {
                return propertyEventCtor.newInstance(source, prop, oldValue, newValue);
            } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException x) {
                throw new AssertionError(x);
            } catch (InvocationTargetException x) {
                Throwable cause = x.getCause();
                if (cause instanceof Error)
                    throw (Error)cause;
                if (cause instanceof RuntimeException)
                    throw (RuntimeException)cause;
                throw new AssertionError(x);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Invokes the given PropertyChangeListener's propertyChange method
         * with the given event.
         */
        static void invokePropertyChange(Object listener, Object ev) {
            try {
                propertyChangeMethod.invoke(listener, ev);
            } catch (IllegalAccessException x) {
                throw new AssertionError(x);
            } catch (InvocationTargetException x) {
                Throwable cause = x.getCause();
                if (cause instanceof Error)
                    throw (Error)cause;
                if (cause instanceof RuntimeException)
                    throw (RuntimeException)cause;
                throw new AssertionError(x);
            }
        }
    }
}