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1 /*
2  * Check decoding of ptrace syscall.
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2016 Dmitry V. Levin <ldv@altlinux.org>
5  * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 The strace developers.
6  * All rights reserved.
7  *
8  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
9  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
10  * are met:
11  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
12  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
13  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
15  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
16  * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
17  *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
18  *
19  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
20  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
21  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
22  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
23  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
24  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
25  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
26  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
27  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
28  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
29  */
30 
31 #include "tests.h"
32 #include <asm/unistd.h>
33 
34 #include <errno.h>
35 #include "ptrace.h"
36 #include <inttypes.h>
37 #include <signal.h>
38 #include <stdint.h>
39 #include <stdio.h>
40 #include <string.h>
41 #include <sys/wait.h>
42 #include <unistd.h>
43 #include <linux/audit.h>
44 
45 static const char *errstr;
46 
47 static long
do_ptrace(unsigned long request,unsigned long pid,unsigned long addr,unsigned long data)48 do_ptrace(unsigned long request, unsigned long pid,
49 	  unsigned long addr, unsigned long data)
50 {
51 	long rc = syscall(__NR_ptrace, request, pid, addr, data);
52 	errstr = sprintrc(rc);
53 	return rc;
54 }
55 
56 static void
test_peeksiginfo(unsigned long pid,const unsigned long bad_request)57 test_peeksiginfo(unsigned long pid, const unsigned long bad_request)
58 {
59 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, pid, 0, bad_request);
60 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, %u, NULL, %#lx) = %s\n",
61 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
62 
63 	struct psi {
64 		unsigned long long off;
65 		unsigned int flags, nr;
66 	};
67 	TAIL_ALLOC_OBJECT_CONST_PTR(struct psi, psi);
68 
69 	psi->off = 0xdeadbeeffacefeedULL;
70 	psi->flags = 1;
71 	psi->nr = 42;
72 
73 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, pid, (unsigned long) psi, bad_request);
74 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, %u, {off=%llu"
75 	       ", flags=PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO_SHARED, nr=%u}, %#lx) = %s\n",
76 	       (unsigned) pid, psi->off, psi->nr, bad_request, errstr);
77 
78 	pid = fork();
79 	if ((pid_t) pid < 0)
80 		perror_msg_and_fail("fork");
81 
82 	if (!pid) {
83 		sigset_t mask;
84 		sigemptyset(&mask);
85 		sigaddset(&mask, SIGUSR1);
86 		sigaddset(&mask, SIGUSR2);
87 		sigaddset(&mask, SIGALRM);
88 
89 		if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, NULL))
90 			perror_msg_and_fail("sigprocmask");
91 
92 		raise(SIGUSR1);
93 		raise(SIGUSR2);
94 		raise(SIGALRM);
95 
96 		if (do_ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0))
97 			perror_msg_and_fail("child: PTRACE_TRACEME");
98 
99 		raise(SIGSTOP);
100 		_exit(0);
101 	}
102 
103 	const unsigned int nsigs = 4;
104 	const uid_t uid = geteuid();
105 	siginfo_t *sigs = tail_alloc(sizeof(*sigs) * nsigs);
106 
107 	psi->off = 0;
108 	psi->flags = 0;
109 	psi->nr = nsigs;
110 
111 	for (;;) {
112 		int status, tracee, saved;
113 
114 		errno = 0;
115 		tracee = wait(&status);
116 		if (tracee <= 0) {
117 			if (errno == EINTR)
118 				continue;
119 			saved = errno;
120 			kill(pid, SIGKILL);
121 			errno = saved;
122 			perror_msg_and_fail("wait");
123 		}
124 		if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
125 			if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
126 				break;
127 			error_msg_and_fail("unexpected exit status %u",
128 					   WEXITSTATUS(status));
129 		}
130 		if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
131 			error_msg_and_fail("unexpected signal %u",
132 					   WTERMSIG(status));
133 		if (!WIFSTOPPED(status) || WSTOPSIG(status) != SIGSTOP) {
134 			kill(pid, SIGKILL);
135 			error_msg_and_fail("unexpected wait status %x",
136 					   status);
137 		}
138 
139 		long rc = do_ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, pid,
140 				    (unsigned long) psi, (unsigned long) sigs);
141 		if (rc < 0) {
142 			printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, %u"
143 			       ", {off=%llu, flags=0, nr=%u}, %p) = %s\n",
144 			       (unsigned) pid, psi->off, psi->nr, sigs,
145 			       errstr);
146 		} else {
147 			printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKSIGINFO, %u"
148 			       ", {off=%llu, flags=0, nr=%u}"
149 			       ", [{si_signo=SIGUSR1, si_code=SI_TKILL"
150 			       ", si_pid=%u, si_uid=%u}"
151 			       ", {si_signo=SIGUSR2, si_code=SI_TKILL"
152 			       ", si_pid=%u, si_uid=%u}"
153 			       ", {si_signo=SIGALRM, si_code=SI_TKILL"
154 			       ", si_pid=%u, si_uid=%u}"
155 			       "]) = %s\n",
156 			       (unsigned) pid, psi->off, psi->nr,
157 			       (unsigned) pid, (unsigned) uid,
158 			       (unsigned) pid, (unsigned) uid,
159 			       (unsigned) pid, (unsigned) uid,
160 			       errstr);
161 		}
162 
163 		if (do_ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, pid, 0, 0)) {
164 			saved = errno;
165 			kill(pid, SIGKILL);
166 			errno = saved;
167 			perror_msg_and_fail("ptrace");
168 		}
169 		printf("ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, %ld, NULL, SIG_0) = 0\n", pid);
170 	}
171 }
172 
173 int
main(void)174 main(void)
175 {
176 	const unsigned long bad_request =
177 		(unsigned long) 0xdeadbeeffffffeedULL;
178 	const unsigned long bad_data =
179 		(unsigned long) 0xdeadcafefffff00dULL;
180 	const unsigned long pid =
181 		(unsigned long) 0xdefaced00000000ULL | (unsigned) getpid();
182 
183 	TAIL_ALLOC_OBJECT_CONST_PTR(uint64_t, filter_off);
184 
185 	const unsigned int sigset_size = get_sigset_size();
186 
187 	void *const k_set = tail_alloc(sigset_size);
188 	TAIL_ALLOC_OBJECT_CONST_PTR(siginfo_t, sip);
189 
190 	do_ptrace(bad_request, pid, 0, 0);
191 	printf("ptrace(%#lx /* PTRACE_??? */, %u, NULL, NULL) = %s\n",
192 	       bad_request, (unsigned) pid, errstr);
193 
194 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKDATA, pid, bad_request, bad_data);
195 #ifdef IA64
196 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKDATA, %u, %#lx) = %s\n",
197 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
198 #else
199 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKDATA, %u, %#lx, %#lx) = %s\n",
200 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, bad_data, errstr);
201 #endif
202 
203 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKTEXT, pid, bad_request, bad_data);
204 #ifdef IA64
205 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKTEXT, %u, %#lx) = %s\n",
206 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
207 #else
208 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKTEXT, %u, %#lx, %#lx) = %s\n",
209 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, bad_data, errstr);
210 #endif
211 
212 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKUSER, pid, bad_request, bad_data);
213 #ifdef IA64
214 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKUSER, %u, %#lx) = %s\n",
215 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
216 #else
217 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKUSER, %u, %#lx, %#lx) = %s\n",
218 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, bad_data, errstr);
219 #endif
220 
221 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_POKEUSER, pid, bad_request, bad_data);
222 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_POKEUSER, %u, %#lx, %#lx) = %s\n",
223 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, bad_data, errstr);
224 
225 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0);
226 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, %u) = %s\n", (unsigned) pid, errstr);
227 
228 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_INTERRUPT, pid, 0, 0);
229 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_INTERRUPT, %u) = %s\n", (unsigned) pid, errstr);
230 
231 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_KILL, pid, 0, 0);
232 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_KILL, %u) = %s\n", (unsigned) pid, errstr);
233 
234 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_LISTEN, pid, 0, 0);
235 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_LISTEN, %u) = %s\n", (unsigned) pid, errstr);
236 
237 	sigset_t libc_set;
238 	sigemptyset(&libc_set);
239 	sigaddset(&libc_set, SIGUSR1);
240 	memcpy(k_set, &libc_set, sigset_size);
241 
242 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGMASK, pid, sigset_size, (unsigned long) k_set);
243 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGMASK, %u, %u, [USR1]) = %s\n",
244 	       (unsigned) pid, sigset_size, errstr);
245 
246 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGMASK, pid, sigset_size, (unsigned long) k_set);
247 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGMASK, %u, %u, %p) = %s\n",
248 	       (unsigned) pid, sigset_size, k_set, errstr);
249 
250 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_FILTER, pid, 42, 0);
251 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_FILTER, %u, 42, NULL) = %s\n",
252 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
253 
254 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_METADATA, pid, bad_data, 0);
255 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_METADATA, %u, %lu, NULL) = %s\n",
256 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_data, errstr);
257 
258 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_METADATA, pid, 7,
259 		  (unsigned long) filter_off);
260 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_METADATA, %u, 7, %p) = %s\n",
261 	       (unsigned) pid, filter_off, errstr);
262 
263 	*filter_off = 0xfacefeeddeadc0deULL;
264 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_METADATA, pid, bad_data,
265 		  (unsigned long) filter_off);
266 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_METADATA, %u, %lu, "
267 	       "{filter_off=%" PRIu64 "}) = %s\n",
268 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_data, *filter_off, errstr);
269 
270 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, pid, bad_request, bad_data);
271 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, %u, %#lx, %#lx) = %s\n",
272 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, bad_data, errstr);
273 
274 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
275 	sip->si_signo = SIGIO;
276 	sip->si_code = 1;
277 	sip->si_errno = ENOENT;
278 	sip->si_band = -2;
279 
280 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
281 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGIO"
282 	       ", si_code=POLL_IN, si_errno=ENOENT, si_band=-2}) = %s\n",
283 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
284 
285 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
286 	sip->si_signo = SIGTRAP;
287 	sip->si_code = 1;
288 	sip->si_errno = ENOENT;
289 	sip->si_pid = 2;
290 	sip->si_uid = 3;
291 	sip->si_ptr = (void *) bad_request;
292 
293 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
294 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGTRAP"
295 	       ", si_code=TRAP_BRKPT, si_errno=ENOENT, si_pid=2, si_uid=3"
296 	       ", si_value={int=%d, ptr=%p}}) = %s\n",
297 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_int, sip->si_ptr,
298 	       errstr);
299 
300 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
301 	sip->si_signo = SIGILL;
302 	sip->si_code = 1;
303 	sip->si_errno = ENOENT;
304 	sip->si_addr = (void *) (unsigned long) 0xfacefeeddeadbeefULL;
305 
306 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
307 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGILL"
308 	       ", si_code=ILL_ILLOPC, si_errno=ENOENT, si_addr=%p}) = %s\n",
309 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_addr, errstr);
310 
311 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
312 	sip->si_signo = SIGFPE;
313 	sip->si_code = 1;
314 	sip->si_errno = ENOENT;
315 	sip->si_addr = (void *) (unsigned long) 0xfacefeeddeadbeefULL;
316 
317 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
318 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGFPE"
319 	       ", si_code=FPE_INTDIV, si_errno=ENOENT, si_addr=%p}) = %s\n",
320 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_addr, errstr);
321 
322 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
323 	sip->si_signo = SIGBUS;
324 	sip->si_code = 1;
325 	sip->si_errno = -2;
326 	sip->si_addr = (void *) (unsigned long) 0xfacefeeddeadbeefULL;
327 
328 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
329 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGBUS"
330 	       ", si_code=BUS_ADRALN, si_errno=%d, si_addr=%p}) = %s\n",
331 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_errno, sip->si_addr,
332 	       errstr);
333 
334 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
335 	sip->si_signo = SIGPROF;
336 	sip->si_code = 0xbadc0ded;
337 	sip->si_errno = -2;
338 	sip->si_pid = 0;
339 	sip->si_uid = 3;
340 	sip->si_ptr = 0;
341 
342 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
343 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGPROF"
344 	       ", si_code=%#x, si_errno=%d, si_pid=0, si_uid=3}) = %s\n",
345 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_code, sip->si_errno,
346 	       errstr);
347 
348 #ifdef HAVE_SIGINFO_T_SI_SYSCALL
349 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
350 	sip->si_signo = SIGSYS;
351 	sip->si_code = 1;
352 	sip->si_errno = ENOENT;
353 	sip->si_call_addr = (void *) (unsigned long) 0xfacefeeddeadbeefULL;
354 	sip->si_syscall = -1U;
355 	sip->si_arch = AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64;
356 
357 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
358 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGSYS"
359 	       ", si_code=SYS_SECCOMP, si_errno=ENOENT, si_call_addr=%p"
360 	       ", si_syscall=%u, si_arch=AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64})"
361 	       " = %s\n",
362 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_call_addr, sip->si_syscall,
363 	       errstr);
364 
365 	sip->si_errno = 3141592653U;
366 	sip->si_call_addr = NULL;
367 	sip->si_syscall = __NR_read;
368 	sip->si_arch = 0xda7a1057;
369 
370 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
371 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGSYS"
372 	       ", si_code=SYS_SECCOMP, si_errno=%d, si_call_addr=NULL"
373 	       ", si_syscall=__NR_read, si_arch=%#x /* AUDIT_ARCH_??? */})"
374 	       " = %s\n",
375 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_errno, sip->si_arch,
376 	       errstr);
377 #endif
378 
379 #if defined HAVE_SIGINFO_T_SI_TIMERID && defined HAVE_SIGINFO_T_SI_OVERRUN
380 	memset(sip, -1, sizeof(*sip));
381 	sip->si_signo = SIGHUP;
382 	sip->si_code = SI_TIMER;
383 	sip->si_errno = ENOENT;
384 	sip->si_timerid = 0xdeadbeef;
385 	sip->si_overrun = -1;
386 	sip->si_ptr = (void *) (unsigned long) 0xfacefeeddeadbeefULL;
387 
388 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
389 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, {si_signo=SIGHUP"
390 	       ", si_code=SI_TIMER, si_errno=ENOENT, si_timerid=%#x"
391 	       ", si_overrun=%d, si_value={int=%d, ptr=%p}}) = %s\n",
392 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip->si_timerid, sip->si_overrun,
393 	       sip->si_int, sip->si_ptr, errstr);
394 #endif
395 
396 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, pid, bad_request, (unsigned long) sip);
397 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, %u, %#lx, %p)"
398 	       " = %s\n", (unsigned) pid, bad_request, sip, errstr);
399 
400 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, pid, 0, SIGUSR1);
401 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, %u, NULL, SIGUSR1) = %s\n",
402 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
403 
404 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, SIGUSR2);
405 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, %u, NULL, SIGUSR2) = %s\n",
406 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
407 
408 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, pid, 0, SIGUSR1);
409 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, %u, NULL, SIGUSR1) = %s\n",
410 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
411 
412 #ifdef PTRACE_SINGLESTEP
413 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLESTEP, pid, 0, SIGUSR2);
414 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLESTEP, %u, NULL, SIGUSR2) = %s\n",
415 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
416 #endif
417 
418 #ifdef PTRACE_SINGLEBLOCK
419 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLEBLOCK, pid, 0, SIGUSR1);
420 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLEBLOCK, %u, NULL, SIGUSR1) = %s\n",
421 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
422 #endif
423 
424 #ifdef PTRACE_SYSEMU
425 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SYSEMU, pid, 0, SIGUSR2);
426 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SYSEMU, %u, NULL, SIGUSR2) = %s\n",
427 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
428 #endif
429 #ifdef PTRACE_SYSEMU_SINGLESTEP
430 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SYSEMU_SINGLESTEP, pid, 0, SIGUSR1);
431 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SYSEMU_SINGLESTEP, %u, NULL, SIGUSR1) = %s\n",
432 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
433 #endif
434 
435 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS,
436 		  pid, 0, PTRACE_O_TRACEFORK|PTRACE_O_TRACECLONE);
437 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, %u, NULL"
438 	       ", PTRACE_O_TRACEFORK|PTRACE_O_TRACECLONE) = %s\n",
439 	       (unsigned) pid, errstr);
440 
441 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, pid, bad_request, PTRACE_O_TRACESYSGOOD);
442 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, %u, %#lx, PTRACE_O_TRACESYSGOOD) = %s\n",
443 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
444 
445 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGSET, pid, 1, bad_request);
446 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGSET, %u, NT_PRSTATUS, %#lx) = %s\n",
447 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
448 
449 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, pid, 3, bad_request);
450 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, %u, NT_PRPSINFO, %#lx) = %s\n",
451 	       (unsigned) pid, bad_request, errstr);
452 
453 	test_peeksiginfo(pid, bad_request);
454 
455 	do_ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0);
456 	printf("ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME) = %s\n", errstr);
457 
458 	puts("+++ exited with 0 +++");
459 	return 0;
460 }
461