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1 // Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
2 // All rights reserved.
3 //
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7 //
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29 
30 
31 // Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
32 //
33 // This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
34 // value of any type T:
35 //
36 //   void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
37 //
38 // It uses the << operator when possible, and prints the bytes in the
39 // object otherwise.  A user can override its behavior for a class
40 // type Foo by defining either operator<<(::std::ostream&, const Foo&)
41 // or void PrintTo(const Foo&, ::std::ostream*) in the namespace that
42 // defines Foo.
43 
44 #include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
45 
46 #include <stdio.h>
47 
48 #include <cctype>
49 #include <cstdint>
50 #include <cwchar>
51 #include <ostream>  // NOLINT
52 #include <string>
53 #include <type_traits>
54 
55 #include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
56 #include "src/gtest-internal-inl.h"
57 
58 namespace testing {
59 
60 namespace {
61 
62 using ::std::ostream;
63 
64 // Prints a segment of bytes in the given object.
65 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
66 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
67 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
68 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(const unsigned char * obj_bytes,size_t start,size_t count,ostream * os)69 void PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t start,
70                                 size_t count, ostream* os) {
71   char text[5] = "";
72   for (size_t i = 0; i != count; i++) {
73     const size_t j = start + i;
74     if (i != 0) {
75       // Organizes the bytes into groups of 2 for easy parsing by
76       // human.
77       if ((j % 2) == 0)
78         *os << ' ';
79       else
80         *os << '-';
81     }
82     GTEST_SNPRINTF_(text, sizeof(text), "%02X", obj_bytes[j]);
83     *os << text;
84   }
85 }
86 
87 // Prints the bytes in the given value to the given ostream.
PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(const unsigned char * obj_bytes,size_t count,ostream * os)88 void PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
89                               ostream* os) {
90   // Tells the user how big the object is.
91   *os << count << "-byte object <";
92 
93   const size_t kThreshold = 132;
94   const size_t kChunkSize = 64;
95   // If the object size is bigger than kThreshold, we'll have to omit
96   // some details by printing only the first and the last kChunkSize
97   // bytes.
98   if (count < kThreshold) {
99     PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, count, os);
100   } else {
101     PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, kChunkSize, os);
102     *os << " ... ";
103     // Rounds up to 2-byte boundary.
104     const size_t resume_pos = (count - kChunkSize + 1)/2*2;
105     PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, resume_pos, count - resume_pos, os);
106   }
107   *os << ">";
108 }
109 
110 // Helpers for widening a character to char32_t. Since the standard does not
111 // specify if char / wchar_t is signed or unsigned, it is important to first
112 // convert it to the unsigned type of the same width before widening it to
113 // char32_t.
114 template <typename CharType>
ToChar32(CharType in)115 char32_t ToChar32(CharType in) {
116   return static_cast<char32_t>(
117       static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<CharType>::type>(in));
118 }
119 
120 }  // namespace
121 
122 namespace internal {
123 
124 // Delegates to PrintBytesInObjectToImpl() to print the bytes in the
125 // given object.  The delegation simplifies the implementation, which
126 // uses the << operator and thus is easier done outside of the
127 // ::testing::internal namespace, which contains a << operator that
128 // sometimes conflicts with the one in STL.
PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char * obj_bytes,size_t count,ostream * os)129 void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
130                           ostream* os) {
131   PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(obj_bytes, count, os);
132 }
133 
134 // Depending on the value of a char (or wchar_t), we print it in one
135 // of three formats:
136 //   - as is if it's a printable ASCII (e.g. 'a', '2', ' '),
137 //   - as a hexadecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
138 //   - as a special escape sequence (e.g. '\r', '\n').
139 enum CharFormat {
140   kAsIs,
141   kHexEscape,
142   kSpecialEscape
143 };
144 
145 // Returns true if c is a printable ASCII character.  We test the
146 // value of c directly instead of calling isprint(), which is buggy on
147 // Windows Mobile.
IsPrintableAscii(char32_t c)148 inline bool IsPrintableAscii(char32_t c) { return 0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7E; }
149 
150 // Prints c (of type char, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t, or wchar_t) as a
151 // character literal without the quotes, escaping it when necessary; returns how
152 // c was formatted.
153 template <typename Char>
PrintAsCharLiteralTo(Char c,ostream * os)154 static CharFormat PrintAsCharLiteralTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
155   const char32_t u_c = ToChar32(c);
156   switch (u_c) {
157     case L'\0':
158       *os << "\\0";
159       break;
160     case L'\'':
161       *os << "\\'";
162       break;
163     case L'\\':
164       *os << "\\\\";
165       break;
166     case L'\a':
167       *os << "\\a";
168       break;
169     case L'\b':
170       *os << "\\b";
171       break;
172     case L'\f':
173       *os << "\\f";
174       break;
175     case L'\n':
176       *os << "\\n";
177       break;
178     case L'\r':
179       *os << "\\r";
180       break;
181     case L'\t':
182       *os << "\\t";
183       break;
184     case L'\v':
185       *os << "\\v";
186       break;
187     default:
188       if (IsPrintableAscii(u_c)) {
189         *os << static_cast<char>(c);
190         return kAsIs;
191       } else {
192         ostream::fmtflags flags = os->flags();
193         *os << "\\x" << std::hex << std::uppercase << static_cast<int>(u_c);
194         os->flags(flags);
195         return kHexEscape;
196       }
197   }
198   return kSpecialEscape;
199 }
200 
201 // Prints a char32_t c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
202 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char32_t c,ostream * os)203 static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char32_t c, ostream* os) {
204   switch (c) {
205     case L'\'':
206       *os << "'";
207       return kAsIs;
208     case L'"':
209       *os << "\\\"";
210       return kSpecialEscape;
211     default:
212       return PrintAsCharLiteralTo(c, os);
213   }
214 }
215 
GetCharWidthPrefix(char)216 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(char) {
217   return "";
218 }
219 
GetCharWidthPrefix(signed char)220 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(signed char) {
221   return "";
222 }
223 
GetCharWidthPrefix(unsigned char)224 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(unsigned char) {
225   return "";
226 }
227 
228 #ifdef __cpp_char8_t
GetCharWidthPrefix(char8_t)229 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(char8_t) {
230   return "u8";
231 }
232 #endif
233 
GetCharWidthPrefix(char16_t)234 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(char16_t) {
235   return "u";
236 }
237 
GetCharWidthPrefix(char32_t)238 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(char32_t) {
239   return "U";
240 }
241 
GetCharWidthPrefix(wchar_t)242 static const char* GetCharWidthPrefix(wchar_t) {
243   return "L";
244 }
245 
246 // Prints a char c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
247 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char c,ostream * os)248 static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char c, ostream* os) {
249   return PrintAsStringLiteralTo(ToChar32(c), os);
250 }
251 
252 #ifdef __cpp_char8_t
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char8_t c,ostream * os)253 static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char8_t c, ostream* os) {
254   return PrintAsStringLiteralTo(ToChar32(c), os);
255 }
256 #endif
257 
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char16_t c,ostream * os)258 static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char16_t c, ostream* os) {
259   return PrintAsStringLiteralTo(ToChar32(c), os);
260 }
261 
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c,ostream * os)262 static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c, ostream* os) {
263   return PrintAsStringLiteralTo(ToChar32(c), os);
264 }
265 
266 // Prints a character c (of type char, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t, or wchar_t)
267 // and its code. '\0' is printed as "'\\0'", other unprintable characters are
268 // also properly escaped using the standard C++ escape sequence.
269 template <typename Char>
PrintCharAndCodeTo(Char c,ostream * os)270 void PrintCharAndCodeTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
271   // First, print c as a literal in the most readable form we can find.
272   *os << GetCharWidthPrefix(c) << "'";
273   const CharFormat format = PrintAsCharLiteralTo(c, os);
274   *os << "'";
275 
276   // To aid user debugging, we also print c's code in decimal, unless
277   // it's 0 (in which case c was printed as '\\0', making the code
278   // obvious).
279   if (c == 0)
280     return;
281   *os << " (" << static_cast<int>(c);
282 
283   // For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexadecimal,
284   // unless c was already printed in the form '\x##' or the code is in
285   // [1, 9].
286   if (format == kHexEscape || (1 <= c && c <= 9)) {
287     // Do nothing.
288   } else {
289     *os << ", 0x" << String::FormatHexInt(static_cast<int>(c));
290   }
291   *os << ")";
292 }
293 
PrintTo(unsigned char c,::std::ostream * os)294 void PrintTo(unsigned char c, ::std::ostream* os) { PrintCharAndCodeTo(c, os); }
PrintTo(signed char c,::std::ostream * os)295 void PrintTo(signed char c, ::std::ostream* os) { PrintCharAndCodeTo(c, os); }
296 
297 // Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
298 // code otherwise and also as its code.  L'\0' is printed as "L'\\0'".
PrintTo(wchar_t wc,ostream * os)299 void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ostream* os) { PrintCharAndCodeTo(wc, os); }
300 
301 // TODO(dcheng): Consider making this delegate to PrintCharAndCodeTo() as well.
PrintTo(char32_t c,::std::ostream * os)302 void PrintTo(char32_t c, ::std::ostream* os) {
303   *os << std::hex << "U+" << std::uppercase << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(4)
304       << static_cast<uint32_t>(c);
305 }
306 
307 // gcc/clang __{u,}int128_t
308 #if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
PrintTo(__uint128_t v,::std::ostream * os)309 void PrintTo(__uint128_t v, ::std::ostream* os) {
310   if (v == 0) {
311     *os << "0";
312     return;
313   }
314 
315   // Buffer large enough for ceil(log10(2^128))==39 and the null terminator
316   char buf[40];
317   char* p = buf + sizeof(buf);
318 
319   // Some configurations have a __uint128_t, but no support for built in
320   // division. Do manual long division instead.
321 
322   uint64_t high = static_cast<uint64_t>(v >> 64);
323   uint64_t low = static_cast<uint64_t>(v);
324 
325   *--p = 0;
326   while (high != 0 || low != 0) {
327     uint64_t high_mod = high % 10;
328     high = high / 10;
329     // This is the long division algorithm specialized for a divisor of 10 and
330     // only two elements.
331     // Notable values:
332     //   2^64 / 10 == 1844674407370955161
333     //   2^64 % 10 == 6
334     const uint64_t carry = 6 * high_mod + low % 10;
335     low = low / 10 + high_mod * 1844674407370955161 + carry / 10;
336 
337     char digit = static_cast<char>(carry % 10);
338     *--p = '0' + digit;
339   }
340   *os << p;
341 }
PrintTo(__int128_t v,::std::ostream * os)342 void PrintTo(__int128_t v, ::std::ostream* os) {
343   __uint128_t uv = static_cast<__uint128_t>(v);
344   if (v < 0) {
345     *os << "-";
346     uv = -uv;
347   }
348   PrintTo(uv, os);
349 }
350 #endif  // __SIZEOF_INT128__
351 
352 // Prints the given array of characters to the ostream.  CharType must be either
353 // char, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t, or wchar_t.
354 // The array starts at begin, the length is len, it may include '\0' characters
355 // and may not be NUL-terminated.
356 template <typename CharType>
357 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
358 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
359 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
360 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
PrintCharsAsStringTo(const CharType * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)361 static CharFormat PrintCharsAsStringTo(
362     const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
363   const char* const quote_prefix = GetCharWidthPrefix(*begin);
364   *os << quote_prefix << "\"";
365   bool is_previous_hex = false;
366   CharFormat print_format = kAsIs;
367   for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
368     const CharType cur = begin[index];
369     if (is_previous_hex && IsXDigit(cur)) {
370       // Previous character is of '\x..' form and this character can be
371       // interpreted as another hexadecimal digit in its number. Break string to
372       // disambiguate.
373       *os << "\" " << quote_prefix << "\"";
374     }
375     is_previous_hex = PrintAsStringLiteralTo(cur, os) == kHexEscape;
376     // Remember if any characters required hex escaping.
377     if (is_previous_hex) {
378       print_format = kHexEscape;
379     }
380   }
381   *os << "\"";
382   return print_format;
383 }
384 
385 // Prints a (const) char/wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
386 // 'begin'.  CharType must be either char or wchar_t.
387 template <typename CharType>
388 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
389 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
390 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
391 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
UniversalPrintCharArray(const CharType * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)392 static void UniversalPrintCharArray(
393     const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
394   // The code
395   //   const char kFoo[] = "foo";
396   // generates an array of 4, not 3, elements, with the last one being '\0'.
397   //
398   // Therefore when printing a char array, we don't print the last element if
399   // it's '\0', such that the output matches the string literal as it's
400   // written in the source code.
401   if (len > 0 && begin[len - 1] == '\0') {
402     PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin, len - 1, os);
403     return;
404   }
405 
406   // If, however, the last element in the array is not '\0', e.g.
407   //    const char kFoo[] = { 'f', 'o', 'o' };
408   // we must print the entire array.  We also print a message to indicate
409   // that the array is not NUL-terminated.
410   PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin, len, os);
411   *os << " (no terminating NUL)";
412 }
413 
414 // Prints a (const) char array of 'len' elements, starting at address 'begin'.
UniversalPrintArray(const char * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)415 void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
416   UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
417 }
418 
419 #ifdef __cpp_char8_t
420 // Prints a (const) char8_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
421 // 'begin'.
UniversalPrintArray(const char8_t * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)422 void UniversalPrintArray(const char8_t* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
423   UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
424 }
425 #endif
426 
427 // Prints a (const) char16_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
428 // 'begin'.
UniversalPrintArray(const char16_t * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)429 void UniversalPrintArray(const char16_t* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
430   UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
431 }
432 
433 // Prints a (const) char32_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
434 // 'begin'.
UniversalPrintArray(const char32_t * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)435 void UniversalPrintArray(const char32_t* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
436   UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
437 }
438 
439 // Prints a (const) wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
440 // 'begin'.
UniversalPrintArray(const wchar_t * begin,size_t len,ostream * os)441 void UniversalPrintArray(const wchar_t* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
442   UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
443 }
444 
445 namespace {
446 
447 // Prints a null-terminated C-style string to the ostream.
448 template <typename Char>
PrintCStringTo(const Char * s,ostream * os)449 void PrintCStringTo(const Char* s, ostream* os) {
450   if (s == nullptr) {
451     *os << "NULL";
452   } else {
453     *os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
454     PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, std::char_traits<Char>::length(s), os);
455   }
456 }
457 
458 }  // anonymous namespace
459 
PrintTo(const char * s,ostream * os)460 void PrintTo(const char* s, ostream* os) { PrintCStringTo(s, os); }
461 
462 #ifdef __cpp_char8_t
PrintTo(const char8_t * s,ostream * os)463 void PrintTo(const char8_t* s, ostream* os) { PrintCStringTo(s, os); }
464 #endif
465 
PrintTo(const char16_t * s,ostream * os)466 void PrintTo(const char16_t* s, ostream* os) { PrintCStringTo(s, os); }
467 
PrintTo(const char32_t * s,ostream * os)468 void PrintTo(const char32_t* s, ostream* os) { PrintCStringTo(s, os); }
469 
470 // MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
471 // of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
472 // would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
473 // possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
474 // memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
475 // wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
476 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
477 // Prints the given wide C string to the ostream.
PrintTo(const wchar_t * s,ostream * os)478 void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ostream* os) { PrintCStringTo(s, os); }
479 #endif  // wchar_t is native
480 
481 namespace {
482 
ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(const char * str,size_t length)483 bool ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(const char* str, size_t length) {
484   const unsigned char *s = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
485 
486   for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
487     unsigned char ch = *s++;
488     if (std::iscntrl(ch)) {
489         switch (ch) {
490         case '\t':
491         case '\n':
492         case '\r':
493           break;
494         default:
495           return true;
496         }
497       }
498   }
499   return false;
500 }
501 
IsUTF8TrailByte(unsigned char t)502 bool IsUTF8TrailByte(unsigned char t) { return 0x80 <= t && t<= 0xbf; }
503 
IsValidUTF8(const char * str,size_t length)504 bool IsValidUTF8(const char* str, size_t length) {
505   const unsigned char *s = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
506 
507   for (size_t i = 0; i < length;) {
508     unsigned char lead = s[i++];
509 
510     if (lead <= 0x7f) {
511       continue;  // single-byte character (ASCII) 0..7F
512     }
513     if (lead < 0xc2) {
514       return false;  // trail byte or non-shortest form
515     } else if (lead <= 0xdf && (i + 1) <= length && IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i])) {
516       ++i;  // 2-byte character
517     } else if (0xe0 <= lead && lead <= 0xef && (i + 2) <= length &&
518                IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i]) &&
519                IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 1]) &&
520                // check for non-shortest form and surrogate
521                (lead != 0xe0 || s[i] >= 0xa0) &&
522                (lead != 0xed || s[i] < 0xa0)) {
523       i += 2;  // 3-byte character
524     } else if (0xf0 <= lead && lead <= 0xf4 && (i + 3) <= length &&
525                IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i]) &&
526                IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 1]) &&
527                IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 2]) &&
528                // check for non-shortest form
529                (lead != 0xf0 || s[i] >= 0x90) &&
530                (lead != 0xf4 || s[i] < 0x90)) {
531       i += 3;  // 4-byte character
532     } else {
533       return false;
534     }
535   }
536   return true;
537 }
538 
ConditionalPrintAsText(const char * str,size_t length,ostream * os)539 void ConditionalPrintAsText(const char* str, size_t length, ostream* os) {
540   if (!ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(str, length) &&
541       IsValidUTF8(str, length)) {
542     *os << "\n    As Text: \"" << str << "\"";
543   }
544 }
545 
546 }  // anonymous namespace
547 
PrintStringTo(const::std::string & s,ostream * os)548 void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string& s, ostream* os) {
549   if (PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os) == kHexEscape) {
550     if (GTEST_FLAG_GET(print_utf8)) {
551       ConditionalPrintAsText(s.data(), s.size(), os);
552     }
553   }
554 }
555 
556 #ifdef __cpp_char8_t
PrintU8StringTo(const::std::u8string & s,ostream * os)557 void PrintU8StringTo(const ::std::u8string& s, ostream* os) {
558   PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
559 }
560 #endif
561 
PrintU16StringTo(const::std::u16string & s,ostream * os)562 void PrintU16StringTo(const ::std::u16string& s, ostream* os) {
563   PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
564 }
565 
PrintU32StringTo(const::std::u32string & s,ostream * os)566 void PrintU32StringTo(const ::std::u32string& s, ostream* os) {
567   PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
568 }
569 
570 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
PrintWideStringTo(const::std::wstring & s,ostream * os)571 void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ostream* os) {
572   PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
573 }
574 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
575 
576 }  // namespace internal
577 
578 }  // namespace testing
579