Lines Matching +full:symbolic +full:- +full:ref
1 :mod:`os` --- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
9 --------------
16 module, and for high-level file and directory handling see the :mod:`shutil`
21 * The design of all built-in operating system dependent modules of Python is
45 An alias for the built-in :exc:`OSError` exception.
56 system-dependent version information.
62 .. _os-filenames:
63 .. _filesystem-encoding:
66 -------------------------------------------------------------
81 case, Python uses the :ref:`surrogateescape encoding error handler
95 .. _utf8-mode:
97 Python UTF-8 Mode
98 -----------------
103 The Python UTF-8 Mode ignores the :term:`locale encoding` and forces the usage
104 of the UTF-8 encoding:
106 * Use UTF-8 as the :term:`filesystem encoding <filesystem encoding and error
108 * :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding()` returns ``'UTF-8'``.
109 * :func:`locale.getpreferredencoding()` returns ``'UTF-8'`` (the *do_setlocale*
112 UTF-8 as their text encoding, with the ``surrogateescape``
113 :ref:`error handler <error-handlers>` being enabled for :data:`sys.stdin`
115 ``backslashreplace`` as it does in the default locale-aware mode)
116 * On Unix, :func:`os.device_encoding` returns ``'UTF-8'``. rather than the
119 Note that the standard stream settings in UTF-8 mode can be overridden by
120 :envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` (just as they can be in the default locale-aware
127 to text using the UTF-8 encoding.
128 * :func:`os.fsdecode()` and :func:`os.fsencode()` use the UTF-8 encoding.
129 * :func:`open()`, :func:`io.open()`, and :func:`codecs.open()` use the UTF-8
134 The :ref:`Python UTF-8 Mode <utf8-mode>` is enabled if the LC_CTYPE locale is
138 It can be enabled or disabled using the :option:`-X utf8 <-X>` command line
143 locale is identified as a legacy ASCII-based locale (as described for
145 fails. In such legacy locales, the interpreter will default to enabling UTF-8
148 The Python UTF-8 Mode can only be enabled at the Python startup. Its value
151 See also the :ref:`UTF-8 mode on Windows <win-utf8-mode>`
155 .. _os-procinfo:
158 ------------------
232 These functions are described in :ref:`os-file-dir`.
237 Encode :term:`path-like <path-like object>` *filename* to the
252 Decode the :term:`path-like <path-like object>` *filename* from the
377 this list is limited to a system-defined number of entries, typically 16,
523 .. audit-event:: os.putenv key,value os.putenv
559 system-defined maximum number of effective group ids, typically 16.
591 *priority* is a value in the range -20 to 19. The default priority is 0;
684 * :attr:`sysname` - operating system name
685 * :attr:`nodename` - name of machine on network (implementation-defined)
686 * :attr:`release` - operating system release
687 * :attr:`version` - operating system version
688 * :attr:`machine` - hardware identifier
691 like a five-tuple containing :attr:`sysname`, :attr:`nodename`,
703 Return type changed from a tuple to a tuple-like object
720 .. audit-event:: os.unsetenv key os.unsetenv
726 .. _os-newstreams:
729 --------------------
738 alias of the :func:`open` built-in function and accepts the same arguments.
743 .. _os-fd-ops:
746 --------------------------
769 This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied to a file
771 object" returned by the built-in function :func:`open` or by :func:`popen` or
814 On Unix, if the :ref:`Python UTF-8 Mode <utf8-mode>` is enabled, return
815 ``'UTF-8'`` rather than the device encoding.
818 On Unix, the function now implements the Python UTF-8 Mode.
824 :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
827 2: stderr), the new file descriptor is :ref:`inheritable
831 The new file descriptor is now non-inheritable.
837 necessary. Return *fd2*. The new file descriptor is :ref:`inheritable
838 <fd_inheritance>` by default or non-inheritable if *inheritable*
854 .. audit-event:: os.chmod path,mode,dir_fd os.fchmod
862 and *gid*. To leave one of the ids unchanged, set it to -1. See
866 .. audit-event:: os.chown path,uid,gid,dir_fd os.fchown
941 .. audit-event:: os.truncate fd,length os.ftruncate
964 tty(-like) device, else ``False``.
971 *cmd* specifies the command to use - one of :data:`F_LOCK`, :data:`F_TLOCK`,
975 .. audit-event:: os.lockf fd,cmd,len os.lockf
1020 The new file descriptor is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
1022 For a description of the flag and mode values, see the C run-time documentation;
1027 This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
1030 .. audit-event:: open path,mode,flags os.open
1033 The new file descriptor is now non-inheritable.
1037 This function is intended for low-level I/O. For normal usage, use the
1038 built-in function :func:`open`, which returns a :term:`file object` with
1051 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1057 or `the MSDN <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z0kc8e3z.aspx>`_ on Windows.
1128 Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors
1130 descriptors are :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`. For a (slightly) more
1136 The new file descriptors are now non-inheritable.
1143 :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
1148 The new file descriptors are now non-inheritable.
1220 :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>` *buffers*, leaving the file
1227 - :data:`RWF_HIPRI`
1228 - :data:`RWF_NOWAIT`
1252 If no bytes were read, it will return ``-1`` and set errno to
1262 High priority read/write. Allows block-based filesystems to use polling
1290 :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`. Buffers are processed in
1297 - :data:`RWF_DSYNC`
1298 - :data:`RWF_SYNC`
1299 - :data:`RWF_APPEND`
1317 Provide a per-write equivalent of the :data:`O_DSYNC` :func:`os.open` flag.
1327 Provide a per-write equivalent of the :data:`O_SYNC` :func:`os.open` flag.
1337 Provide a per-write equivalent of the :data:`O_APPEND` :func:`os.open`
1342 ``-1``, the current file *offset* is updated.
1358 This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied to a file
1360 "file object" returned by the built-in function :func:`open` or by
1393 Cross-platform applications should not use *headers*, *trailers* and *flags*
1400 For a higher-level wrapper of :func:`sendfile`, see
1468 Read from a file descriptor *fd* into a number of mutable :term:`bytes-like
1469 objects <bytes-like object>` *buffers*. Transfer data into each buffer until
1517 This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied to a file
1519 object" returned by the built-in function :func:`open` or by :func:`popen` or
1532 a sequence of :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`. Buffers are
1546 .. _terminal-size:
1564 :func:`shutil.get_terminal_size` is the high-level function which
1565 should normally be used, ``os.get_terminal_size`` is the low-level
1592 created by Python are non-inheritable by default.
1594 On UNIX, non-inheritable file descriptors are closed in child processes at the
1597 On Windows, non-inheritable handles and file descriptors are closed in child
1626 .. _os-file-dir:
1629 ---------------------
1668 ``False``, and the last element of the path to operate on is a symbolic link,
1669 the function will operate on the symbolic link itself rather than the file
1690 This function can support specifying :ref:`paths relative to directory
1691 descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
1726 permissions semantics beyond the usual POSIX permission-bit model.
1732 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1751 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`. The
1757 .. audit-event:: os.chdir path os.chdir
1764 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1785 This function can support :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
1787 .. audit-event:: os.chflags path,flags os.chflags
1795 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1824 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`,
1825 :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not
1831 read-only flag with it (via the ``stat.S_IWRITE`` and ``stat.S_IREAD``
1834 .. audit-event:: os.chmod path,mode,dir_fd os.chmod
1841 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1847 leave one of the ids unchanged, set it to -1.
1849 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`,
1850 :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not
1853 See :func:`shutil.chown` for a higher-level function that accepts names in
1856 .. audit-event:: os.chown path,uid,gid,dir_fd os.chown
1865 Supports a :term:`path-like object`.
1875 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1884 .. audit-event:: os.chdir path os.fchdir
1899 The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows, rather than the ANSI
1907 not follow symbolic links. As of Python 3.3, this is equivalent to
1910 .. audit-event:: os.chflags path,flags os.lchflags
1915 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1925 .. audit-event:: os.chmod path,mode,dir_fd os.lchmod
1930 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1935 function will not follow symbolic links. As of Python 3.3, this is equivalent
1938 .. audit-event:: os.chown path,uid,gid,dir_fd os.lchown
1943 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
1951 supply :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`, and :ref:`not
1954 .. audit-event:: os.link src,dst,src_dir_fd,dst_dir_fd os.link
1965 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *src* and *dst*.
1976 *path* may be a :term:`path-like object`. If *path* is of type ``bytes``
1981 This function can also support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor
1984 .. audit-event:: os.listdir path os.listdir
2002 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2008 Similar to :func:`~os.stat`, but does not follow symbolic links. Return a
2011 On platforms that do not support symbolic links, this is an alias for
2017 This function can also support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2025 Added support for Windows 6.0 (Vista) symbolic links.
2031 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2035 (name surrogates), including symbolic links and directory junctions.
2052 platform-dependent. On some platforms, they are ignored and you should call
2055 This function can also support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2061 .. audit-event:: os.mkdir path,mode,dir_fd os.mkdir
2067 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2077 intermediate-level directories needed to contain the leaf directory.
2080 directory; see :ref:`the mkdir() description <mkdir_modebits>` for how it
2081 is interpreted. To set the file permission bits of any newly-created parent
2095 .. audit-event:: os.mkdir path,mode,dir_fd os.makedirs
2108 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2112 newly-created intermediate-level directories.
2120 This function can also support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2127 doesn't open the FIFO --- it just creates the rendezvous point.
2135 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2148 This function can also support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2157 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2192 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor
2198 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2212 Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points. The
2222 This function can also support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2232 Added support for Windows 6.0 (Vista) symbolic links.
2238 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` on Unix.
2241 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` and a bytes object on Windows.
2254 This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2263 .. audit-event:: os.remove path,dir_fd os.remove
2269 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2285 .. audit-event:: os.remove path,dir_fd os.removedirs
2288 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2298 On Unix, if *src* is a file and *dst* is a directory or vice-versa, an
2301 silently replaced. If *dst* is a non-empty directory, an :exc:`OSError`
2308 supply :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`.
2310 If you want cross-platform overwriting of the destination, use :func:`replace`.
2312 .. audit-event:: os.rename src,dst,src_dir_fd,dst_dir_fd os.rename
2318 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *src* and *dst*.
2333 .. audit-event:: os.rename src,dst,src_dir_fd,dst_dir_fd os.renames
2336 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *old* and *new*.
2348 supply :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`.
2350 .. audit-event:: os.rename src,dst,src_dir_fd,dst_dir_fd os.replace
2355 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *src* and *dst*.
2365 This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
2368 .. audit-event:: os.rmdir path,dir_fd os.rmdir
2374 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2392 require a system call for symbolic links; :func:`os.DirEntry.stat`
2394 symbolic links on Windows.
2396 *path* may be a :term:`path-like object`. If *path* is of type ``bytes``
2402 This function can also support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor
2405 .. audit-event:: os.scandir path os.scandir
2433 On Unix-based systems, :func:`scandir` uses the system's
2438 …`FindFirstFileW <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364418(v=vs.85).aspx>`_
2440 … `FindNextFileW <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364428(v=vs.85).aspx>`_
2451 The function accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2454 Added support for :ref:`file descriptors <path_fd>` on Unix.
2466 ``os.DirEntry`` instances are not intended to be stored in long-lived data
2469 up-to-date information.
2472 also raise :exc:`OSError`. If you need very fine-grained
2476 To be directly usable as a :term:`path-like object`, ``os.DirEntry``
2496 argument was a :ref:`file descriptor <path_fd>`, the :attr:`path`
2508 ``os.stat(entry.path, follow_symlinks=False).st_ino`` to fetch up-to-date
2516 Return ``True`` if this entry is a directory or a symbolic link pointing
2526 with :func:`stat.S_ISDIR` to fetch up-to-date information.
2529 Specifically, for non-symlinks, neither Windows or Unix require a system
2540 Return ``True`` if this entry is a file or a symbolic link pointing to a
2542 non-file entry, or if it doesn't exist anymore.
2546 a directory or other non-file entry, or if it doesn't exist anymore.
2553 Return ``True`` if this entry is a symbolic link (even if broken);
2558 :func:`os.path.islink` to fetch up-to-date information.
2571 follows symbolic links by default; to stat a symbolic link add the
2576 entry is a reparse point (for example, a symbolic link or directory
2585 fetch up-to-date information.
2604 either a string or bytes -- directly or indirectly through the :class:`PathLike`
2605 interface -- or as an open file descriptor. Return a :class:`stat_result`
2611 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>` and
2612 :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
2615 name-surrogate reparse points, which includes symlinks and directory
2619 being returned instead of the non-link that prevented full traversal. To
2647 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2672 Platform dependent, but if non-zero, uniquely identifies the
2677 <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363788>`_ on
2698 Size of the file in bytes, if it is a regular file or a symbolic link.
2699 The size of a symbolic link is the length of the pathname it contains,
2741 or FAT32 file systems, :attr:`st_mtime` has 2-second resolution, and
2742 :attr:`st_atime` has only 1-day resolution. See your operating system
2748 provide nanosecond precision, the floating-point object used to
2759 Number of 512-byte blocks allocated for file.
2765 smaller chunks may cause an inefficient read-modify-rewrite.
2867 Two module-level constants are defined for the :attr:`f_flag` attribute's
2868 bit-flags: if :const:`ST_RDONLY` is set, the filesystem is mounted
2869 read-only, and if :const:`ST_NOSUID` is set, the semantics of
2872 Additional module-level constants are defined for GNU/glibc based systems.
2877 (append-only file), :const:`ST_IMMUTABLE` (immutable file), :const:`ST_NOATIME`
2881 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`.
2898 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
2993 Create a symbolic link pointing to *src* named *dst*.
2999 default) otherwise. On non-Windows platforms, *target_is_directory* is ignored.
3001 This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
3015 .. audit-event:: os.symlink src,dst,dir_fd os.symlink
3020 Added support for Windows 6.0 (Vista) symbolic links.
3024 on non-Windows platforms.
3027 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *src* and *dst*.
3047 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`.
3049 .. audit-event:: os.truncate path,length os.truncate
3059 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3069 .. audit-event:: os.remove path,dir_fd os.unlink
3075 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3085 - If *ns* is specified,
3086 it must be a 2-tuple of the form ``(atime_ns, mtime_ns)``
3088 - If *times* is not ``None``,
3089 it must be a 2-tuple of the form ``(atime, mtime)``
3091 - If *times* is ``None`` and *ns* is unspecified,
3104 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`,
3105 :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not
3108 .. audit-event:: os.utime path,times,ns,dir_fd os.utime
3115 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3125 either top-down or bottom-up. For each directory in the tree rooted at directory
3126 *top* (including *top* itself), it yields a 3-tuple ``(dirpath, dirnames,
3131 *filenames* is a list of the names of the non-directory files in *dirpath*.
3141 (directories are generated top-down). If *topdown* is ``False``, the triple
3143 (directories are generated bottom-up). No matter the value of *topdown*, the
3147 When *topdown* is ``True``, the caller can modify the *dirnames* list in-place
3153 no effect on the behavior of the walk, because in bottom-up mode the directories
3162 By default, :func:`walk` will not walk down into symbolic links that resolve to
3178 This example displays the number of bytes taken by non-directory files in each
3187 print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
3192 walking the tree bottom-up is essential, :func:`rmdir` doesn't allow
3196 # assuming there are no symbolic links.
3206 .. audit-event:: os.walk top,topdown,onerror,followlinks os.walk
3213 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3222 This behaves exactly like :func:`walk`, except that it yields a 4-tuple
3228 This function always supports :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
3229 <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`. Note however
3239 This example displays the number of bytes taken by non-directory files in each
3248 print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
3252 In the next example, walking the tree bottom-up is essential:
3257 # assuming there are no symbolic links.
3267 .. audit-event:: os.fwalk top,topdown,onerror,follow_symlinks,dir_fd os.fwalk
3274 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3285 descriptor is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
3288 the target of the corresponding symbolic link in the directory
3331 new file descriptor is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
3336 64 bit integer with a maximum value of 2\ :sup:`64`\ -\ 2.
3341 If :const:`EFD_SEMAPHORE` is specified and the event counter is non-zero,
3345 non-zero, :func:`eventfd_read` returns the current event counter value and
3353 2\ :sup:`64`\ -\ 2.
3396 Set close-on-exec flag for new :func:`eventfd` file descriptor.
3413 Provide semaphore-like semantics for reads from a :func:`eventfd` file
3435 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>` and
3436 :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
3438 .. audit-event:: os.getxattr path,attribute os.getxattr
3441 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *path* and *attribute*.
3451 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>` and
3452 :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
3454 .. audit-event:: os.listxattr path os.listxattr
3457 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3467 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>` and
3468 :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
3470 .. audit-event:: os.removexattr path,attribute os.removexattr
3473 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *path* and *attribute*.
3487 This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>` and
3488 :ref:`not following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
3495 .. audit-event:: os.setxattr path,attribute,value,flags os.setxattr
3498 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *path* and *attribute*.
3519 .. _os-process:
3522 ------------------
3556 <https://msdn.microsoft.com/44228cf2-6306-466c-8f16-f513cd3ba8b5>`_
3559 .. audit-event:: os.add_dll_directory path os.add_dll_directory
3571 override the process-wide behavior to ensure consistency. See the
3572 :ref:`porting notes <bpo-36085-whatsnew>` for information on
3597 command-line arguments are passed. The "l" variants are perhaps the easiest
3627 .. audit-event:: os.exec path,args,env os.execl
3636 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
3793 .. audit-event:: os.fork "" os.fork
3808 Fork a child process, using a new pseudo-terminal as the child's controlling
3811 master end of the pseudo-terminal. For a more portable approach, use the
3814 .. audit-event:: os.forkpty "" os.forkpty
3842 .. audit-event:: os.kill pid,sig os.kill
3856 .. audit-event:: os.killpg pgid,sig os.killpg
3889 .. function:: popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1)
3895 the corresponding argument to the built-in :func:`open` function. The
3901 represents the return value of the process left-shifted by one
3904 example, the return value might be ``- signal.SIGKILL`` if the
3926 The positional-only arguments *path*, *args*, and *env* are similar to
3972 the parent. In either case, if the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission
3998 .. audit-event:: os.posix_spawn path,argv,env os.posix_spawn
4014 .. audit-event:: os.posix_spawn path,argv,env os.posix_spawnp
4026 The parameters are optional and keyword-only.
4036 trigger them as the child is not going to re-enter the interpreter.
4043 Note that :c:func:`fork` calls made by third-party C code may not
4068 :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.)
4072 exits normally, or ``-signal``, where *signal* is the signal that killed the
4076 Note on VxWorks, this function doesn't return ``-signal`` when the new process is
4080 command-line arguments are passed. The "l" variants are perhaps the easiest
4116 .. audit-event:: os.spawn mode,path,args,env os.spawnl
4120 :func:`spawnve` are not thread-safe on Windows; we advise you to use the
4124 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
4143 of the process the run is successful, or ``-signal`` if a signal kills the
4165 When *operation* is not specified or ``'open'``, this acts like double-clicking
4199 .. audit-event:: os.startfile path,operation os.startfile
4201 .. audit-event:: os.startfile/2 path,operation,arguments,cwd,show_cmd os.startfile
4218 value of the Python function is system-dependent.
4226 status of the command run; on systems using a non-native shell, consult your
4231 to using this function. See the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section in
4238 .. audit-event:: os.system command os.system
4248 * :attr:`!user` - user time
4249 * :attr:`!system` - system time
4250 * :attr:`!children_user` - user time of all child processes
4251 * :attr:`!children_system` - system time of all child processes
4252 * :attr:`!elapsed` - elapsed real time since a fixed point in the past
4254 For backwards compatibility, this object also behaves like a five-tuple
4260 …<https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-getprocesstim…
4266 Return type changed from a tuple to a tuple-like object
4273 and exit status indication: a 16-bit number, whose low byte is the signal number
4319 This is a Linux-specific *idtype* that indicates that *id* is a file
4367 child in the process group of the current process. If *pid* is ``-1``, the
4369 ``-1``, status is requested for any process in the process group ``-pid`` (the
4373 returns -1.
4377 (shifting makes cross-platform use of the function easier). A *pid* less than or
4395 3-element tuple containing the child's process id, exit status indication,
4409 Similar to :func:`waitpid`, except a 3-element tuple, containing the child's
4431 true), return ``-signum`` where *signum* is the number of the signal that
4432 caused the process to terminate (return ``-WTERMSIG(status)``):
4556 --------------------------
4573 Scheduling policy for CPU-intensive processes that tries to preserve
4590 A round-robin scheduling policy.
4652 Return the round-robin quantum in seconds for the process with PID *pid*. A
4674 .. _os-path:
4677 --------------------------------
4682 Return string-valued system configuration values. *name* specifies the
4733 Return integer-valued system configuration values. If the configuration value
4734 specified by *name* isn't defined, ``-1`` is returned. The comments regarding
4752 Higher-level operations on pathnames are defined in the :mod:`os.path` module.
4777 is not sufficient to be able to parse or concatenate pathnames --- use
4778 :func:`os.path.split` and :func:`os.path.join` --- but it is occasionally
4844 --------------
4852 These bytes can be used to seed user-space random number generators or for
4865 <http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getrandom.2.html>`_.
4875 This function returns random bytes from an OS-specific randomness source. The
4883 random bytes in non-blocking mode (using the :data:`GRND_NONBLOCK` flag) or
4886 On a Unix-like system, random bytes are read from the ``/dev/urandom``
4894 easy-to-use interface to the random number generator provided by your