xref: /system/memory/lmkd/lmkd.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#define LOG_TAG "lowmemorykiller"

#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <sys/eventfd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/pidfd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <memory>
#include <shared_mutex>
#include <vector>

#include <bpf/KernelUtils.h>
#include <bpf/WaitForProgsLoaded.h>
#include <cutils/properties.h>
#include <cutils/sockets.h>
#include <liblmkd_utils.h>
#include <liburing.h>
#include <lmkd.h>
#include <lmkd_hooks.h>
#include <log/log.h>
#include <log/log_event_list.h>
#include <log/log_time.h>
#include <memevents/memevents.h>
#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
#include <psi/psi.h>

#include "reaper.h"
#include "statslog.h"
#include "watchdog.h"

#define BPF_FD_JUST_USE_INT
#include "BpfSyscallWrappers.h"

/*
 * Define LMKD_TRACE_KILLS to record lmkd kills in kernel traces
 * to profile and correlate with OOM kills
 */
#ifdef LMKD_TRACE_KILLS

#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_ALWAYS
#include <cutils/trace.h>

static inline void trace_kill_start(const char *desc) {
    ATRACE_BEGIN(desc);
}

static inline void trace_kill_end() {
    ATRACE_END();
}

#else /* LMKD_TRACE_KILLS */

static inline void trace_kill_start(const char *) {}
static inline void trace_kill_end() {}

#endif /* LMKD_TRACE_KILLS */

#ifndef __unused
#define __unused __attribute__((__unused__))
#endif

#define ZONEINFO_PATH "/proc/zoneinfo"
#define MEMINFO_PATH "/proc/meminfo"
#define VMSTAT_PATH "/proc/vmstat"
#define PROC_STATUS_TGID_FIELD "Tgid:"
#define PROC_STATUS_RSS_FIELD "VmRSS:"
#define PROC_STATUS_SWAP_FIELD "VmSwap:"

#define PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ 200
#define PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ 700

/* Android Logger event logtags (see event.logtags) */
#define KILLINFO_LOG_TAG 10195355

/* gid containing AID_SYSTEM required */
#define INKERNEL_MINFREE_PATH "/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/minfree"
#define INKERNEL_ADJ_PATH "/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/adj"

#define EIGHT_MEGA (1 << 23)

#define TARGET_UPDATE_MIN_INTERVAL_MS 1000
#define THRASHING_RESET_INTERVAL_MS 1000

#define NS_PER_MS (NS_PER_SEC / MS_PER_SEC)
#define US_PER_MS (US_PER_SEC / MS_PER_SEC)

/* Defined as ProcessList.SYSTEM_ADJ in ProcessList.java */
#define SYSTEM_ADJ (-900)

#define STRINGIFY(x) STRINGIFY_INTERNAL(x)
#define STRINGIFY_INTERNAL(x) #x

#define PROCFS_PATH_MAX 64

/*
 * Read lmk property with persist.device_config.lmkd_native.<name> overriding ro.lmk.<name>
 * persist.device_config.lmkd_native.* properties are being set by experiments. If a new property
 * can be controlled by an experiment then use GET_LMK_PROPERTY instead of property_get_xxx and
 * add "on property" triggers in lmkd.rc to react to the experiment flag changes.
 */
#define GET_LMK_PROPERTY(type, name, def) \
    property_get_##type("persist.device_config.lmkd_native." name, \
        property_get_##type("ro.lmk." name, def))

/*
 * PSI monitor tracking window size.
 * PSI monitor generates events at most once per window,
 * therefore we poll memory state for the duration of
 * PSI_WINDOW_SIZE_MS after the event happens.
 */
#define PSI_WINDOW_SIZE_MS 1000
/* Polling period after PSI signal when pressure is high */
#define PSI_POLL_PERIOD_SHORT_MS 10
/* Polling period after PSI signal when pressure is low */
#define PSI_POLL_PERIOD_LONG_MS 100

#define FAIL_REPORT_RLIMIT_MS 1000

/*
 * System property defaults
 */
/* ro.lmk.swap_free_low_percentage property defaults */
#define DEF_LOW_SWAP 10
/* ro.lmk.thrashing_limit property defaults */
#define DEF_THRASHING_LOWRAM 30
#define DEF_THRASHING 100
/* ro.lmk.thrashing_limit_decay property defaults */
#define DEF_THRASHING_DECAY_LOWRAM 50
#define DEF_THRASHING_DECAY 10
/* ro.lmk.psi_partial_stall_ms property defaults */
#define DEF_PARTIAL_STALL_LOWRAM 200
#define DEF_PARTIAL_STALL 70
/* ro.lmk.psi_complete_stall_ms property defaults */
#define DEF_COMPLETE_STALL 700
/* ro.lmk.direct_reclaim_threshold_ms property defaults */
#define DEF_DIRECT_RECL_THRESH_MS 0
/* ro.lmk.swap_compression_ratio property defaults */
#define DEF_SWAP_COMP_RATIO 1
/* ro.lmk.lowmem_min_oom_score defaults */
#define DEF_LOWMEM_MIN_SCORE (PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ + 1)

#define LMKD_REINIT_PROP "lmkd.reinit"

#define WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_SEC 2

/* default to old in-kernel interface if no memory pressure events */
static bool use_inkernel_interface = true;
static bool has_inkernel_module;

/* memory pressure levels */
enum vmpressure_level {
    VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW = 0,
    VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM,
    VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL,
    VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT
};

static const char *level_name[] = {
    "low",
    "medium",
    "critical"
};

struct {
    int64_t min_nr_free_pages; /* recorded but not used yet */
    int64_t max_nr_free_pages;
} low_pressure_mem = { -1, -1 };

struct psi_threshold {
    enum psi_stall_type stall_type;
    int threshold_ms;
};

/* Listener for direct reclaim and kswapd state changes */
static std::unique_ptr<android::bpf::memevents::MemEventListener> memevent_listener(nullptr);
static struct timespec direct_reclaim_start_tm;
static struct timespec kswapd_start_tm;

/* io_uring for LMK_PROCS_PRIO */
static struct io_uring lmk_io_uring_ring;
/* IO_URING_OP_READ/WRITE opcodes were introduced only on 5.6 kernel */
static const bool isIoUringSupported = android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 6, 0);

static int level_oomadj[VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT];
static int mpevfd[VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT] = { -1, -1, -1 };
static bool pidfd_supported;
static int last_kill_pid_or_fd = -1;
static struct timespec last_kill_tm;
static bool monitors_initialized;
static bool boot_completed_handled = false;

/* lmkd configurable parameters */
static bool debug_process_killing;
static bool enable_pressure_upgrade;
static int64_t upgrade_pressure;
static int64_t downgrade_pressure;
static bool low_ram_device;
static bool kill_heaviest_task;
static unsigned long kill_timeout_ms;
static int pressure_after_kill_min_score;
static bool use_minfree_levels;
static bool per_app_memcg;
static int swap_free_low_percentage;
static int psi_partial_stall_ms;
static int psi_complete_stall_ms;
static int thrashing_limit_pct;
static int thrashing_limit_decay_pct;
static int thrashing_critical_pct;
static int swap_util_max;
static int64_t filecache_min_kb;
static int64_t stall_limit_critical;
static bool use_psi_monitors = false;
static int kpoll_fd;
static bool delay_monitors_until_boot;
static int direct_reclaim_threshold_ms;
static int swap_compression_ratio;
static int lowmem_min_oom_score;
static struct psi_threshold psi_thresholds[VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT] = {
    { PSI_SOME, 70 },    /* 70ms out of 1sec for partial stall */
    { PSI_SOME, 100 },   /* 100ms out of 1sec for partial stall */
    { PSI_FULL, 70 },    /* 70ms out of 1sec for complete stall */
};

static android_log_context ctx;
static Reaper reaper;
static int reaper_comm_fd[2];

enum polling_update {
    POLLING_DO_NOT_CHANGE,
    POLLING_START,
    POLLING_PAUSE,
    POLLING_RESUME,
};

/*
 * Data used for periodic polling for the memory state of the device.
 * Note that when system is not polling poll_handler is set to NULL,
 * when polling starts poll_handler gets set and is reset back to
 * NULL when polling stops.
 */
struct polling_params {
    struct event_handler_info* poll_handler;
    struct event_handler_info* paused_handler;
    struct timespec poll_start_tm;
    struct timespec last_poll_tm;
    int polling_interval_ms;
    enum polling_update update;
};

/* data required to handle events */
struct event_handler_info {
    int data;
    void (*handler)(int data, uint32_t events, struct polling_params *poll_params);
};

/* data required to handle socket events */
struct sock_event_handler_info {
    int sock;
    pid_t pid;
    uint32_t async_event_mask;
    struct event_handler_info handler_info;
};

/* max supported number of data connections (AMS, init, tests) */
#define MAX_DATA_CONN 3

/* socket event handler data */
static struct sock_event_handler_info ctrl_sock;
static struct sock_event_handler_info data_sock[MAX_DATA_CONN];

/* vmpressure event handler data */
static struct event_handler_info vmpressure_hinfo[VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT];

/*
 * 1 ctrl listen socket, 3 ctrl data socket, 3 memory pressure levels,
 * 1 lmk events + 1 fd to wait for process death + 1 fd to receive kill failure notifications
 * + 1 fd to receive memevent_listener notifications
 */
#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS (1 + MAX_DATA_CONN + VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
static int epollfd;
static int maxevents;

/* OOM score values used by both kernel and framework */
#define OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN       (-1000)
#define OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX       1000

static std::array<int, MAX_TARGETS> lowmem_adj;
static std::array<int, MAX_TARGETS> lowmem_minfree;
static int lowmem_targets_size;

/* Fields to parse in /proc/zoneinfo */
/* zoneinfo per-zone fields */
enum zoneinfo_zone_field {
    ZI_ZONE_NR_FREE_PAGES = 0,
    ZI_ZONE_MIN,
    ZI_ZONE_LOW,
    ZI_ZONE_HIGH,
    ZI_ZONE_PRESENT,
    ZI_ZONE_NR_FREE_CMA,
    ZI_ZONE_FIELD_COUNT
};

static const char* const zoneinfo_zone_field_names[ZI_ZONE_FIELD_COUNT] = {
    "nr_free_pages",
    "min",
    "low",
    "high",
    "present",
    "nr_free_cma",
};

/* zoneinfo per-zone special fields */
enum zoneinfo_zone_spec_field {
    ZI_ZONE_SPEC_PROTECTION = 0,
    ZI_ZONE_SPEC_PAGESETS,
    ZI_ZONE_SPEC_FIELD_COUNT,
};

static const char* const zoneinfo_zone_spec_field_names[ZI_ZONE_SPEC_FIELD_COUNT] = {
    "protection:",
    "pagesets",
};

/* see __MAX_NR_ZONES definition in kernel mmzone.h */
#define MAX_NR_ZONES 6

union zoneinfo_zone_fields {
    struct {
        int64_t nr_free_pages;
        int64_t min;
        int64_t low;
        int64_t high;
        int64_t present;
        int64_t nr_free_cma;
    } field;
    int64_t arr[ZI_ZONE_FIELD_COUNT];
};

struct zoneinfo_zone {
    union zoneinfo_zone_fields fields;
    int64_t protection[MAX_NR_ZONES];
    int64_t max_protection;
};

/* zoneinfo per-node fields */
enum zoneinfo_node_field {
    ZI_NODE_NR_INACTIVE_FILE = 0,
    ZI_NODE_NR_ACTIVE_FILE,
    ZI_NODE_FIELD_COUNT
};

static const char* const zoneinfo_node_field_names[ZI_NODE_FIELD_COUNT] = {
    "nr_inactive_file",
    "nr_active_file",
};

union zoneinfo_node_fields {
    struct {
        int64_t nr_inactive_file;
        int64_t nr_active_file;
    } field;
    int64_t arr[ZI_NODE_FIELD_COUNT];
};

struct zoneinfo_node {
    int id;
    int zone_count;
    struct zoneinfo_zone zones[MAX_NR_ZONES];
    union zoneinfo_node_fields fields;
};

/* for now two memory nodes is more than enough */
#define MAX_NR_NODES 2

struct zoneinfo {
    int node_count;
    struct zoneinfo_node nodes[MAX_NR_NODES];
    int64_t totalreserve_pages;
    int64_t total_inactive_file;
    int64_t total_active_file;
};

/* Fields to parse in /proc/meminfo */
enum meminfo_field {
    MI_NR_FREE_PAGES = 0,
    MI_CACHED,
    MI_SWAP_CACHED,
    MI_BUFFERS,
    MI_SHMEM,
    MI_UNEVICTABLE,
    MI_TOTAL_SWAP,
    MI_FREE_SWAP,
    MI_ACTIVE_ANON,
    MI_INACTIVE_ANON,
    MI_ACTIVE_FILE,
    MI_INACTIVE_FILE,
    MI_SRECLAIMABLE,
    MI_SUNRECLAIM,
    MI_KERNEL_STACK,
    MI_PAGE_TABLES,
    MI_ION_HELP,
    MI_ION_HELP_POOL,
    MI_CMA_FREE,
    MI_FIELD_COUNT
};

static const char* const meminfo_field_names[MI_FIELD_COUNT] = {
    "MemFree:",
    "Cached:",
    "SwapCached:",
    "Buffers:",
    "Shmem:",
    "Unevictable:",
    "SwapTotal:",
    "SwapFree:",
    "Active(anon):",
    "Inactive(anon):",
    "Active(file):",
    "Inactive(file):",
    "SReclaimable:",
    "SUnreclaim:",
    "KernelStack:",
    "PageTables:",
    "ION_heap:",
    "ION_heap_pool:",
    "CmaFree:",
};

union meminfo {
    struct {
        int64_t nr_free_pages;
        int64_t cached;
        int64_t swap_cached;
        int64_t buffers;
        int64_t shmem;
        int64_t unevictable;
        int64_t total_swap;
        int64_t free_swap;
        int64_t active_anon;
        int64_t inactive_anon;
        int64_t active_file;
        int64_t inactive_file;
        int64_t sreclaimable;
        int64_t sunreclaimable;
        int64_t kernel_stack;
        int64_t page_tables;
        int64_t ion_heap;
        int64_t ion_heap_pool;
        int64_t cma_free;
        /* fields below are calculated rather than read from the file */
        int64_t nr_file_pages;
        int64_t total_gpu_kb;
        int64_t easy_available;
    } field;
    int64_t arr[MI_FIELD_COUNT];
};

/* Fields to parse in /proc/vmstat */
enum vmstat_field {
    VS_FREE_PAGES,
    VS_INACTIVE_FILE,
    VS_ACTIVE_FILE,
    VS_WORKINGSET_REFAULT,
    VS_WORKINGSET_REFAULT_FILE,
    VS_PGSCAN_KSWAPD,
    VS_PGSCAN_DIRECT,
    VS_PGSCAN_DIRECT_THROTTLE,
    VS_PGREFILL,
    VS_FIELD_COUNT
};

static const char* const vmstat_field_names[VS_FIELD_COUNT] = {
    "nr_free_pages",
    "nr_inactive_file",
    "nr_active_file",
    "workingset_refault",
    "workingset_refault_file",
    "pgscan_kswapd",
    "pgscan_direct",
    "pgscan_direct_throttle",
    "pgrefill",
};

union vmstat {
    struct {
        int64_t nr_free_pages;
        int64_t nr_inactive_file;
        int64_t nr_active_file;
        int64_t workingset_refault;
        int64_t workingset_refault_file;
        int64_t pgscan_kswapd;
        int64_t pgscan_direct;
        int64_t pgscan_direct_throttle;
        int64_t pgrefill;
    } field;
    int64_t arr[VS_FIELD_COUNT];
};

enum field_match_result {
    NO_MATCH,
    PARSE_FAIL,
    PARSE_SUCCESS
};

struct adjslot_list {
    struct adjslot_list *next;
    struct adjslot_list *prev;
};

struct proc {
    struct adjslot_list asl;
    int pid;
    int pidfd;
    uid_t uid;
    int oomadj;
    pid_t reg_pid; /* PID of the process that registered this record */
    bool valid;
    struct proc *pidhash_next;
};

struct reread_data {
    const char* const filename;
    int fd;
};

#define PIDHASH_SZ 1024
static struct proc *pidhash[PIDHASH_SZ];
#define pid_hashfn(x) ((((x) >> 8) ^ (x)) & (PIDHASH_SZ - 1))

#define ADJTOSLOT(adj) ((adj) + -OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN)
#define ADJTOSLOT_COUNT (ADJTOSLOT(OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX) + 1)

// protects procadjslot_list from concurrent access
static std::shared_mutex adjslot_list_lock;
// procadjslot_list should be modified only from the main thread while exclusively holding
// adjslot_list_lock. Readers from non-main threads should hold adjslot_list_lock shared lock.
static struct adjslot_list procadjslot_list[ADJTOSLOT_COUNT];

#define MAX_DISTINCT_OOM_ADJ 32
#define KILLCNT_INVALID_IDX 0xFF
/*
 * Because killcnt array is sparse a two-level indirection is used
 * to keep the size small. killcnt_idx stores index of the element in
 * killcnt array. Index KILLCNT_INVALID_IDX indicates an unused slot.
 */
static uint8_t killcnt_idx[ADJTOSLOT_COUNT];
static uint16_t killcnt[MAX_DISTINCT_OOM_ADJ];
static int killcnt_free_idx = 0;
static uint32_t killcnt_total = 0;

static int pagesize;
static long page_k; /* page size in kB */

static bool update_props();
static bool init_monitors();
static void destroy_monitors();
static bool init_memevent_listener_monitoring();

static int clamp(int low, int high, int value) {
    return std::max(std::min(value, high), low);
}

static bool parse_int64(const char* str, int64_t* ret) {
    char* endptr;
    long long val = strtoll(str, &endptr, 10);
    if (str == endptr || val > INT64_MAX) {
        return false;
    }
    *ret = (int64_t)val;
    return true;
}

static int find_field(const char* name, const char* const field_names[], int field_count) {
    for (int i = 0; i < field_count; i++) {
        if (!strcmp(name, field_names[i])) {
            return i;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

static enum field_match_result match_field(const char* cp, const char* ap,
                                   const char* const field_names[],
                                   int field_count, int64_t* field,
                                   int *field_idx) {
    int i = find_field(cp, field_names, field_count);
    if (i < 0) {
        return NO_MATCH;
    }
    *field_idx = i;
    return parse_int64(ap, field) ? PARSE_SUCCESS : PARSE_FAIL;
}

/*
 * Read file content from the beginning up to max_len bytes or EOF
 * whichever happens first.
 */
static ssize_t read_all(int fd, char *buf, size_t max_len)
{
    ssize_t ret = 0;
    off_t offset = 0;

    while (max_len > 0) {
        ssize_t r = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd, buf, max_len, offset));
        if (r == 0) {
            break;
        }
        if (r == -1) {
            return -1;
        }
        ret += r;
        buf += r;
        offset += r;
        max_len -= r;
    }

    return ret;
}

/*
 * Read a new or already opened file from the beginning.
 * If the file has not been opened yet data->fd should be set to -1.
 * To be used with files which are read often and possibly during high
 * memory pressure to minimize file opening which by itself requires kernel
 * memory allocation and might result in a stall on memory stressed system.
 */
static char *reread_file(struct reread_data *data) {
    /* start with page-size buffer and increase if needed */
    static ssize_t buf_size = pagesize;
    static char *new_buf, *buf = NULL;
    ssize_t size;

    if (data->fd == -1) {
        /* First-time buffer initialization */
        if (!buf && (buf = static_cast<char*>(malloc(buf_size))) == nullptr) {
            return NULL;
        }

        data->fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(data->filename, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
        if (data->fd < 0) {
            ALOGE("%s open: %s", data->filename, strerror(errno));
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    while (true) {
        size = read_all(data->fd, buf, buf_size - 1);
        if (size < 0) {
            ALOGE("%s read: %s", data->filename, strerror(errno));
            close(data->fd);
            data->fd = -1;
            return NULL;
        }
        if (size < buf_size - 1) {
            break;
        }
        /*
         * Since we are reading /proc files we can't use fstat to find out
         * the real size of the file. Double the buffer size and keep retrying.
         */
        if ((new_buf = static_cast<char*>(realloc(buf, buf_size * 2))) == nullptr) {
            errno = ENOMEM;
            return NULL;
        }
        buf = new_buf;
        buf_size *= 2;
    }
    buf[size] = 0;

    return buf;
}

static bool claim_record(struct proc* procp, pid_t pid) {
    if (procp->reg_pid == pid) {
        /* Record already belongs to the registrant */
        return true;
    }
    if (procp->reg_pid == 0) {
        /* Old registrant is gone, claim the record */
        procp->reg_pid = pid;
        return true;
    }
    /* The record is owned by another registrant */
    return false;
}

static void remove_claims(pid_t pid) {
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < PIDHASH_SZ; i++) {
        struct proc* procp = pidhash[i];
        while (procp) {
            if (procp->reg_pid == pid) {
                procp->reg_pid = 0;
            }
            procp = procp->pidhash_next;
        }
    }
}

static void ctrl_data_close(int dsock_idx) {
    struct epoll_event epev;

    ALOGI("closing lmkd data connection");
    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, data_sock[dsock_idx].sock, &epev) == -1) {
        // Log a warning and keep going
        ALOGW("epoll_ctl for data connection socket failed; errno=%d", errno);
    }
    maxevents--;

    close(data_sock[dsock_idx].sock);
    data_sock[dsock_idx].sock = -1;

    /* Mark all records of the old registrant as unclaimed */
    remove_claims(data_sock[dsock_idx].pid);
}

static ssize_t ctrl_data_read(int dsock_idx, char* buf, size_t bufsz, struct ucred* sender_cred) {
    struct iovec iov = {buf, bufsz};
    char control[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct ucred))];
    struct msghdr hdr = {
            NULL, 0, &iov, 1, control, sizeof(control), 0,
    };
    ssize_t ret;
    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(recvmsg(data_sock[dsock_idx].sock, &hdr, 0));
    if (ret == -1) {
        ALOGE("control data socket read failed; %s", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    if (ret == 0) {
        ALOGE("Got EOF on control data socket");
        return -1;
    }

    struct ucred* cred = NULL;
    struct cmsghdr* cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&hdr);
    while (cmsg != NULL) {
        if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET && cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_CREDENTIALS) {
            cred = (struct ucred*)CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
            break;
        }
        cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&hdr, cmsg);
    }

    if (cred == NULL) {
        ALOGE("Failed to retrieve sender credentials");
        /* Close the connection */
        ctrl_data_close(dsock_idx);
        return -1;
    }

    memcpy(sender_cred, cred, sizeof(struct ucred));

    /* Store PID of the peer */
    data_sock[dsock_idx].pid = cred->pid;

    return ret;
}

static int ctrl_data_write(int dsock_idx, char* buf, size_t bufsz) {
    int ret = 0;

    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(data_sock[dsock_idx].sock, buf, bufsz));

    if (ret == -1) {
        ALOGE("control data socket write failed; errno=%d", errno);
    } else if (ret == 0) {
        ALOGE("Got EOF on control data socket");
        ret = -1;
    }

    return ret;
}

/*
 * Write the pid/uid pair over the data socket, note: all active clients
 * will receive this unsolicited notification.
 */
static void ctrl_data_write_lmk_kill_occurred(pid_t pid, uid_t uid) {
    LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet;
    size_t len = lmkd_pack_set_prockills(packet, pid, uid);

    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DATA_CONN; i++) {
        if (data_sock[i].sock >= 0 && data_sock[i].async_event_mask & 1 << LMK_ASYNC_EVENT_KILL) {
            ctrl_data_write(i, (char*)packet, len);
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Write the kill_stat/memory_stat over the data socket to be propagated via AMS to statsd
 */
static void stats_write_lmk_kill_occurred(struct kill_stat *kill_st,
                                          struct memory_stat *mem_st) {
    LMK_KILL_OCCURRED_PACKET packet;
    const size_t len = lmkd_pack_set_kill_occurred(packet, kill_st, mem_st);
    if (len == 0) {
        return;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DATA_CONN; i++) {
        if (data_sock[i].sock >= 0 && data_sock[i].async_event_mask & 1 << LMK_ASYNC_EVENT_STAT) {
            ctrl_data_write(i, packet, len);
        }
    }

}

static void stats_write_lmk_kill_occurred_pid(int pid, struct kill_stat *kill_st,
                                              struct memory_stat *mem_st) {
    kill_st->taskname = stats_get_task_name(pid);
    if (kill_st->taskname != NULL) {
        stats_write_lmk_kill_occurred(kill_st, mem_st);
    }
}

static void poll_kernel(int poll_fd) {
    if (poll_fd == -1) {
        // not waiting
        return;
    }

    while (1) {
        char rd_buf[256];
        int bytes_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(poll_fd, (void*)rd_buf, sizeof(rd_buf) - 1, 0));
        if (bytes_read <= 0) break;
        rd_buf[bytes_read] = '\0';

        int64_t pid;
        int64_t uid;
        int64_t group_leader_pid;
        int64_t rss_in_pages;
        struct memory_stat mem_st = {};
        int16_t oom_score_adj;
        int16_t min_score_adj;
        int64_t starttime;
        char* taskname = 0;

        int fields_read =
                sscanf(rd_buf,
                       "%" SCNd64 " %" SCNd64 " %" SCNd64 " %" SCNd64 " %" SCNd64 " %" SCNd64
                       " %" SCNd16 " %" SCNd16 " %" SCNd64 "\n%m[^\n]",
                       &pid, &uid, &group_leader_pid, &mem_st.pgfault, &mem_st.pgmajfault,
                       &rss_in_pages, &oom_score_adj, &min_score_adj, &starttime, &taskname);

        /* only the death of the group leader process is logged */
        if (fields_read == 10 && group_leader_pid == pid) {
            ctrl_data_write_lmk_kill_occurred((pid_t)pid, (uid_t)uid);
            mem_st.process_start_time_ns = starttime * (NS_PER_SEC / sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK));
            mem_st.rss_in_bytes = rss_in_pages * pagesize;

            struct kill_stat kill_st = {
                .uid = static_cast<int32_t>(uid),
                .kill_reason = NONE,
                .oom_score = oom_score_adj,
                .min_oom_score = min_score_adj,
                .free_mem_kb = 0,
                .free_swap_kb = 0,
            };
            stats_write_lmk_kill_occurred_pid(pid, &kill_st, &mem_st);
        }

        free(taskname);
    }
}

static bool init_poll_kernel() {
    kpoll_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/proc/lowmemorykiller", O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK | O_CLOEXEC));

    if (kpoll_fd < 0) {
        ALOGE("kernel lmk event file could not be opened; errno=%d", errno);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

static struct proc *pid_lookup(int pid) {
    struct proc *procp;

    for (procp = pidhash[pid_hashfn(pid)]; procp && procp->pid != pid;
         procp = procp->pidhash_next)
            ;

    return procp;
}

static void adjslot_insert(struct adjslot_list *head, struct adjslot_list *new_element)
{
    struct adjslot_list *next = head->next;
    new_element->prev = head;
    new_element->next = next;
    next->prev = new_element;
    head->next = new_element;
}

static void adjslot_remove(struct adjslot_list *old)
{
    struct adjslot_list *prev = old->prev;
    struct adjslot_list *next = old->next;
    next->prev = prev;
    prev->next = next;
}

static struct adjslot_list *adjslot_tail(struct adjslot_list *head) {
    struct adjslot_list *asl = head->prev;

    return asl == head ? NULL : asl;
}

// Should be modified only from the main thread.
static void proc_slot(struct proc *procp) {
    int adjslot = ADJTOSLOT(procp->oomadj);
    std::scoped_lock lock(adjslot_list_lock);

    adjslot_insert(&procadjslot_list[adjslot], &procp->asl);
}

// Should be modified only from the main thread.
static void proc_unslot(struct proc *procp) {
    std::scoped_lock lock(adjslot_list_lock);

    adjslot_remove(&procp->asl);
}

static void proc_insert(struct proc *procp) {
    int hval = pid_hashfn(procp->pid);

    procp->pidhash_next = pidhash[hval];
    pidhash[hval] = procp;
    proc_slot(procp);
}

// Can be called only from the main thread.
static int pid_remove(int pid) {
    int hval = pid_hashfn(pid);
    struct proc *procp;
    struct proc *prevp;

    for (procp = pidhash[hval], prevp = NULL; procp && procp->pid != pid;
         procp = procp->pidhash_next)
            prevp = procp;

    if (!procp)
        return -1;

    if (!prevp)
        pidhash[hval] = procp->pidhash_next;
    else
        prevp->pidhash_next = procp->pidhash_next;

    proc_unslot(procp);
    /*
     * Close pidfd here if we are not waiting for corresponding process to die,
     * in which case stop_wait_for_proc_kill() will close the pidfd later
     */
    if (procp->pidfd >= 0 && procp->pidfd != last_kill_pid_or_fd) {
        close(procp->pidfd);
    }
    free(procp);
    return 0;
}

static void pid_invalidate(int pid) {
    std::shared_lock lock(adjslot_list_lock);
    struct proc *procp = pid_lookup(pid);

    if (procp) {
        procp->valid = false;
    }
}

/*
 * Write a string to a file.
 * Returns false if the file does not exist.
 */
static bool writefilestring(const char *path, const char *s,
                            bool err_if_missing) {
    int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    ssize_t len = strlen(s);
    ssize_t ret;

    if (fd < 0) {
        if (err_if_missing) {
            ALOGE("Error opening %s; errno=%d", path, errno);
        }
        return false;
    }

    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, s, len));
    if (ret < 0) {
        ALOGE("Error writing %s; errno=%d", path, errno);
    } else if (ret < len) {
        ALOGE("Short write on %s; length=%zd", path, ret);
    }

    close(fd);
    return true;
}

static inline long get_time_diff_ms(struct timespec *from,
                                    struct timespec *to) {
    return (to->tv_sec - from->tv_sec) * (long)MS_PER_SEC +
           (to->tv_nsec - from->tv_nsec) / (long)NS_PER_MS;
}

/* Reads /proc/pid/status into buf. */
static bool read_proc_status(int pid, char *buf, size_t buf_sz) {
    char path[PROCFS_PATH_MAX];
    int fd;
    ssize_t size;

    snprintf(path, PROCFS_PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/status", pid);
    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (fd < 0) {
        return false;
    }

    size = read_all(fd, buf, buf_sz - 1);
    close(fd);
    if (size < 0) {
        return false;
    }
    buf[size] = 0;
    return true;
}

/* Looks for tag in buf and parses the first integer */
static bool parse_status_tag(char *buf, const char *tag, int64_t *out) {
    char *pos = buf;
    while (true) {
        pos = strstr(pos, tag);
        /* Stop if tag not found or found at the line beginning */
        if (pos == NULL || pos == buf || pos[-1] == '\n') {
            break;
        }
        pos++;
    }

    if (pos == NULL) {
        return false;
    }

    pos += strlen(tag);
    while (*pos == ' ') ++pos;
    return parse_int64(pos, out);
}

static int proc_get_size(int pid) {
    char path[PROCFS_PATH_MAX];
    char line[LINE_MAX];
    int fd;
    int rss = 0;
    int total;
    ssize_t ret;

    /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
    snprintf(path, PROCFS_PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/statm", pid);
    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (fd == -1)
        return -1;

    ret = read_all(fd, line, sizeof(line) - 1);
    if (ret < 0) {
        close(fd);
        return -1;
    }
    line[ret] = '\0';

    sscanf(line, "%d %d ", &total, &rss);
    close(fd);
    return rss;
}

static char *proc_get_name(int pid, char *buf, size_t buf_size) {
    char path[PROCFS_PATH_MAX];
    int fd;
    char *cp;
    ssize_t ret;

    /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
    snprintf(path, PROCFS_PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/cmdline", pid);
    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (fd == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    ret = read_all(fd, buf, buf_size - 1);
    close(fd);
    if (ret < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    buf[ret] = '\0';

    cp = strchr(buf, ' ');
    if (cp) {
        *cp = '\0';
    }

    return buf;
}

static void register_oom_adj_proc(const struct lmk_procprio& proc, struct ucred* cred) {
    char val[20];
    int soft_limit_mult;
    bool is_system_server;
    struct passwd *pwdrec;
    struct proc* procp;
    int oom_adj_score = proc.oomadj;

    /* lmkd should not change soft limits for services */
    if (proc.ptype == PROC_TYPE_APP && per_app_memcg) {
        if (proc.oomadj >= 900) {
            soft_limit_mult = 0;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 800) {
            soft_limit_mult = 0;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 700) {
            soft_limit_mult = 0;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 600) {
            // Launcher should be perceptible, don't kill it.
            oom_adj_score = 200;
            soft_limit_mult = 1;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 500) {
            soft_limit_mult = 0;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 400) {
            soft_limit_mult = 0;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 300) {
            soft_limit_mult = 1;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 200) {
            soft_limit_mult = 8;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 100) {
            soft_limit_mult = 10;
        } else if (proc.oomadj >= 0) {
            soft_limit_mult = 20;
        } else {
            // Persistent processes will have a large
            // soft limit 512MB.
            soft_limit_mult = 64;
        }

        std::string soft_limit_path;
        if (!CgroupGetAttributePathForTask("MemSoftLimit", proc.pid, &soft_limit_path)) {
            ALOGE("Querying MemSoftLimit path failed");
            return;
        }

        snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", soft_limit_mult * EIGHT_MEGA);

        /*
         * system_server process has no memcg under /dev/memcg/apps but should be
         * registered with lmkd. This is the best way so far to identify it.
         */
        is_system_server = (oom_adj_score == SYSTEM_ADJ && (pwdrec = getpwnam("system")) != NULL &&
                            proc.uid == pwdrec->pw_uid);
        writefilestring(soft_limit_path.c_str(), val, !is_system_server);
    }

    procp = pid_lookup(proc.pid);
    if (!procp) {
        int pidfd = -1;

        if (pidfd_supported) {
            pidfd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pidfd_open(proc.pid, 0));
            if (pidfd < 0) {
                ALOGE("pidfd_open for pid %d failed; errno=%d", proc.pid, errno);
                return;
            }
        }

        procp = static_cast<struct proc*>(calloc(1, sizeof(struct proc)));
        if (!procp) {
            // Oh, the irony.  May need to rebuild our state.
            return;
        }

        procp->pid = proc.pid;
        procp->pidfd = pidfd;
        procp->uid = proc.uid;
        procp->reg_pid = cred->pid;
        procp->oomadj = oom_adj_score;
        procp->valid = true;
        proc_insert(procp);
    } else {
        if (!claim_record(procp, cred->pid)) {
            char buf[LINE_MAX];
            char *taskname = proc_get_name(cred->pid, buf, sizeof(buf));
            /* Only registrant of the record can remove it */
            ALOGE("%s (%d, %d) attempts to modify a process registered by another client",
                taskname ? taskname : "A process ", cred->uid, cred->pid);
            return;
        }
        proc_unslot(procp);
        procp->oomadj = oom_adj_score;
        proc_slot(procp);
    }
}

static void apply_proc_prio(const struct lmk_procprio& params, struct ucred* cred) {
    char path[PROCFS_PATH_MAX];
    char val[20];
    int64_t tgid;
    char buf[pagesize];

    if (params.oomadj < OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN || params.oomadj > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX) {
        ALOGE("Invalid PROCPRIO oomadj argument %d", params.oomadj);
        return;
    }

    if (params.ptype < PROC_TYPE_FIRST || params.ptype >= PROC_TYPE_COUNT) {
        ALOGE("Invalid PROCPRIO process type argument %d", params.ptype);
        return;
    }

    /* Check if registered process is a thread group leader */
    if (read_proc_status(params.pid, buf, sizeof(buf))) {
        if (parse_status_tag(buf, PROC_STATUS_TGID_FIELD, &tgid) && tgid != params.pid) {
            ALOGE("Attempt to register a task that is not a thread group leader "
                  "(tid %d, tgid %" PRId64 ")",
                  params.pid, tgid);
            return;
        }
    }

    /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
    /* CAP_SYS_RESOURCE required */
    /* CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE required */
    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%d/oom_score_adj", params.pid);
    snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", params.oomadj);
    if (!writefilestring(path, val, false)) {
        ALOGW("Failed to open %s; errno=%d: process %d might have been killed", path, errno,
              params.pid);
        /* If this file does not exist the process is dead. */
        return;
    }

    if (use_inkernel_interface) {
        stats_store_taskname(params.pid, proc_get_name(params.pid, path, sizeof(path)));
        return;
    }

    register_oom_adj_proc(params, cred);
}

static void cmd_procprio(LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet, int field_count, struct ucred* cred) {
    struct lmk_procprio proc_prio;

    lmkd_pack_get_procprio(packet, field_count, &proc_prio);
    apply_proc_prio(proc_prio, cred);
}

static void cmd_procremove(LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet, struct ucred *cred) {
    struct lmk_procremove params;
    struct proc *procp;

    lmkd_pack_get_procremove(packet, &params);

    if (use_inkernel_interface) {
        /*
         * Perform an extra check before the pid is removed, after which it
         * will be impossible for poll_kernel to get the taskname. poll_kernel()
         * is potentially a long-running blocking function; however this method
         * handles AMS requests but does not block AMS.
         */
        poll_kernel(kpoll_fd);

        stats_remove_taskname(params.pid);
        return;
    }

    procp = pid_lookup(params.pid);
    if (!procp) {
        return;
    }

    if (!claim_record(procp, cred->pid)) {
        char buf[LINE_MAX];
        char *taskname = proc_get_name(cred->pid, buf, sizeof(buf));
        /* Only registrant of the record can remove it */
        ALOGE("%s (%d, %d) attempts to unregister a process registered by another client",
            taskname ? taskname : "A process ", cred->uid, cred->pid);
        return;
    }

    /*
     * WARNING: After pid_remove() procp is freed and can't be used!
     * Therefore placed at the end of the function.
     */
    pid_remove(params.pid);
}

static void cmd_procpurge(struct ucred *cred) {
    int i;
    struct proc *procp;
    struct proc *next;

    if (use_inkernel_interface) {
        stats_purge_tasknames();
        return;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < PIDHASH_SZ; i++) {
        procp = pidhash[i];
        while (procp) {
            next = procp->pidhash_next;
            /* Purge only records created by the requestor */
            if (claim_record(procp, cred->pid)) {
                pid_remove(procp->pid);
            }
            procp = next;
        }
    }
}

static void cmd_subscribe(int dsock_idx, LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet) {
    struct lmk_subscribe params;

    lmkd_pack_get_subscribe(packet, &params);
    data_sock[dsock_idx].async_event_mask |= 1 << params.evt_type;
}

static void inc_killcnt(int oomadj) {
    int slot = ADJTOSLOT(oomadj);
    uint8_t idx = killcnt_idx[slot];

    if (idx == KILLCNT_INVALID_IDX) {
        /* index is not assigned for this oomadj */
        if (killcnt_free_idx < MAX_DISTINCT_OOM_ADJ) {
            killcnt_idx[slot] = killcnt_free_idx;
            killcnt[killcnt_free_idx] = 1;
            killcnt_free_idx++;
        } else {
            ALOGW("Number of distinct oomadj levels exceeds %d",
                MAX_DISTINCT_OOM_ADJ);
        }
    } else {
        /*
         * wraparound is highly unlikely and is detectable using total
         * counter because it has to be equal to the sum of all counters
         */
        killcnt[idx]++;
    }
    /* increment total kill counter */
    killcnt_total++;
}

static int get_killcnt(int min_oomadj, int max_oomadj) {
    int slot;
    int count = 0;

    if (min_oomadj > max_oomadj)
        return 0;

    /* special case to get total kill count */
    if (min_oomadj > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX)
        return killcnt_total;

    while (min_oomadj <= max_oomadj &&
           (slot = ADJTOSLOT(min_oomadj)) < ADJTOSLOT_COUNT) {
        uint8_t idx = killcnt_idx[slot];
        if (idx != KILLCNT_INVALID_IDX) {
            count += killcnt[idx];
        }
        min_oomadj++;
    }

    return count;
}

static int cmd_getkillcnt(LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet) {
    struct lmk_getkillcnt params;

    if (use_inkernel_interface) {
        /* kernel driver does not expose this information */
        return 0;
    }

    lmkd_pack_get_getkillcnt(packet, &params);

    return get_killcnt(params.min_oomadj, params.max_oomadj);
}

static void cmd_target(int ntargets, LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet) {
    int i;
    struct lmk_target target;
    char minfree_str[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
    char *pstr = minfree_str;
    char *pend = minfree_str + sizeof(minfree_str);
    static struct timespec last_req_tm;
    struct timespec curr_tm;

    if (ntargets < 1 || ntargets > (int)lowmem_adj.size()) {
        return;
    }

    /*
     * Ratelimit minfree updates to once per TARGET_UPDATE_MIN_INTERVAL_MS
     * to prevent DoS attacks
     */
    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm) != 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to get current time");
        return;
    }

    if (get_time_diff_ms(&last_req_tm, &curr_tm) <
        TARGET_UPDATE_MIN_INTERVAL_MS) {
        ALOGE("Ignoring frequent updated to lmkd limits");
        return;
    }

    last_req_tm = curr_tm;

    for (i = 0; i < ntargets; i++) {
        lmkd_pack_get_target(packet, i, &target);
        lowmem_minfree[i] = target.minfree;
        lowmem_adj[i] = target.oom_adj_score;

        pstr += snprintf(pstr, pend - pstr, "%d:%d,", target.minfree,
            target.oom_adj_score);
        if (pstr >= pend) {
            /* if no more space in the buffer then terminate the loop */
            pstr = pend;
            break;
        }
    }

    lowmem_targets_size = ntargets;

    /* Override the last extra comma */
    pstr[-1] = '\0';
    property_set("sys.lmk.minfree_levels", minfree_str);

    if (has_inkernel_module) {
        char minfreestr[128];
        char killpriostr[128];

        minfreestr[0] = '\0';
        killpriostr[0] = '\0';

        for (i = 0; i < lowmem_targets_size; i++) {
            char val[40];

            if (i) {
                strlcat(minfreestr, ",", sizeof(minfreestr));
                strlcat(killpriostr, ",", sizeof(killpriostr));
            }

            snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", use_inkernel_interface ? lowmem_minfree[i] : 0);
            strlcat(minfreestr, val, sizeof(minfreestr));
            snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", use_inkernel_interface ? lowmem_adj[i] : 0);
            strlcat(killpriostr, val, sizeof(killpriostr));
        }

        writefilestring(INKERNEL_MINFREE_PATH, minfreestr, true);
        writefilestring(INKERNEL_ADJ_PATH, killpriostr, true);
    }
}

static void handle_io_uring_procs_prio(const struct lmk_procs_prio& params, const int procs_count,
                                       struct ucred* cred) {
    struct io_uring_sqe* sqe;
    struct io_uring_cqe* cqe;
    int fds[PROCS_PRIO_MAX_RECORD_COUNT];
    char buffers[PROCS_PRIO_MAX_RECORD_COUNT]
                [256]; /* Reading proc/stat and write to proc/oom_score_adj */
    char path[PROCFS_PATH_MAX];
    char val[20];
    int64_t tgid;
    int ret;
    int num_requests = 0;

    ret = io_uring_queue_init(PROCS_PRIO_MAX_RECORD_COUNT, &lmk_io_uring_ring, 0);
    if (ret) {
        ALOGE("LMK_PROCS_PRIO failed to setup io_uring ring: %s", strerror(-ret));
        return;
    }

    std::fill_n(fds, PROCS_PRIO_MAX_RECORD_COUNT, -1);
    for (int i = 0; i < procs_count; i++) {
        if (params.procs[i].oomadj < OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN ||
            params.procs[i].oomadj > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX)
            ALOGW("Skipping invalid PROCS_PRIO oomadj=%d for pid=%d", params.procs[i].oomadj,
                  params.procs[i].pid);
        else if (params.procs[i].ptype < PROC_TYPE_FIRST ||
                 params.procs[i].ptype >= PROC_TYPE_COUNT)
            ALOGW("Skipping invalid PROCS_PRIO pid=%d for invalid process type arg %d",
                  params.procs[i].pid, params.procs[i].ptype);
        else {
            snprintf(path, PROCFS_PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/status", params.procs[i].pid);
            fds[i] = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
            if (fds[i] < 0) continue;

            sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&lmk_io_uring_ring);
            if (!sqe) {
                ALOGE("LMK_PROCS_PRIO skipping pid (%d), failed to get SQE for read proc status",
                      params.procs[i].pid);
                close(fds[i]);
                fds[i] = -1;
                continue;
            }

            io_uring_prep_read(sqe, fds[i], &buffers[i], sizeof(buffers[i]), 0);
            sqe->user_data = i;
            num_requests++;
        }
    }

    if (num_requests == 0) {
        ALOGW("LMK_PROCS_PRIO has no read proc status requests to process");
        goto err;
    }

    ret = io_uring_submit(&lmk_io_uring_ring);
    if (ret <= 0 || ret != num_requests) {
        ALOGE("Error submitting read processes' status to SQE: %s", strerror(ret));
        goto err;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < num_requests; i++) {
        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(io_uring_wait_cqe(&lmk_io_uring_ring, &cqe));
        if (ret < 0 || !cqe) {
            ALOGE("Failed to get CQE, in LMK_PROCS_PRIO, for read batching: %s", strerror(-ret));
            goto err;
        }
        if (cqe->res < 0) {
            ALOGE("Error in LMK_PROCS_PRIO for async proc status read operation: %s",
                  strerror(-cqe->res));
            continue;
        }
        if (cqe->user_data < 0 || static_cast<int>(cqe->user_data) > procs_count) {
            ALOGE("Invalid LMK_PROCS_PRIO CQE read data: %llu", cqe->user_data);
            continue;
        }

        const int procs_idx = cqe->user_data;
        close(fds[procs_idx]);
        fds[procs_idx] = -1;
        io_uring_cqe_seen(&lmk_io_uring_ring, cqe);

        if (parse_status_tag(buffers[procs_idx], PROC_STATUS_TGID_FIELD, &tgid) &&
            tgid != params.procs[procs_idx].pid) {
            ALOGE("Attempt to register a task that is not a thread group leader "
                  "(tid %d, tgid %" PRId64 ")",
                  params.procs[procs_idx].pid, tgid);
            continue;
        }

        /* Open write file to prepare for write batch */
        snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%d/oom_score_adj", params.procs[procs_idx].pid);
        fds[procs_idx] = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
        if (fds[procs_idx] < 0) {
            ALOGW("Failed to open %s; errno=%d: process %d might have been killed, skipping for "
                  "LMK_PROCS_PRIO",
                  path, errno, params.procs[procs_idx].pid);
            continue;
        }
    }

    /* Prepare to write the new OOM score */
    num_requests = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < procs_count; i++) {
        if (fds[i] < 0) continue;

        /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
        /* CAP_SYS_RESOURCE required */
        /* CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE required */
        snprintf(buffers[i], sizeof(buffers[i]), "%d", params.procs[i].oomadj);
        sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&lmk_io_uring_ring);
        if (!sqe) {
            ALOGE("LMK_PROCS_PRIO skipping pid (%d), failed to get SQE for write",
                  params.procs[i].pid);
            close(fds[i]);
            fds[i] = -1;
            continue;
        }
        io_uring_prep_write(sqe, fds[i], &buffers[i], sizeof(buffers[i]), 0);
        sqe->user_data = i;
        num_requests++;
    }

    if (num_requests == 0) {
        ALOGW("LMK_PROCS_PRIO has no write proc oomadj requests to process");
        goto err;
    }

    ret = io_uring_submit(&lmk_io_uring_ring);
    if (ret <= 0 || ret != num_requests) {
        ALOGE("Error submitting write data to sqe: %s", strerror(ret));
        goto err;
    }

    /* Handle async write completions for proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj */
    for (int i = 0; i < num_requests; i++) {
        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(io_uring_wait_cqe(&lmk_io_uring_ring, &cqe));
        if (ret < 0 || !cqe) {
            ALOGE("Failed to get CQE, in LMK_PROCS_PRIO, for write batching: %s", strerror(-ret));
            goto err;
        }
        if (cqe->res < 0) {
            ALOGE("Error in LMK_PROCS_PRIO for async proc status read operation: %s",
                  strerror(-cqe->res));
            continue;
        }
        if (cqe->user_data < 0 || static_cast<int>(cqe->user_data) > procs_count) {
            ALOGE("Invalid LMK_PROCS_PRIO CQE read data: %llu", cqe->user_data);
            continue;
        }

        const int procs_idx = cqe->user_data;
        close(fds[procs_idx]);
        fds[procs_idx] = -1;
        io_uring_cqe_seen(&lmk_io_uring_ring, cqe);

        if (use_inkernel_interface) {
            stats_store_taskname(params.procs[procs_idx].pid,
                                 proc_get_name(params.procs[procs_idx].pid, path, sizeof(path)));
            continue;
        }

        register_oom_adj_proc(params.procs[procs_idx], cred);
    }

    io_uring_queue_exit(&lmk_io_uring_ring);
    return;

err:
    for (int fd : fds)
        if (fd >= 0) close(fd);
    io_uring_queue_exit(&lmk_io_uring_ring);
    return;
}

static void cmd_procs_prio(LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet, const int field_count, struct ucred* cred) {
    struct lmk_procs_prio params;

    const int procs_count = lmkd_pack_get_procs_prio(packet, &params, field_count);
    if (procs_count < 0) {
        ALOGE("LMK_PROCS_PRIO received invalid packet format");
        return;
    }

    if (isIoUringSupported) {
        handle_io_uring_procs_prio(params, procs_count, cred);
    } else {
        for (int i = 0; i < procs_count; i++) apply_proc_prio(params.procs[i], cred);
    }
}

static void ctrl_command_handler(int dsock_idx) {
    LMKD_CTRL_PACKET packet;
    struct ucred cred;
    int len;
    enum lmk_cmd cmd;
    int nargs;
    int targets;
    int kill_cnt;
    int result;

    len = ctrl_data_read(dsock_idx, (char *)packet, CTRL_PACKET_MAX_SIZE, &cred);
    if (len <= 0)
        return;

    if (len < (int)sizeof(int)) {
        ALOGE("Wrong control socket read length len=%d", len);
        return;
    }

    cmd = lmkd_pack_get_cmd(packet);
    nargs = len / sizeof(int) - 1;
    if (nargs < 0)
        goto wronglen;

    switch(cmd) {
    case LMK_TARGET:
        targets = nargs / 2;
        if (nargs & 0x1 || targets > (int)lowmem_adj.size()) {
            goto wronglen;
        }
        cmd_target(targets, packet);
        break;
    case LMK_PROCPRIO:
        /* process type field is optional for backward compatibility */
        if (nargs < 3 || nargs > 4)
            goto wronglen;
        cmd_procprio(packet, nargs, &cred);
        break;
    case LMK_PROCREMOVE:
        if (nargs != 1)
            goto wronglen;
        cmd_procremove(packet, &cred);
        break;
    case LMK_PROCPURGE:
        if (nargs != 0)
            goto wronglen;
        cmd_procpurge(&cred);
        break;
    case LMK_GETKILLCNT:
        if (nargs != 2)
            goto wronglen;
        kill_cnt = cmd_getkillcnt(packet);
        len = lmkd_pack_set_getkillcnt_repl(packet, kill_cnt);
        if (ctrl_data_write(dsock_idx, (char *)packet, len) != len)
            return;
        break;
    case LMK_SUBSCRIBE:
        if (nargs != 1)
            goto wronglen;
        cmd_subscribe(dsock_idx, packet);
        break;
    case LMK_PROCKILL:
        /* This command code is NOT expected at all */
        ALOGE("Received unexpected command code %d", cmd);
        break;
    case LMK_UPDATE_PROPS:
        if (nargs != 0)
            goto wronglen;
        result = -1;
        if (update_props()) {
            if (!use_inkernel_interface && monitors_initialized) {
                /* Reinitialize monitors to apply new settings */
                destroy_monitors();
                if (init_monitors()) {
                    result = 0;
                }
            } else {
                result = 0;
            }

            if (direct_reclaim_threshold_ms > 0 && !memevent_listener) {
                ALOGW("Kernel support for direct_reclaim_threshold_ms is not found");
                direct_reclaim_threshold_ms = 0;
            }
        }

        len = lmkd_pack_set_update_props_repl(packet, result);
        if (ctrl_data_write(dsock_idx, (char *)packet, len) != len) {
            ALOGE("Failed to report operation results");
        }
        if (!result) {
            ALOGI("Properties reinitilized");
        } else {
            /* New settings can't be supported, crash to be restarted */
            ALOGE("New configuration is not supported. Exiting...");
            exit(1);
        }
        break;
    case LMK_START_MONITORING:
        if (nargs != 0)
            goto wronglen;
        // Registration is needed only if it was skipped earlier.
        if (monitors_initialized)
            return;
        if (!property_get_bool("sys.boot_completed", false)) {
            ALOGE("LMK_START_MONITORING cannot be handled before boot completed");
            return;
        }

        if (!init_monitors()) {
            /* Failure to start psi monitoring, crash to be restarted */
            ALOGE("Failure to initialize monitoring. Exiting...");
            exit(1);
        }
        ALOGI("Initialized monitors after boot completed.");
        break;
    case LMK_BOOT_COMPLETED:
        if (nargs != 0) goto wronglen;

        if (boot_completed_handled) {
            /* Notify we have already handled post boot-up operations */
            result = 1;
        } else if (!property_get_bool("sys.boot_completed", false)) {
            ALOGE("LMK_BOOT_COMPLETED cannot be handled before boot completed");
            result = -1;
        } else {
            /*
             * Initialize the memevent listener after boot is completed to prevent
             * waiting, during boot-up, for BPF programs to be loaded.
             */
            if (init_memevent_listener_monitoring()) {
                ALOGI("Using memevents for direct reclaim and kswapd detection");
            } else {
                ALOGI("Using vmstats for direct reclaim and kswapd detection");
                if (direct_reclaim_threshold_ms > 0) {
                    ALOGW("Kernel support for direct_reclaim_threshold_ms is not found");
                    direct_reclaim_threshold_ms = 0;
                }
            }
            result = 0;
            boot_completed_handled = true;
        }

        len = lmkd_pack_set_boot_completed_notif_repl(packet, result);
        if (ctrl_data_write(dsock_idx, (char*)packet, len) != len) {
            ALOGE("Failed to report boot-completed operation results");
        }
        break;
    case LMK_PROCS_PRIO:
        cmd_procs_prio(packet, nargs, &cred);
        break;
    default:
        ALOGE("Received unknown command code %d", cmd);
        return;
    }

    return;

wronglen:
    ALOGE("Wrong control socket read length cmd=%d len=%d", cmd, len);
}

static void ctrl_data_handler(int data, uint32_t events,
                              struct polling_params *poll_params __unused) {
    if (events & EPOLLIN) {
        ctrl_command_handler(data);
    }
}

static int get_free_dsock() {
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DATA_CONN; i++) {
        if (data_sock[i].sock < 0) {
            return i;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

static void ctrl_connect_handler(int data __unused, uint32_t events __unused,
                                 struct polling_params *poll_params __unused) {
    struct epoll_event epev;
    int free_dscock_idx = get_free_dsock();

    if (free_dscock_idx < 0) {
        /*
         * Number of data connections exceeded max supported. This should not
         * happen but if it does we drop all existing connections and accept
         * the new one. This prevents inactive connections from monopolizing
         * data socket and if we drop ActivityManager connection it will
         * immediately reconnect.
         */
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DATA_CONN; i++) {
            ctrl_data_close(i);
        }
        free_dscock_idx = 0;
    }

    data_sock[free_dscock_idx].sock = accept(ctrl_sock.sock, NULL, NULL);
    if (data_sock[free_dscock_idx].sock < 0) {
        ALOGE("lmkd control socket accept failed; errno=%d", errno);
        return;
    }

    ALOGI("lmkd data connection established");
    /* use data to store data connection idx */
    data_sock[free_dscock_idx].handler_info.data = free_dscock_idx;
    data_sock[free_dscock_idx].handler_info.handler = ctrl_data_handler;
    data_sock[free_dscock_idx].async_event_mask = 0;
    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.ptr = (void *)&(data_sock[free_dscock_idx].handler_info);
    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, data_sock[free_dscock_idx].sock, &epev) == -1) {
        ALOGE("epoll_ctl for data connection socket failed; errno=%d", errno);
        ctrl_data_close(free_dscock_idx);
        return;
    }
    maxevents++;
}

/*
 * /proc/zoneinfo parsing routines
 * Expected file format is:
 *
 *   Node <node_id>, zone   <zone_name>
 *   (
 *    per-node stats
 *       (<per-node field name> <value>)+
 *   )?
 *   (pages free     <value>
 *       (<per-zone field name> <value>)+
 *    pagesets
 *       (<unused fields>)*
 *   )+
 *   ...
 */
static void zoneinfo_parse_protection(char *buf, struct zoneinfo_zone *zone) {
    int zone_idx;
    int64_t max = 0;
    char *save_ptr;

    for (buf = strtok_r(buf, "(), ", &save_ptr), zone_idx = 0;
         buf && zone_idx < MAX_NR_ZONES;
         buf = strtok_r(NULL, "), ", &save_ptr), zone_idx++) {
        long long zoneval = strtoll(buf, &buf, 0);
        if (zoneval > max) {
            max = (zoneval > INT64_MAX) ? INT64_MAX : zoneval;
        }
        zone->protection[zone_idx] = zoneval;
    }
    zone->max_protection = max;
}

static int zoneinfo_parse_zone(char **buf, struct zoneinfo_zone *zone) {
    for (char *line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", buf); line;
         line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", buf)) {
        char *cp;
        char *ap;
        char *save_ptr;
        int64_t val;
        int field_idx;
        enum field_match_result match_res;

        cp = strtok_r(line, " ", &save_ptr);
        if (!cp) {
            return false;
        }

        field_idx = find_field(cp, zoneinfo_zone_spec_field_names, ZI_ZONE_SPEC_FIELD_COUNT);
        if (field_idx >= 0) {
            /* special field */
            if (field_idx == ZI_ZONE_SPEC_PAGESETS) {
                /* no mode fields we are interested in */
                return true;
            }

            /* protection field */
            ap = strtok_r(NULL, ")", &save_ptr);
            if (ap) {
                zoneinfo_parse_protection(ap, zone);
            }
            continue;
        }

        ap = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &save_ptr);
        if (!ap) {
            continue;
        }

        match_res = match_field(cp, ap, zoneinfo_zone_field_names, ZI_ZONE_FIELD_COUNT,
            &val, &field_idx);
        if (match_res == PARSE_FAIL) {
            return false;
        }
        if (match_res == PARSE_SUCCESS) {
            zone->fields.arr[field_idx] = val;
        }
        if (field_idx == ZI_ZONE_PRESENT && val == 0) {
            /* zone is not populated, stop parsing it */
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

static int zoneinfo_parse_node(char **buf, struct zoneinfo_node *node) {
    int fields_to_match = ZI_NODE_FIELD_COUNT;

    for (char *line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", buf); line;
         line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", buf)) {
        char *cp;
        char *ap;
        char *save_ptr;
        int64_t val;
        int field_idx;
        enum field_match_result match_res;

        cp = strtok_r(line, " ", &save_ptr);
        if (!cp) {
            return false;
        }

        ap = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &save_ptr);
        if (!ap) {
            return false;
        }

        match_res = match_field(cp, ap, zoneinfo_node_field_names, ZI_NODE_FIELD_COUNT,
            &val, &field_idx);
        if (match_res == PARSE_FAIL) {
            return false;
        }
        if (match_res == PARSE_SUCCESS) {
            node->fields.arr[field_idx] = val;
            fields_to_match--;
            if (!fields_to_match) {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    return false;
}

static int zoneinfo_parse(struct zoneinfo *zi) {
    static struct reread_data file_data = {
        .filename = ZONEINFO_PATH,
        .fd = -1,
    };
    char *buf;
    char *save_ptr;
    char *line;
    char zone_name[LINE_MAX + 1];
    struct zoneinfo_node *node = NULL;
    int node_idx = 0;
    int zone_idx = 0;

    memset(zi, 0, sizeof(struct zoneinfo));

    if ((buf = reread_file(&file_data)) == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    for (line = strtok_r(buf, "\n", &save_ptr); line;
         line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", &save_ptr)) {
        int node_id;
        if (sscanf(line, "Node %d, zone %" STRINGIFY(LINE_MAX) "s", &node_id, zone_name) == 2) {
            if (!node || node->id != node_id) {
                /* new node is found */
                if (node) {
                    node->zone_count = zone_idx + 1;
                    node_idx++;
                    if (node_idx == MAX_NR_NODES) {
                        /* max node count exceeded */
                        ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data.filename);
                        return -1;
                    }
                }
                node = &zi->nodes[node_idx];
                node->id = node_id;
                zone_idx = 0;
                if (!zoneinfo_parse_node(&save_ptr, node)) {
                    ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data.filename);
                    return -1;
                }
            } else {
                /* new zone is found */
                zone_idx++;
            }
            if (!zoneinfo_parse_zone(&save_ptr, &node->zones[zone_idx])) {
                ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data.filename);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    }
    if (!node) {
        ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data.filename);
        return -1;
    }
    node->zone_count = zone_idx + 1;
    zi->node_count = node_idx + 1;

    /* calculate totals fields */
    for (node_idx = 0; node_idx < zi->node_count; node_idx++) {
        node = &zi->nodes[node_idx];
        for (zone_idx = 0; zone_idx < node->zone_count; zone_idx++) {
            struct zoneinfo_zone *zone = &zi->nodes[node_idx].zones[zone_idx];
            zi->totalreserve_pages += zone->max_protection + zone->fields.field.high;
        }
        zi->total_inactive_file += node->fields.field.nr_inactive_file;
        zi->total_active_file += node->fields.field.nr_active_file;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* /proc/meminfo parsing routines */
static bool meminfo_parse_line(char *line, union meminfo *mi) {
    char *cp = line;
    char *ap;
    char *save_ptr;
    int64_t val;
    int field_idx;
    enum field_match_result match_res;

    cp = strtok_r(line, " ", &save_ptr);
    if (!cp) {
        return false;
    }

    ap = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &save_ptr);
    if (!ap) {
        return false;
    }

    match_res = match_field(cp, ap, meminfo_field_names, MI_FIELD_COUNT,
        &val, &field_idx);
    if (match_res == PARSE_SUCCESS) {
        mi->arr[field_idx] = val / page_k;
    }
    return (match_res != PARSE_FAIL);
}

static int64_t read_gpu_total_kb() {
    static int fd = android::bpf::bpfFdGet(
            "/sys/fs/bpf/map_gpuMem_gpu_mem_total_map", BPF_F_RDONLY);
    static constexpr uint64_t kBpfKeyGpuTotalUsage = 0;
    uint64_t value;

    if (fd < 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    return android::bpf::findMapEntry(fd, &kBpfKeyGpuTotalUsage, &value)
            ? 0
            : (int32_t)(value / 1024);
}

static int meminfo_parse(union meminfo *mi) {
    static struct reread_data file_data = {
        .filename = MEMINFO_PATH,
        .fd = -1,
    };
    char *buf;
    char *save_ptr;
    char *line;

    memset(mi, 0, sizeof(union meminfo));

    if ((buf = reread_file(&file_data)) == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    for (line = strtok_r(buf, "\n", &save_ptr); line;
         line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", &save_ptr)) {
        if (!meminfo_parse_line(line, mi)) {
            ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data.filename);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    mi->field.nr_file_pages = mi->field.cached + mi->field.swap_cached +
        mi->field.buffers;
    mi->field.total_gpu_kb = read_gpu_total_kb();
    mi->field.easy_available = mi->field.nr_free_pages + mi->field.inactive_file;

    return 0;
}

// In the case of ZRAM, mi->field.free_swap can't be used directly because swap space is taken
// from the free memory or reclaimed. Use the lowest of free_swap and easily available memory to
// measure free swap because they represent how much swap space the system will consider to use
// and how much it can actually use.
// Swap compression ratio in the calculation can be adjusted using swap_compression_ratio tunable.
// By setting swap_compression_ratio to 0, available memory can be ignored.
static inline int64_t get_free_swap(union meminfo *mi) {
    if (swap_compression_ratio)
        return std::min(mi->field.free_swap, mi->field.easy_available * swap_compression_ratio);
    return mi->field.free_swap;
}

/* /proc/vmstat parsing routines */
static bool vmstat_parse_line(char *line, union vmstat *vs) {
    char *cp;
    char *ap;
    char *save_ptr;
    int64_t val;
    int field_idx;
    enum field_match_result match_res;

    cp = strtok_r(line, " ", &save_ptr);
    if (!cp) {
        return false;
    }

    ap = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &save_ptr);
    if (!ap) {
        return false;
    }

    match_res = match_field(cp, ap, vmstat_field_names, VS_FIELD_COUNT,
        &val, &field_idx);
    if (match_res == PARSE_SUCCESS) {
        vs->arr[field_idx] = val;
    }
    return (match_res != PARSE_FAIL);
}

static int vmstat_parse(union vmstat *vs) {
    static struct reread_data file_data = {
        .filename = VMSTAT_PATH,
        .fd = -1,
    };
    char *buf;
    char *save_ptr;
    char *line;

    memset(vs, 0, sizeof(union vmstat));

    if ((buf = reread_file(&file_data)) == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    for (line = strtok_r(buf, "\n", &save_ptr); line;
         line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", &save_ptr)) {
        if (!vmstat_parse_line(line, vs)) {
            ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data.filename);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static int psi_parse(struct reread_data *file_data, struct psi_stats stats[], bool full) {
    char *buf;
    char *save_ptr;
    char *line;

    if ((buf = reread_file(file_data)) == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    line = strtok_r(buf, "\n", &save_ptr);
    if (parse_psi_line(line, PSI_SOME, stats)) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (full) {
        line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", &save_ptr);
        if (parse_psi_line(line, PSI_FULL, stats)) {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static int psi_parse_mem(struct psi_data *psi_data) {
    static struct reread_data file_data = {
            .filename = psi_resource_file[PSI_MEMORY],
            .fd = -1,
    };
    return psi_parse(&file_data, psi_data->mem_stats, true);
}

static int psi_parse_io(struct psi_data *psi_data) {
    static struct reread_data file_data = {
            .filename = psi_resource_file[PSI_IO],
            .fd = -1,
    };
    return psi_parse(&file_data, psi_data->io_stats, true);
}

static int psi_parse_cpu(struct psi_data *psi_data) {
    static struct reread_data file_data = {
            .filename = psi_resource_file[PSI_CPU],
            .fd = -1,
    };
    return psi_parse(&file_data, psi_data->cpu_stats, false);
}

enum wakeup_reason {
    Event,
    Polling
};

struct wakeup_info {
    struct timespec wakeup_tm;
    struct timespec prev_wakeup_tm;
    struct timespec last_event_tm;
    int wakeups_since_event;
    int skipped_wakeups;
};

/*
 * After the initial memory pressure event is received lmkd schedules periodic wakeups to check
 * the memory conditions and kill if needed (polling). This is done because pressure events are
 * rate-limited and memory conditions can change in between events. Therefore after the initial
 * event there might be multiple wakeups. This function records the wakeup information such as the
 * timestamps of the last event and the last wakeup, the number of wakeups since the last event
 * and how many of those wakeups were skipped (some wakeups are skipped if previously killed
 * process is still freeing its memory).
 */
static void record_wakeup_time(struct timespec *tm, enum wakeup_reason reason,
                               struct wakeup_info *wi) {
    wi->prev_wakeup_tm = wi->wakeup_tm;
    wi->wakeup_tm = *tm;
    if (reason == Event) {
        wi->last_event_tm = *tm;
        wi->wakeups_since_event = 0;
        wi->skipped_wakeups = 0;
    } else {
        wi->wakeups_since_event++;
    }
}

struct kill_info {
    enum kill_reasons kill_reason;
    const char *kill_desc;
    int thrashing;
    int max_thrashing;
};

static void killinfo_log(struct proc* procp, int min_oom_score, int rss_kb,
                         int swap_kb, struct kill_info *ki, union meminfo *mi,
                         struct wakeup_info *wi, struct timespec *tm, struct psi_data *pd) {
    /* log process information */
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, procp->pid);
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, procp->uid);
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, procp->oomadj);
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, min_oom_score);
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, std::min(rss_kb, (int)INT32_MAX));
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, ki ? ki->kill_reason : NONE);

    /* log meminfo fields */
    for (int field_idx = 0; field_idx < MI_FIELD_COUNT; field_idx++) {
        android_log_write_int32(ctx,
                                mi ? std::min(mi->arr[field_idx] * page_k, (int64_t)INT32_MAX) : 0);
    }

    /* log lmkd wakeup information */
    if (wi) {
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, (int32_t)get_time_diff_ms(&wi->last_event_tm, tm));
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, (int32_t)get_time_diff_ms(&wi->prev_wakeup_tm, tm));
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, wi->wakeups_since_event);
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, wi->skipped_wakeups);
    } else {
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, 0);
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, 0);
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, 0);
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, 0);
    }

    android_log_write_int32(ctx, std::min(swap_kb, (int)INT32_MAX));
    android_log_write_int32(ctx, mi ? (int32_t)mi->field.total_gpu_kb : 0);
    if (ki) {
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, ki->thrashing);
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, ki->max_thrashing);
    } else {
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, 0);
        android_log_write_int32(ctx, 0);
    }

    if (pd) {
        android_log_write_float32(ctx, pd->mem_stats[PSI_SOME].avg10);
        android_log_write_float32(ctx, pd->mem_stats[PSI_FULL].avg10);
        android_log_write_float32(ctx, pd->io_stats[PSI_SOME].avg10);
        android_log_write_float32(ctx, pd->io_stats[PSI_FULL].avg10);
        android_log_write_float32(ctx, pd->cpu_stats[PSI_SOME].avg10);
    } else {
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            android_log_write_float32(ctx, 0);
        }
    }

    android_log_write_list(ctx, LOG_ID_EVENTS);
    android_log_reset(ctx);
}

// Note: returned entry is only an anchor and does not hold a valid process info.
// When called from a non-main thread, adjslot_list_lock read lock should be taken.
static struct proc *proc_adj_head(int oomadj) {
    return (struct proc *)&procadjslot_list[ADJTOSLOT(oomadj)];
}

// When called from a non-main thread, adjslot_list_lock read lock should be taken.
static struct proc *proc_adj_tail(int oomadj) {
    return (struct proc *)adjslot_tail(&procadjslot_list[ADJTOSLOT(oomadj)]);
}

// When called from a non-main thread, adjslot_list_lock read lock should be taken.
static struct proc *proc_adj_prev(int oomadj, int pid) {
    struct adjslot_list *head = &procadjslot_list[ADJTOSLOT(oomadj)];
    struct adjslot_list *curr = adjslot_tail(&procadjslot_list[ADJTOSLOT(oomadj)]);

    while (curr != head) {
        if (((struct proc *)curr)->pid == pid) {
            return (struct proc *)curr->prev;
        }
        curr = curr->prev;
    }

    return NULL;
}

// Can be called only from the main thread.
static struct proc *proc_get_heaviest(int oomadj) {
    struct adjslot_list *head = &procadjslot_list[ADJTOSLOT(oomadj)];
    struct adjslot_list *curr = head->next;
    struct proc *maxprocp = NULL;
    int maxsize = 0;
    while (curr != head) {
        int pid = ((struct proc *)curr)->pid;
        int tasksize = proc_get_size(pid);
        if (tasksize < 0) {
            struct adjslot_list *next = curr->next;
            pid_remove(pid);
            curr = next;
        } else {
            if (tasksize > maxsize) {
                maxsize = tasksize;
                maxprocp = (struct proc *)curr;
            }
            curr = curr->next;
        }
    }
    return maxprocp;
}

static bool find_victim(int oom_score, int prev_pid, struct proc &target_proc) {
    struct proc *procp;
    std::shared_lock lock(adjslot_list_lock);

    if (!prev_pid) {
        procp = proc_adj_tail(oom_score);
    } else {
        procp = proc_adj_prev(oom_score, prev_pid);
        if (!procp) {
            // pid was removed, restart at the tail
            procp = proc_adj_tail(oom_score);
        }
    }

    // the list is empty at this oom_score or we looped through it
    if (!procp || procp == proc_adj_head(oom_score)) {
        return false;
    }

    // make a copy because original might be destroyed after adjslot_list_lock is released
    target_proc = *procp;

    return true;
}

static void watchdog_callback() {
    int prev_pid = 0;

    ALOGW("lmkd watchdog timed out!");
    for (int oom_score = OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX; oom_score >= 0;) {
        struct proc target;

        if (!find_victim(oom_score, prev_pid, target)) {
            oom_score--;
            prev_pid = 0;
            continue;
        }

        if (target.valid && reaper.kill({ target.pidfd, target.pid, target.uid }, true) == 0) {
            ALOGW("lmkd watchdog killed process %d, oom_score_adj %d", target.pid, oom_score);
            killinfo_log(&target, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
            // Can't call pid_remove() from non-main thread, therefore just invalidate the record
            pid_invalidate(target.pid);
            break;
        }
        prev_pid = target.pid;
    }
}

static Watchdog watchdog(WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_SEC, watchdog_callback);

static bool is_kill_pending(void) {
    char buf[24];

    if (last_kill_pid_or_fd < 0) {
        return false;
    }

    if (pidfd_supported) {
        return true;
    }

    /* when pidfd is not supported base the decision on /proc/<pid> existence */
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/%d/", last_kill_pid_or_fd);
    if (access(buf, F_OK) == 0) {
        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

static bool is_waiting_for_kill(void) {
    return pidfd_supported && last_kill_pid_or_fd >= 0;
}

static void stop_wait_for_proc_kill(bool finished) {
    struct epoll_event epev;

    if (last_kill_pid_or_fd < 0) {
        return;
    }

    if (debug_process_killing) {
        struct timespec curr_tm;

        if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm) != 0) {
            /*
             * curr_tm is used here merely to report kill duration, so this failure is not fatal.
             * Log an error and continue.
             */
            ALOGE("Failed to get current time");
        }

        if (finished) {
            ALOGI("Process got killed in %ldms",
                get_time_diff_ms(&last_kill_tm, &curr_tm));
        } else {
            ALOGI("Stop waiting for process kill after %ldms",
                get_time_diff_ms(&last_kill_tm, &curr_tm));
        }
    }

    if (pidfd_supported) {
        /* unregister fd */
        if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, last_kill_pid_or_fd, &epev)) {
            // Log an error and keep going
            ALOGE("epoll_ctl for last killed process failed; errno=%d", errno);
        }
        maxevents--;
        close(last_kill_pid_or_fd);
    }

    last_kill_pid_or_fd = -1;
}

static void kill_done_handler(int data __unused, uint32_t events __unused,
                              struct polling_params *poll_params) {
    stop_wait_for_proc_kill(true);
    poll_params->update = POLLING_RESUME;
}

static void kill_fail_handler(int data __unused, uint32_t events __unused,
                              struct polling_params *poll_params) {
    int pid;

    // Extract pid from the communication pipe. Clearing the pipe this way allows further
    // epoll_wait calls to sleep until the next event.
    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(reaper_comm_fd[0], &pid, sizeof(pid))) != sizeof(pid)) {
        ALOGE("thread communication read failed: %s", strerror(errno));
    }
    stop_wait_for_proc_kill(false);
    poll_params->update = POLLING_RESUME;
}

static void start_wait_for_proc_kill(int pid_or_fd) {
    static struct event_handler_info kill_done_hinfo = { 0, kill_done_handler };
    struct epoll_event epev;

    if (last_kill_pid_or_fd >= 0) {
        /* Should not happen but if it does we should stop previous wait */
        ALOGE("Attempt to wait for a kill while another wait is in progress");
        stop_wait_for_proc_kill(false);
    }

    last_kill_pid_or_fd = pid_or_fd;

    if (!pidfd_supported) {
        /* If pidfd is not supported just store PID and exit */
        return;
    }

    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.ptr = (void *)&kill_done_hinfo;
    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, last_kill_pid_or_fd, &epev) != 0) {
        ALOGE("epoll_ctl for last kill failed; errno=%d", errno);
        close(last_kill_pid_or_fd);
        last_kill_pid_or_fd = -1;
        return;
    }
    maxevents++;
}

/* Kill one process specified by procp.  Returns the size (in pages) of the process killed */
static int kill_one_process(struct proc* procp, int min_oom_score, struct kill_info *ki,
                            union meminfo *mi, struct wakeup_info *wi, struct timespec *tm,
                            struct psi_data *pd) {
    int pid = procp->pid;
    int pidfd = procp->pidfd;
    uid_t uid = procp->uid;
    char *taskname;
    int kill_result;
    int result = -1;
    struct memory_stat *mem_st;
    struct kill_stat kill_st;
    int64_t tgid;
    int64_t rss_kb;
    int64_t swap_kb;
    char buf[pagesize];
    char desc[LINE_MAX];

    if (!procp->valid || !read_proc_status(pid, buf, sizeof(buf))) {
        goto out;
    }
    if (!parse_status_tag(buf, PROC_STATUS_TGID_FIELD, &tgid)) {
        ALOGE("Unable to parse tgid from /proc/%d/status", pid);
        goto out;
    }
    if (tgid != pid) {
        ALOGE("Possible pid reuse detected (pid %d, tgid %" PRId64 ")!", pid, tgid);
        goto out;
    }
    // Zombie processes will not have RSS / Swap fields.
    if (!parse_status_tag(buf, PROC_STATUS_RSS_FIELD, &rss_kb)) {
        goto out;
    }
    if (!parse_status_tag(buf, PROC_STATUS_SWAP_FIELD, &swap_kb)) {
        goto out;
    }

    taskname = proc_get_name(pid, buf, sizeof(buf));
    // taskname will point inside buf, do not reuse buf onwards.
    if (!taskname) {
        goto out;
    }

    mem_st = stats_read_memory_stat(per_app_memcg, pid, uid, rss_kb * 1024, swap_kb * 1024);

    snprintf(desc, sizeof(desc), "lmk,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d", pid, ki ? (int)ki->kill_reason : -1,
             procp->oomadj, min_oom_score, ki ? ki->max_thrashing : -1);

    result = lmkd_free_memory_before_kill_hook(procp, rss_kb / page_k, procp->oomadj,
                                               ki ? (int)ki->kill_reason : -1);
    if (result > 0) {
      /*
       * Memory was freed elsewhere; no need to kill. Note: intentionally do not
       * pid_remove(pid) since it was not killed.
       */
      ALOGI("Skipping kill; %ld kB freed elsewhere.", result * page_k);
      return result;
    }

    trace_kill_start(desc);

    start_wait_for_proc_kill(pidfd < 0 ? pid : pidfd);
    kill_result = reaper.kill({ pidfd, pid, uid }, false);

    trace_kill_end();

    if (kill_result) {
        stop_wait_for_proc_kill(false);
        ALOGE("kill(%d): errno=%d", pid, errno);
        /* Delete process record even when we fail to kill so that we don't get stuck on it */
        goto out;
    }

    last_kill_tm = *tm;

    inc_killcnt(procp->oomadj);

    if (ki) {
        kill_st.kill_reason = ki->kill_reason;
        kill_st.thrashing = ki->thrashing;
        kill_st.max_thrashing = ki->max_thrashing;
        ALOGI("Kill '%s' (%d), uid %d, oom_score_adj %d to free %" PRId64 "kB rss, %" PRId64
              "kB swap; reason: %s", taskname, pid, uid, procp->oomadj, rss_kb, swap_kb,
              ki->kill_desc);
    } else {
        kill_st.kill_reason = NONE;
        kill_st.thrashing = 0;
        kill_st.max_thrashing = 0;
        ALOGI("Kill '%s' (%d), uid %d, oom_score_adj %d to free %" PRId64 "kB rss, %" PRId64
              "kb swap", taskname, pid, uid, procp->oomadj, rss_kb, swap_kb);
    }
    killinfo_log(procp, min_oom_score, rss_kb, swap_kb, ki, mi, wi, tm, pd);

    kill_st.uid = static_cast<int32_t>(uid);
    kill_st.taskname = taskname;
    kill_st.oom_score = procp->oomadj;
    kill_st.min_oom_score = min_oom_score;
    kill_st.free_mem_kb = mi->field.nr_free_pages * page_k;
    kill_st.free_swap_kb = get_free_swap(mi) * page_k;
    stats_write_lmk_kill_occurred(&kill_st, mem_st);

    ctrl_data_write_lmk_kill_occurred((pid_t)pid, uid);

    result = rss_kb / page_k;

out:
    /*
     * WARNING: After pid_remove() procp is freed and can't be used!
     * Therefore placed at the end of the function.
     */
    pid_remove(pid);
    return result;
}

/*
 * Find one process to kill at or above the given oom_score_adj level.
 * Returns size of the killed process.
 */
static int find_and_kill_process(int min_score_adj, struct kill_info *ki, union meminfo *mi,
                                 struct wakeup_info *wi, struct timespec *tm,
                                 struct psi_data *pd) {
    int i;
    int killed_size = 0;
    bool choose_heaviest_task = kill_heaviest_task;

    for (i = OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX; i >= min_score_adj; i--) {
        struct proc *procp;

        if (!choose_heaviest_task && i <= PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
            /*
             * If we have to choose a perceptible process, choose the heaviest one to
             * hopefully minimize the number of victims.
             */
            choose_heaviest_task = true;
        }

        while (true) {
            procp = choose_heaviest_task ?
                proc_get_heaviest(i) : proc_adj_tail(i);

            if (!procp)
                break;

            killed_size = kill_one_process(procp, min_score_adj, ki, mi, wi, tm, pd);
            if (killed_size >= 0) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (killed_size) {
            break;
        }
    }

    return killed_size;
}

static int64_t get_memory_usage(struct reread_data *file_data) {
    int64_t mem_usage;
    char *buf;

    if ((buf = reread_file(file_data)) == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (!parse_int64(buf, &mem_usage)) {
        ALOGE("%s parse error", file_data->filename);
        return -1;
    }
    if (mem_usage == 0) {
        ALOGE("No memory!");
        return -1;
    }
    return mem_usage;
}

void record_low_pressure_levels(union meminfo *mi) {
    if (low_pressure_mem.min_nr_free_pages == -1 ||
        low_pressure_mem.min_nr_free_pages > mi->field.nr_free_pages) {
        if (debug_process_killing) {
            ALOGI("Low pressure min memory update from %" PRId64 " to %" PRId64,
                low_pressure_mem.min_nr_free_pages, mi->field.nr_free_pages);
        }
        low_pressure_mem.min_nr_free_pages = mi->field.nr_free_pages;
    }
    /*
     * Free memory at low vmpressure events occasionally gets spikes,
     * possibly a stale low vmpressure event with memory already
     * freed up (no memory pressure should have been reported).
     * Ignore large jumps in max_nr_free_pages that would mess up our stats.
     */
    if (low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages == -1 ||
        (low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages < mi->field.nr_free_pages &&
         mi->field.nr_free_pages - low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages <
         low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages * 0.1)) {
        if (debug_process_killing) {
            ALOGI("Low pressure max memory update from %" PRId64 " to %" PRId64,
                low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages, mi->field.nr_free_pages);
        }
        low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages = mi->field.nr_free_pages;
    }
}

enum vmpressure_level upgrade_level(enum vmpressure_level level) {
    return (enum vmpressure_level)((level < VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL) ?
        level + 1 : level);
}

enum vmpressure_level downgrade_level(enum vmpressure_level level) {
    return (enum vmpressure_level)((level > VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW) ?
        level - 1 : level);
}

enum zone_watermark {
    WMARK_MIN = 0,
    WMARK_LOW,
    WMARK_HIGH,
    WMARK_NONE
};

struct zone_watermarks {
    long high_wmark;
    long low_wmark;
    long min_wmark;
};

/*
 * Returns lowest breached watermark or WMARK_NONE.
 */
static enum zone_watermark get_lowest_watermark(union meminfo *mi,
                                                struct zone_watermarks *watermarks)
{
    int64_t nr_free_pages = mi->field.nr_free_pages - mi->field.cma_free;

    if (nr_free_pages < watermarks->min_wmark) {
        return WMARK_MIN;
    }
    if (nr_free_pages < watermarks->low_wmark) {
        return WMARK_LOW;
    }
    if (nr_free_pages < watermarks->high_wmark) {
        return WMARK_HIGH;
    }
    return WMARK_NONE;
}

void calc_zone_watermarks(struct zoneinfo *zi, struct zone_watermarks *watermarks) {
    memset(watermarks, 0, sizeof(struct zone_watermarks));

    for (int node_idx = 0; node_idx < zi->node_count; node_idx++) {
        struct zoneinfo_node *node = &zi->nodes[node_idx];
        for (int zone_idx = 0; zone_idx < node->zone_count; zone_idx++) {
            struct zoneinfo_zone *zone = &node->zones[zone_idx];

            if (!zone->fields.field.present) {
                continue;
            }

            watermarks->high_wmark += zone->max_protection + zone->fields.field.high;
            watermarks->low_wmark += zone->max_protection + zone->fields.field.low;
            watermarks->min_wmark += zone->max_protection + zone->fields.field.min;
        }
    }
}

static int calc_swap_utilization(union meminfo *mi) {
    int64_t swap_used = mi->field.total_swap - get_free_swap(mi);
    int64_t total_swappable = mi->field.active_anon + mi->field.inactive_anon +
                              mi->field.shmem + swap_used;
    return total_swappable > 0 ? (swap_used * 100) / total_swappable : 0;
}

static void mp_event_psi(int data, uint32_t events, struct polling_params *poll_params) {
    enum reclaim_state {
        NO_RECLAIM = 0,
        KSWAPD_RECLAIM,
        DIRECT_RECLAIM,
    };
    static int64_t init_ws_refault;
    static int64_t prev_workingset_refault;
    static int64_t base_file_lru;
    static int64_t init_pgscan_kswapd;
    static int64_t init_pgscan_direct;
    static int64_t init_pgrefill;
    static bool killing;
    static int thrashing_limit = thrashing_limit_pct;
    static struct zone_watermarks watermarks;
    static struct timespec wmark_update_tm;
    static struct wakeup_info wi;
    static struct timespec thrashing_reset_tm;
    static int64_t prev_thrash_growth = 0;
    static bool check_filecache = false;
    static int max_thrashing = 0;

    union meminfo mi;
    union vmstat vs;
    struct psi_data psi_data;
    struct timespec curr_tm;
    int64_t thrashing = 0;
    bool swap_is_low = false;
    enum vmpressure_level level = (enum vmpressure_level)data;
    enum kill_reasons kill_reason = NONE;
    bool cycle_after_kill = false;
    enum reclaim_state reclaim = NO_RECLAIM;
    enum zone_watermark wmark = WMARK_NONE;
    char kill_desc[LINE_MAX];
    bool cut_thrashing_limit = false;
    int min_score_adj = 0;
    int swap_util = 0;
    int64_t swap_low_threshold;
    long since_thrashing_reset_ms;
    int64_t workingset_refault_file;
    bool critical_stall = false;
    bool in_direct_reclaim;
    long direct_reclaim_duration_ms;
    bool in_kswapd_reclaim;

    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm) != 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to get current time");
        return;
    }

    record_wakeup_time(&curr_tm, events ? Event : Polling, &wi);

    bool kill_pending = is_kill_pending();
    if (kill_pending && (kill_timeout_ms == 0 ||
        get_time_diff_ms(&last_kill_tm, &curr_tm) < static_cast<long>(kill_timeout_ms))) {
        /* Skip while still killing a process */
        wi.skipped_wakeups++;
        goto no_kill;
    }
    /*
     * Process is dead or kill timeout is over, stop waiting. This has no effect if pidfds are
     * supported and death notification already caused waiting to stop.
     */
    stop_wait_for_proc_kill(!kill_pending);

    if (vmstat_parse(&vs) < 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to parse vmstat!");
        return;
    }
    /* Starting 5.9 kernel workingset_refault vmstat field was renamed workingset_refault_file */
    workingset_refault_file = vs.field.workingset_refault ? : vs.field.workingset_refault_file;

    if (meminfo_parse(&mi) < 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to parse meminfo!");
        return;
    }

    /* Reset states after process got killed */
    if (killing) {
        killing = false;
        cycle_after_kill = true;
        /* Reset file-backed pagecache size and refault amounts after a kill */
        base_file_lru = vs.field.nr_inactive_file + vs.field.nr_active_file;
        init_ws_refault = workingset_refault_file;
        thrashing_reset_tm = curr_tm;
        prev_thrash_growth = 0;
    }

    /* Check free swap levels */
    if (swap_free_low_percentage) {
        swap_low_threshold = mi.field.total_swap * swap_free_low_percentage / 100;
        swap_is_low = get_free_swap(&mi) < swap_low_threshold;
    } else {
        swap_low_threshold = 0;
    }

    if (memevent_listener) {
        in_direct_reclaim =
                direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_sec != 0 || direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_nsec != 0;
        in_kswapd_reclaim = kswapd_start_tm.tv_sec != 0 || kswapd_start_tm.tv_nsec != 0;
    } else {
        in_direct_reclaim = vs.field.pgscan_direct != init_pgscan_direct;
        in_kswapd_reclaim = (vs.field.pgscan_kswapd != init_pgscan_kswapd) ||
                            (vs.field.pgrefill != init_pgrefill);
    }

    /* Identify reclaim state */
    if (in_direct_reclaim) {
        init_pgscan_direct = vs.field.pgscan_direct;
        init_pgscan_kswapd = vs.field.pgscan_kswapd;
        init_pgrefill = vs.field.pgrefill;
        direct_reclaim_duration_ms = get_time_diff_ms(&direct_reclaim_start_tm, &curr_tm);
        reclaim = DIRECT_RECLAIM;
    } else if (in_kswapd_reclaim) {
        init_pgscan_kswapd = vs.field.pgscan_kswapd;
        init_pgrefill = vs.field.pgrefill;
        reclaim = KSWAPD_RECLAIM;
    } else if (workingset_refault_file == prev_workingset_refault) {
        /*
         * Device is not thrashing and not reclaiming, bail out early until we see these stats
         * changing
         */
        goto no_kill;
    }

    prev_workingset_refault = workingset_refault_file;

     /*
     * It's possible we fail to find an eligible process to kill (ex. no process is
     * above oom_adj_min). When this happens, we should retry to find a new process
     * for a kill whenever a new eligible process is available. This is especially
     * important for a slow growing refault case. While retrying, we should keep
     * monitoring new thrashing counter as someone could release the memory to mitigate
     * the thrashing. Thus, when thrashing reset window comes, we decay the prev thrashing
     * counter by window counts. If the counter is still greater than thrashing limit,
     * we preserve the current prev_thrash counter so we will retry kill again. Otherwise,
     * we reset the prev_thrash counter so we will stop retrying.
     */
    since_thrashing_reset_ms = get_time_diff_ms(&thrashing_reset_tm, &curr_tm);
    if (since_thrashing_reset_ms > THRASHING_RESET_INTERVAL_MS) {
        long windows_passed;
        /* Calculate prev_thrash_growth if we crossed THRASHING_RESET_INTERVAL_MS */
        prev_thrash_growth = (workingset_refault_file - init_ws_refault) * 100
                            / (base_file_lru + 1);
        windows_passed = (since_thrashing_reset_ms / THRASHING_RESET_INTERVAL_MS);
        /*
         * Decay prev_thrashing unless over-the-limit thrashing was registered in the window we
         * just crossed, which means there were no eligible processes to kill. We preserve the
         * counter in that case to ensure a kill if a new eligible process appears.
         */
        if (windows_passed > 1 || prev_thrash_growth < thrashing_limit) {
            prev_thrash_growth >>= windows_passed;
        }

        /* Record file-backed pagecache size when crossing THRASHING_RESET_INTERVAL_MS */
        base_file_lru = vs.field.nr_inactive_file + vs.field.nr_active_file;
        init_ws_refault = workingset_refault_file;
        thrashing_reset_tm = curr_tm;
        thrashing_limit = thrashing_limit_pct;
    } else {
        /* Calculate what % of the file-backed pagecache refaulted so far */
        thrashing = (workingset_refault_file - init_ws_refault) * 100 / (base_file_lru + 1);
    }
    /* Add previous cycle's decayed thrashing amount */
    thrashing += prev_thrash_growth;
    if (max_thrashing < thrashing) {
        max_thrashing = thrashing;
    }

update_watermarks:
    /*
     * Refresh watermarks once per min in case user updated one of the margins.
     * TODO: b/140521024 replace this periodic update with an API for AMS to notify LMKD
     * that zone watermarks were changed by the system software.
     */
    if (watermarks.high_wmark == 0 || get_time_diff_ms(&wmark_update_tm, &curr_tm) > 60000) {
        struct zoneinfo zi;

        if (zoneinfo_parse(&zi) < 0) {
            ALOGE("Failed to parse zoneinfo!");
            return;
        }

        calc_zone_watermarks(&zi, &watermarks);
        wmark_update_tm = curr_tm;
    }

    /* Find out which watermark is breached if any */
    wmark = get_lowest_watermark(&mi, &watermarks);

    if (!psi_parse_mem(&psi_data)) {
        critical_stall = psi_data.mem_stats[PSI_FULL].avg10 > (float)stall_limit_critical;
    }
    /*
     * TODO: move this logic into a separate function
     * Decide if killing a process is necessary and record the reason
     */
    if (cycle_after_kill && wmark < WMARK_LOW) {
        /*
         * Prevent kills not freeing enough memory which might lead to OOM kill.
         * This might happen when a process is consuming memory faster than reclaim can
         * free even after a kill. Mostly happens when running memory stress tests.
         */
        min_score_adj = pressure_after_kill_min_score;
        kill_reason = PRESSURE_AFTER_KILL;
        strncpy(kill_desc, "min watermark is breached even after kill", sizeof(kill_desc));
    } else if (level == VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL && events != 0) {
        /*
         * Device is too busy reclaiming memory which might lead to ANR.
         * Critical level is triggered when PSI complete stall (all tasks are blocked because
         * of the memory congestion) breaches the configured threshold.
         */
        kill_reason = NOT_RESPONDING;
        strncpy(kill_desc, "device is not responding", sizeof(kill_desc));
    } else if (swap_is_low && thrashing > thrashing_limit_pct) {
        /* Page cache is thrashing while swap is low */
        kill_reason = LOW_SWAP_AND_THRASHING;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "device is low on swap (%" PRId64
            "kB < %" PRId64 "kB) and thrashing (%" PRId64 "%%)",
            get_free_swap(&mi) * page_k, swap_low_threshold * page_k, thrashing);
        /* Do not kill perceptible apps unless below min watermark or heavily thrashing */
        if (wmark > WMARK_MIN && thrashing < thrashing_critical_pct) {
            min_score_adj = PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ + 1;
        }
        check_filecache = true;
    } else if (swap_is_low && wmark < WMARK_HIGH) {
        /* Both free memory and swap are low */
        kill_reason = LOW_MEM_AND_SWAP;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "%s watermark is breached and swap is low (%"
            PRId64 "kB < %" PRId64 "kB)", wmark < WMARK_LOW ? "min" : "low",
            get_free_swap(&mi) * page_k, swap_low_threshold * page_k);
        /* Do not kill perceptible apps unless below min watermark or heavily thrashing */
        if (wmark > WMARK_MIN && thrashing < thrashing_critical_pct) {
            min_score_adj = PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ + 1;
        }
    } else if (wmark < WMARK_HIGH && swap_util_max < 100 &&
               (swap_util = calc_swap_utilization(&mi)) > swap_util_max) {
        /*
         * Too much anon memory is swapped out but swap is not low.
         * Non-swappable allocations created memory pressure.
         */
        kill_reason = LOW_MEM_AND_SWAP_UTIL;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "%s watermark is breached and swap utilization"
            " is high (%d%% > %d%%)", wmark < WMARK_LOW ? "min" : "low",
            swap_util, swap_util_max);
    } else if (wmark < WMARK_HIGH && thrashing > thrashing_limit) {
        /* Page cache is thrashing while memory is low */
        kill_reason = LOW_MEM_AND_THRASHING;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "%s watermark is breached and thrashing (%"
            PRId64 "%%)", wmark < WMARK_LOW ? "min" : "low", thrashing);
        cut_thrashing_limit = true;
        /* Do not kill perceptible apps unless thrashing at critical levels */
        if (thrashing < thrashing_critical_pct) {
            min_score_adj = PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ + 1;
        }
        check_filecache = true;
    } else if (reclaim == DIRECT_RECLAIM && thrashing > thrashing_limit) {
        /* Page cache is thrashing while in direct reclaim (mostly happens on lowram devices) */
        kill_reason = DIRECT_RECL_AND_THRASHING;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "device is in direct reclaim and thrashing (%"
            PRId64 "%%)", thrashing);
        cut_thrashing_limit = true;
        /* Do not kill perceptible apps unless thrashing at critical levels */
        if (thrashing < thrashing_critical_pct) {
            min_score_adj = PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ + 1;
        }
        check_filecache = true;
    } else if (reclaim == DIRECT_RECLAIM && direct_reclaim_threshold_ms > 0 &&
               direct_reclaim_duration_ms > direct_reclaim_threshold_ms) {
        kill_reason = DIRECT_RECL_STUCK;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "device is stuck in direct reclaim (%ldms > %dms)",
                 direct_reclaim_duration_ms, direct_reclaim_threshold_ms);
    } else if (check_filecache) {
        int64_t file_lru_kb = (vs.field.nr_inactive_file + vs.field.nr_active_file) * page_k;

        if (file_lru_kb < filecache_min_kb) {
            /* File cache is too low after thrashing, keep killing background processes */
            kill_reason = LOW_FILECACHE_AFTER_THRASHING;
            snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc),
                "filecache is low (%" PRId64 "kB < %" PRId64 "kB) after thrashing",
                file_lru_kb, filecache_min_kb);
            min_score_adj = PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ + 1;
        } else {
            /* File cache is big enough, stop checking */
            check_filecache = false;
        }
    }

    /* Check if a cached app should be killed */
    if (kill_reason == NONE && wmark < WMARK_HIGH) {
        kill_reason = LOW_MEM;
        snprintf(kill_desc, sizeof(kill_desc), "%s watermark is breached",
            wmark < WMARK_LOW ? "min" : "low");
        min_score_adj = lowmem_min_oom_score;
    }

    /* Kill a process if necessary */
    if (kill_reason != NONE) {
        struct kill_info ki = {
            .kill_reason = kill_reason,
            .kill_desc = kill_desc,
            .thrashing = (int)thrashing,
            .max_thrashing = max_thrashing,
        };
        static bool first_kill = true;

        /* Make sure watermarks are correct before the first kill */
        if (first_kill) {
            first_kill = false;
            watermarks.high_wmark = 0;  // force recomputation
            goto update_watermarks;
        }

        /* Allow killing perceptible apps if the system is stalled */
        if (critical_stall) {
            min_score_adj = 0;
        }
        psi_parse_io(&psi_data);
        psi_parse_cpu(&psi_data);
        int pages_freed = find_and_kill_process(min_score_adj, &ki, &mi, &wi, &curr_tm, &psi_data);
        if (pages_freed > 0) {
            killing = true;
            max_thrashing = 0;
            if (cut_thrashing_limit) {
                /*
                 * Cut thrasing limit by thrashing_limit_decay_pct percentage of the current
                 * thrashing limit until the system stops thrashing.
                 */
                thrashing_limit = (thrashing_limit * (100 - thrashing_limit_decay_pct)) / 100;
            }
        }
    }

no_kill:
    /* Do not poll if kernel supports pidfd waiting */
    if (is_waiting_for_kill()) {
        /* Pause polling if we are waiting for process death notification */
        poll_params->update = POLLING_PAUSE;
        return;
    }

    /*
     * Start polling after initial PSI event;
     * extend polling while device is in direct reclaim or process is being killed;
     * do not extend when kswapd reclaims because that might go on for a long time
     * without causing memory pressure
     */
    if (events || killing || reclaim == DIRECT_RECLAIM) {
        poll_params->update = POLLING_START;
    }

    /* Decide the polling interval */
    if (swap_is_low || killing) {
        /* Fast polling during and after a kill or when swap is low */
        poll_params->polling_interval_ms = PSI_POLL_PERIOD_SHORT_MS;
    } else {
        /* By default use long intervals */
        poll_params->polling_interval_ms = PSI_POLL_PERIOD_LONG_MS;
    }
}

static std::string GetCgroupAttributePath(const char* attr) {
    std::string path;
    if (!CgroupGetAttributePath(attr, &path)) {
        ALOGE("Unknown cgroup attribute %s", attr);
    }
    return path;
}

// The implementation of this function relies on memcg statistics that are only available in the
// v1 cgroup hierarchy.
static void mp_event_common(int data, uint32_t events, struct polling_params *poll_params) {
    unsigned long long evcount;
    int64_t mem_usage, memsw_usage;
    int64_t mem_pressure;
    union meminfo mi;
    struct zoneinfo zi;
    struct timespec curr_tm;
    static unsigned long kill_skip_count = 0;
    enum vmpressure_level level = (enum vmpressure_level)data;
    long other_free = 0, other_file = 0;
    int min_score_adj;
    int minfree = 0;
    static const std::string mem_usage_path = GetCgroupAttributePath("MemUsage");
    static struct reread_data mem_usage_file_data = {
        .filename = mem_usage_path.c_str(),
        .fd = -1,
    };
    static const std::string memsw_usage_path = GetCgroupAttributePath("MemAndSwapUsage");
    static struct reread_data memsw_usage_file_data = {
        .filename = memsw_usage_path.c_str(),
        .fd = -1,
    };
    static struct wakeup_info wi;

    if (debug_process_killing) {
        ALOGI("%s memory pressure event is triggered", level_name[level]);
    }

    if (!use_psi_monitors) {
        /*
         * Check all event counters from low to critical
         * and upgrade to the highest priority one. By reading
         * eventfd we also reset the event counters.
         */
        for (int lvl = VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW; lvl < VMPRESS_LEVEL_COUNT; lvl++) {
            if (mpevfd[lvl] != -1 &&
                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mpevfd[lvl],
                                   &evcount, sizeof(evcount))) > 0 &&
                evcount > 0 && lvl > level) {
                level = static_cast<vmpressure_level>(lvl);
            }
        }
    }

    /* Start polling after initial PSI event */
    if (use_psi_monitors && events) {
        /* Override polling params only if current event is more critical */
        if (!poll_params->poll_handler || data > poll_params->poll_handler->data) {
            poll_params->polling_interval_ms = PSI_POLL_PERIOD_SHORT_MS;
            poll_params->update = POLLING_START;
        }
    }

    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm) != 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to get current time");
        return;
    }

    record_wakeup_time(&curr_tm, events ? Event : Polling, &wi);

    if (kill_timeout_ms &&
        get_time_diff_ms(&last_kill_tm, &curr_tm) < static_cast<long>(kill_timeout_ms)) {
        /*
         * If we're within the no-kill timeout, see if there's pending reclaim work
         * from the last killed process. If so, skip killing for now.
         */
        if (is_kill_pending()) {
            kill_skip_count++;
            wi.skipped_wakeups++;
            return;
        }
        /*
         * Process is dead, stop waiting. This has no effect if pidfds are supported and
         * death notification already caused waiting to stop.
         */
        stop_wait_for_proc_kill(true);
    } else {
        /*
         * Killing took longer than no-kill timeout. Stop waiting for the last process
         * to die because we are ready to kill again.
         */
        stop_wait_for_proc_kill(false);
    }

    if (kill_skip_count > 0) {
        ALOGI("%lu memory pressure events were skipped after a kill!",
              kill_skip_count);
        kill_skip_count = 0;
    }

    if (meminfo_parse(&mi) < 0 || zoneinfo_parse(&zi) < 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to get free memory!");
        return;
    }

    if (use_minfree_levels) {
        int i;

        other_free = mi.field.nr_free_pages - zi.totalreserve_pages;
        if (mi.field.nr_file_pages > (mi.field.shmem + mi.field.unevictable + mi.field.swap_cached)) {
            other_file = (mi.field.nr_file_pages - mi.field.shmem -
                          mi.field.unevictable - mi.field.swap_cached);
        } else {
            other_file = 0;
        }

        min_score_adj = OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX + 1;
        for (i = 0; i < lowmem_targets_size; i++) {
            minfree = lowmem_minfree[i];
            if (other_free < minfree && other_file < minfree) {
                min_score_adj = lowmem_adj[i];
                break;
            }
        }

        if (min_score_adj == OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX + 1) {
            if (debug_process_killing && lowmem_targets_size) {
                ALOGI("Ignore %s memory pressure event "
                      "(free memory=%ldkB, cache=%ldkB, limit=%ldkB)",
                      level_name[level], other_free * page_k, other_file * page_k,
                      (long)lowmem_minfree[lowmem_targets_size - 1] * page_k);
            }
            return;
        }

        goto do_kill;
    }

    if (level == VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW) {
        record_low_pressure_levels(&mi);
    }

    if (level_oomadj[level] > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX) {
        /* Do not monitor this pressure level */
        return;
    }

    if ((mem_usage = get_memory_usage(&mem_usage_file_data)) < 0) {
        goto do_kill;
    }
    if ((memsw_usage = get_memory_usage(&memsw_usage_file_data)) < 0) {
        goto do_kill;
    }

    // Calculate percent for swappinness.
    mem_pressure = (mem_usage * 100) / memsw_usage;

    if (enable_pressure_upgrade && level != VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL) {
        // We are swapping too much.
        if (mem_pressure < upgrade_pressure) {
            level = upgrade_level(level);
            if (debug_process_killing) {
                ALOGI("Event upgraded to %s", level_name[level]);
            }
        }
    }

    // If we still have enough swap space available, check if we want to
    // ignore/downgrade pressure events.
    if (get_free_swap(&mi) >=
        mi.field.total_swap * swap_free_low_percentage / 100) {
        // If the pressure is larger than downgrade_pressure lmk will not
        // kill any process, since enough memory is available.
        if (mem_pressure > downgrade_pressure) {
            if (debug_process_killing) {
                ALOGI("Ignore %s memory pressure", level_name[level]);
            }
            return;
        } else if (level == VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL && mem_pressure > upgrade_pressure) {
            if (debug_process_killing) {
                ALOGI("Downgrade critical memory pressure");
            }
            // Downgrade event, since enough memory available.
            level = downgrade_level(level);
        }
    }

do_kill:
    if (low_ram_device) {
        /* For Go devices kill only one task */
        if (find_and_kill_process(use_minfree_levels ? min_score_adj : level_oomadj[level],
                                  NULL, &mi, &wi, &curr_tm, NULL) == 0) {
            if (debug_process_killing) {
                ALOGI("Nothing to kill");
            }
        }
    } else {
        int pages_freed;
        static struct timespec last_report_tm;
        static unsigned long report_skip_count = 0;

        if (!use_minfree_levels) {
            /* Free up enough memory to downgrate the memory pressure to low level */
            if (mi.field.nr_free_pages >= low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages) {
                if (debug_process_killing) {
                    ALOGI("Ignoring pressure since more memory is "
                        "available (%" PRId64 ") than watermark (%" PRId64 ")",
                        mi.field.nr_free_pages, low_pressure_mem.max_nr_free_pages);
                }
                return;
            }
            min_score_adj = level_oomadj[level];
        }

        pages_freed = find_and_kill_process(min_score_adj, NULL, &mi, &wi, &curr_tm, NULL);

        if (pages_freed == 0) {
            /* Rate limit kill reports when nothing was reclaimed */
            if (get_time_diff_ms(&last_report_tm, &curr_tm) < FAIL_REPORT_RLIMIT_MS) {
                report_skip_count++;
                return;
            }
        }

        /* Log whenever we kill or when report rate limit allows */
        if (use_minfree_levels) {
            ALOGI("Reclaimed %ldkB, cache(%ldkB) and free(%" PRId64 "kB)-reserved(%" PRId64 "kB) "
                "below min(%ldkB) for oom_score_adj %d",
                pages_freed * page_k,
                other_file * page_k, mi.field.nr_free_pages * page_k,
                zi.totalreserve_pages * page_k,
                minfree * page_k, min_score_adj);
        } else {
            ALOGI("Reclaimed %ldkB at oom_score_adj %d", pages_freed * page_k, min_score_adj);
        }

        if (report_skip_count > 0) {
            ALOGI("Suppressed %lu failed kill reports", report_skip_count);
            report_skip_count = 0;
        }

        last_report_tm = curr_tm;
    }
    if (is_waiting_for_kill()) {
        /* pause polling if we are waiting for process death notification */
        poll_params->update = POLLING_PAUSE;
    }
}

static bool init_mp_psi(enum vmpressure_level level, bool use_new_strategy) {
    int fd;

    /* Do not register a handler if threshold_ms is not set */
    if (!psi_thresholds[level].threshold_ms) {
        return true;
    }

    fd = init_psi_monitor(psi_thresholds[level].stall_type,
        psi_thresholds[level].threshold_ms * US_PER_MS,
        PSI_WINDOW_SIZE_MS * US_PER_MS);

    if (fd < 0) {
        return false;
    }

    vmpressure_hinfo[level].handler = use_new_strategy ? mp_event_psi : mp_event_common;
    vmpressure_hinfo[level].data = level;
    if (register_psi_monitor(epollfd, fd, &vmpressure_hinfo[level]) < 0) {
        destroy_psi_monitor(fd);
        return false;
    }
    maxevents++;
    mpevfd[level] = fd;

    return true;
}

static void destroy_mp_psi(enum vmpressure_level level) {
    int fd = mpevfd[level];

    if (fd < 0) {
        return;
    }

    if (unregister_psi_monitor(epollfd, fd) < 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed to unregister psi monitor for %s memory pressure; errno=%d",
            level_name[level], errno);
    }
    maxevents--;
    destroy_psi_monitor(fd);
    mpevfd[level] = -1;
}

enum class MemcgVersion {
    kNotFound,
    kV1,
    kV2,
};

static MemcgVersion __memcg_version() {
    std::string cgroupv2_path, memcg_path;

    if (!CgroupGetControllerPath("memory", &memcg_path)) {
        return MemcgVersion::kNotFound;
    }
    return CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, &cgroupv2_path) &&
                           cgroupv2_path == memcg_path
                   ? MemcgVersion::kV2
                   : MemcgVersion::kV1;
}

static MemcgVersion memcg_version() {
    static MemcgVersion version = __memcg_version();

    return version;
}

static void memevent_listener_notification(int data __unused, uint32_t events __unused,
                                           struct polling_params* poll_params __unused) {
    struct timespec curr_tm;
    std::vector<mem_event_t> mem_events;

    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm) != 0) {
        direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_sec = 0;
        direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_nsec = 0;
        ALOGE("Failed to get current time for memevent listener notification.");
        return;
    }

    if (!memevent_listener->getMemEvents(mem_events)) {
        direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_sec = 0;
        direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_nsec = 0;
        ALOGE("Failed fetching memory listener events.");
        return;
    }

    for (const mem_event_t& mem_event : mem_events) {
        switch (mem_event.type) {
            /* Direct Reclaim */
            case MEM_EVENT_DIRECT_RECLAIM_BEGIN:
                direct_reclaim_start_tm = curr_tm;
                break;
            case MEM_EVENT_DIRECT_RECLAIM_END:
                direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_sec = 0;
                direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_nsec = 0;
                break;

            /* kswapd */
            case MEM_EVENT_KSWAPD_WAKE:
                kswapd_start_tm = curr_tm;
                break;
            case MEM_EVENT_KSWAPD_SLEEP:
                kswapd_start_tm.tv_sec = 0;
                kswapd_start_tm.tv_nsec = 0;
                break;
        }
    }
}

static bool init_memevent_listener_monitoring() {
    static struct event_handler_info direct_reclaim_poll_hinfo = {0,
                                                                  memevent_listener_notification};

    if (memevent_listener) return true;

    // Make sure bpf programs are loaded, else we'll wait until they are loaded
    android::bpf::waitForProgsLoaded();
    memevent_listener = std::make_unique<android::bpf::memevents::MemEventListener>(
            android::bpf::memevents::MemEventClient::LMKD);

    if (!memevent_listener->ok()) {
        ALOGE("Failed to initialize memevents listener");
        memevent_listener.reset();
        return false;
    }

    if (!memevent_listener->registerEvent(MEM_EVENT_DIRECT_RECLAIM_BEGIN) ||
        !memevent_listener->registerEvent(MEM_EVENT_DIRECT_RECLAIM_END)) {
        ALOGE("Failed to register direct reclaim memevents");
        memevent_listener.reset();
        return false;
    }
    if (!memevent_listener->registerEvent(MEM_EVENT_KSWAPD_WAKE) ||
        !memevent_listener->registerEvent(MEM_EVENT_KSWAPD_SLEEP)) {
        ALOGE("Failed to register kswapd memevents");
        memevent_listener.reset();
        return false;
    }

    int memevent_listener_fd = memevent_listener->getRingBufferFd();
    if (memevent_listener_fd < 0) {
        memevent_listener.reset();
        ALOGE("Invalid memevent_listener fd: %d", memevent_listener_fd);
        return false;
    }

    struct epoll_event epev;
    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.ptr = (void*)&direct_reclaim_poll_hinfo;
    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, memevent_listener_fd, &epev) < 0) {
        ALOGE("Failed registering memevent_listener fd: %d; errno=%d", memevent_listener_fd, errno);
        memevent_listener.reset();
        return false;
    }

    direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_sec = 0;
    direct_reclaim_start_tm.tv_nsec = 0;

    maxevents++;
    return true;
}

static bool init_psi_monitors() {
    /*
     * When PSI is used on low-ram devices or on high-end devices without memfree levels
     * use new kill strategy based on zone watermarks, free swap and thrashing stats.
     * Also use the new strategy if memcg has not been mounted in the v1 cgroups hiearchy since
     * the old strategy relies on memcg attributes that are available only in the v1 cgroups
     * hiearchy.
     */
    bool use_new_strategy =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "use_new_strategy", low_ram_device || !use_minfree_levels);
    if (!use_new_strategy && memcg_version() != MemcgVersion::kV1) {
        ALOGE("Old kill strategy can only be used with v1 cgroup hierarchy");
        return false;
    }
    /* In default PSI mode override stall amounts using system properties */
    if (use_new_strategy) {
        /* Do not use low pressure level */
        psi_thresholds[VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW].threshold_ms = 0;
        psi_thresholds[VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM].threshold_ms = psi_partial_stall_ms;
        psi_thresholds[VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL].threshold_ms = psi_complete_stall_ms;
    }

    if (!init_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW, use_new_strategy)) {
        return false;
    }
    if (!init_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM, use_new_strategy)) {
        destroy_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW);
        return false;
    }
    if (!init_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL, use_new_strategy)) {
        destroy_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM);
        destroy_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW);
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

static bool init_mp_common(enum vmpressure_level level) {
    // The implementation of this function relies on memcg statistics that are only available in the
    // v1 cgroup hierarchy.
    if (memcg_version() != MemcgVersion::kV1) {
        ALOGE("%s: global monitoring is only available for the v1 cgroup hierarchy", __func__);
        return false;
    }

    int mpfd;
    int evfd;
    int evctlfd;
    char buf[256];
    struct epoll_event epev;
    int ret;
    int level_idx = (int)level;
    const char *levelstr = level_name[level_idx];

    /* gid containing AID_SYSTEM required */
    mpfd = open(GetCgroupAttributePath("MemPressureLevel").c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (mpfd < 0) {
        ALOGI("No kernel memory.pressure_level support (errno=%d)", errno);
        goto err_open_mpfd;
    }

    evctlfd = open(GetCgroupAttributePath("MemCgroupEventControl").c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (evctlfd < 0) {
        ALOGI("No kernel memory cgroup event control (errno=%d)", errno);
        goto err_open_evctlfd;
    }

    evfd = eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC);
    if (evfd < 0) {
        ALOGE("eventfd failed for level %s; errno=%d", levelstr, errno);
        goto err_eventfd;
    }

    ret = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %d %s", evfd, mpfd, levelstr);
    if (ret >= (ssize_t)sizeof(buf)) {
        ALOGE("cgroup.event_control line overflow for level %s", levelstr);
        goto err;
    }

    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(evctlfd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1));
    if (ret == -1) {
        ALOGE("cgroup.event_control write failed for level %s; errno=%d",
              levelstr, errno);
        goto err;
    }

    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    /* use data to store event level */
    vmpressure_hinfo[level_idx].data = level_idx;
    vmpressure_hinfo[level_idx].handler = mp_event_common;
    epev.data.ptr = (void *)&vmpressure_hinfo[level_idx];
    ret = epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, evfd, &epev);
    if (ret == -1) {
        ALOGE("epoll_ctl for level %s failed; errno=%d", levelstr, errno);
        goto err;
    }
    maxevents++;
    mpevfd[level] = evfd;
    close(evctlfd);
    return true;

err:
    close(evfd);
err_eventfd:
    close(evctlfd);
err_open_evctlfd:
    close(mpfd);
err_open_mpfd:
    return false;
}

static void destroy_mp_common(enum vmpressure_level level) {
    struct epoll_event epev;
    int fd = mpevfd[level];

    if (fd < 0) {
        return;
    }

    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd, &epev)) {
        // Log an error and keep going
        ALOGE("epoll_ctl for level %s failed; errno=%d", level_name[level], errno);
    }
    maxevents--;
    close(fd);
    mpevfd[level] = -1;
}

static void kernel_event_handler(int data __unused, uint32_t events __unused,
                                 struct polling_params *poll_params __unused) {
    poll_kernel(kpoll_fd);
}

static bool init_monitors() {
    /* Try to use psi monitor first if kernel has it */
    use_psi_monitors = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "use_psi", true) &&
        init_psi_monitors();
    /* Fall back to vmpressure */
    if (!use_psi_monitors &&
        (!init_mp_common(VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW) ||
        !init_mp_common(VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM) ||
        !init_mp_common(VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL))) {
        ALOGE("Kernel does not support memory pressure events or in-kernel low memory killer");
        return false;
    }
    if (use_psi_monitors) {
        ALOGI("Using psi monitors for memory pressure detection");
    } else {
        ALOGI("Using vmpressure for memory pressure detection");
    }

    monitors_initialized = true;
    return true;
}

static void destroy_monitors() {
    if (use_psi_monitors) {
        destroy_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL);
        destroy_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM);
        destroy_mp_psi(VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW);
    } else {
        destroy_mp_common(VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL);
        destroy_mp_common(VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM);
        destroy_mp_common(VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW);
    }
}

static void drop_reaper_comm() {
    close(reaper_comm_fd[0]);
    close(reaper_comm_fd[1]);
}

static bool setup_reaper_comm() {
    if (pipe(reaper_comm_fd)) {
        ALOGE("pipe failed: %s", strerror(errno));
        return false;
    }

    // Ensure main thread never blocks on read
    int flags = fcntl(reaper_comm_fd[0], F_GETFL);
    if (fcntl(reaper_comm_fd[0], F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK)) {
        ALOGE("fcntl failed: %s", strerror(errno));
        drop_reaper_comm();
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

static bool init_reaper() {
    if (!reaper.is_reaping_supported()) {
        ALOGI("Process reaping is not supported");
        return false;
    }

    if (!setup_reaper_comm()) {
        ALOGE("Failed to create thread communication channel");
        return false;
    }

    // Setup epoll handler
    struct epoll_event epev;
    static struct event_handler_info kill_failed_hinfo = { 0, kill_fail_handler };
    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.ptr = (void *)&kill_failed_hinfo;
    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, reaper_comm_fd[0], &epev)) {
        ALOGE("epoll_ctl failed: %s", strerror(errno));
        drop_reaper_comm();
        return false;
    }

    if (!reaper.init(reaper_comm_fd[1])) {
        ALOGE("Failed to initialize reaper object");
        if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, reaper_comm_fd[0], &epev)) {
            ALOGE("epoll_ctl failed: %s", strerror(errno));
        }
        drop_reaper_comm();
        return false;
    }
    maxevents++;

    return true;
}

static int init(void) {
    static struct event_handler_info kernel_poll_hinfo = { 0, kernel_event_handler };
    struct reread_data file_data = {
        .filename = ZONEINFO_PATH,
        .fd = -1,
    };
    struct epoll_event epev;
    int pidfd;
    int i;
    int ret;

    // Initialize page size
    pagesize = getpagesize();
    page_k = pagesize / 1024;

    epollfd = epoll_create(MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS);
    if (epollfd == -1) {
        ALOGE("epoll_create failed (errno=%d)", errno);
        return -1;
    }

    // mark data connections as not connected
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DATA_CONN; i++) {
        data_sock[i].sock = -1;
    }

    ctrl_sock.sock = android_get_control_socket("lmkd");
    if (ctrl_sock.sock < 0) {
        ALOGE("get lmkd control socket failed");
        return -1;
    }

    ret = listen(ctrl_sock.sock, MAX_DATA_CONN);
    if (ret < 0) {
        ALOGE("lmkd control socket listen failed (errno=%d)", errno);
        return -1;
    }

    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    ctrl_sock.handler_info.handler = ctrl_connect_handler;
    epev.data.ptr = (void *)&(ctrl_sock.handler_info);
    if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, ctrl_sock.sock, &epev) == -1) {
        ALOGE("epoll_ctl for lmkd control socket failed (errno=%d)", errno);
        return -1;
    }
    maxevents++;

    has_inkernel_module = !access(INKERNEL_MINFREE_PATH, W_OK);
    use_inkernel_interface = has_inkernel_module;

    if (use_inkernel_interface) {
        ALOGI("Using in-kernel low memory killer interface");
        if (init_poll_kernel()) {
            epev.events = EPOLLIN;
            epev.data.ptr = (void*)&kernel_poll_hinfo;
            if (epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, kpoll_fd, &epev) != 0) {
                ALOGE("epoll_ctl for lmk events failed (errno=%d)", errno);
                close(kpoll_fd);
                kpoll_fd = -1;
            } else {
                maxevents++;
                /* let the others know it does support reporting kills */
                property_set("sys.lmk.reportkills", "1");
            }
        }
    } else {
        // Do not register monitors until boot completed for devices configured
        // for delaying monitors. This is done to save CPU cycles for low
        // resource devices during boot up.
        if (!delay_monitors_until_boot || property_get_bool("sys.boot_completed", false)) {
            if (!init_monitors()) {
                return -1;
            }
        }
        /* let the others know it does support reporting kills */
        property_set("sys.lmk.reportkills", "1");
    }

    for (i = 0; i <= ADJTOSLOT(OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX); i++) {
        procadjslot_list[i].next = &procadjslot_list[i];
        procadjslot_list[i].prev = &procadjslot_list[i];
    }

    memset(killcnt_idx, KILLCNT_INVALID_IDX, sizeof(killcnt_idx));

    /*
     * Read zoneinfo as the biggest file we read to create and size the initial
     * read buffer and avoid memory re-allocations during memory pressure
     */
    if (reread_file(&file_data) == NULL) {
        ALOGE("Failed to read %s: %s", file_data.filename, strerror(errno));
    }

    /* check if kernel supports pidfd_open syscall */
    pidfd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pidfd_open(getpid(), 0));
    if (pidfd < 0) {
        pidfd_supported = (errno != ENOSYS);
    } else {
        pidfd_supported = true;
        close(pidfd);
    }
    ALOGI("Process polling is %s", pidfd_supported ? "supported" : "not supported" );

    if (!lmkd_init_hook()) {
        ALOGE("Failed to initialize LMKD hooks.");
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static bool polling_paused(struct polling_params *poll_params) {
    return poll_params->paused_handler != NULL;
}

static void resume_polling(struct polling_params *poll_params, struct timespec curr_tm) {
    poll_params->poll_start_tm = curr_tm;
    poll_params->poll_handler = poll_params->paused_handler;
    poll_params->polling_interval_ms = PSI_POLL_PERIOD_SHORT_MS;
    poll_params->paused_handler = NULL;
}

static void call_handler(struct event_handler_info* handler_info,
                         struct polling_params *poll_params, uint32_t events) {
    struct timespec curr_tm;

    watchdog.start();
    poll_params->update = POLLING_DO_NOT_CHANGE;
    handler_info->handler(handler_info->data, events, poll_params);
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm);
    if (poll_params->poll_handler == handler_info) {
        poll_params->last_poll_tm = curr_tm;
    }

    switch (poll_params->update) {
    case POLLING_START:
        /*
         * Poll for the duration of PSI_WINDOW_SIZE_MS after the
         * initial PSI event because psi events are rate-limited
         * at one per sec.
         */
        poll_params->poll_start_tm = curr_tm;
        poll_params->poll_handler = handler_info;
        break;
    case POLLING_PAUSE:
        poll_params->paused_handler = handler_info;
        poll_params->poll_handler = NULL;
        break;
    case POLLING_RESUME:
        resume_polling(poll_params, curr_tm);
        break;
    case POLLING_DO_NOT_CHANGE:
        if (poll_params->poll_handler &&
            get_time_diff_ms(&poll_params->poll_start_tm, &curr_tm) > PSI_WINDOW_SIZE_MS) {
            /* Polled for the duration of PSI window, time to stop */
            poll_params->poll_handler = NULL;
        }
        break;
    }
    watchdog.stop();
}

static void mainloop(void) {
    struct event_handler_info* handler_info;
    struct polling_params poll_params;
    struct timespec curr_tm;
    struct epoll_event *evt;
    long delay = -1;

    poll_params.poll_handler = NULL;
    poll_params.paused_handler = NULL;

    while (1) {
        struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
        int nevents;
        int i;

        if (poll_params.poll_handler) {
            bool poll_now;

            clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm);
            if (poll_params.update == POLLING_RESUME) {
                /* Just transitioned into POLLING_RESUME, poll immediately. */
                poll_now = true;
                nevents = 0;
            } else {
                /* Calculate next timeout */
                delay = get_time_diff_ms(&poll_params.last_poll_tm, &curr_tm);
                delay = (delay < poll_params.polling_interval_ms) ?
                    poll_params.polling_interval_ms - delay : poll_params.polling_interval_ms;

                /* Wait for events until the next polling timeout */
                nevents = epoll_wait(epollfd, events, maxevents, delay);

                /* Update current time after wait */
                clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm);
                poll_now = (get_time_diff_ms(&poll_params.last_poll_tm, &curr_tm) >=
                    poll_params.polling_interval_ms);
            }
            if (poll_now) {
                call_handler(poll_params.poll_handler, &poll_params, 0);
            }
        } else {
            if (kill_timeout_ms && is_waiting_for_kill()) {
                clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm);
                delay = kill_timeout_ms - get_time_diff_ms(&last_kill_tm, &curr_tm);
                /* Wait for pidfds notification or kill timeout to expire */
                nevents = (delay > 0) ? epoll_wait(epollfd, events, maxevents, delay) : 0;
                if (nevents == 0) {
                    /* Kill notification timed out */
                    stop_wait_for_proc_kill(false);
                    if (polling_paused(&poll_params)) {
                        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &curr_tm);
                        poll_params.update = POLLING_RESUME;
                        resume_polling(&poll_params, curr_tm);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                /* Wait for events with no timeout */
                nevents = epoll_wait(epollfd, events, maxevents, -1);
            }
        }

        if (nevents == -1) {
            if (errno == EINTR)
                continue;
            ALOGE("epoll_wait failed (errno=%d)", errno);
            continue;
        }

        /*
         * First pass to see if any data socket connections were dropped.
         * Dropped connection should be handled before any other events
         * to deallocate data connection and correctly handle cases when
         * connection gets dropped and reestablished in the same epoll cycle.
         * In such cases it's essential to handle connection closures first.
         */
        for (i = 0, evt = &events[0]; i < nevents; ++i, evt++) {
            if ((evt->events & EPOLLHUP) && evt->data.ptr) {
                ALOGI("lmkd data connection dropped");
                handler_info = (struct event_handler_info*)evt->data.ptr;
                watchdog.start();
                ctrl_data_close(handler_info->data);
                watchdog.stop();
            }
        }

        /* Second pass to handle all other events */
        for (i = 0, evt = &events[0]; i < nevents; ++i, evt++) {
            if (evt->events & EPOLLERR) {
                ALOGD("EPOLLERR on event #%d", i);
            }
            if (evt->events & EPOLLHUP) {
                /* This case was handled in the first pass */
                continue;
            }
            if (evt->data.ptr) {
                handler_info = (struct event_handler_info*)evt->data.ptr;
                call_handler(handler_info, &poll_params, evt->events);
            }
        }
    }
}

int issue_reinit() {
    int sock;

    sock = lmkd_connect();
    if (sock < 0) {
        ALOGE("failed to connect to lmkd: %s", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    enum update_props_result res = lmkd_update_props(sock);
    switch (res) {
    case UPDATE_PROPS_SUCCESS:
        ALOGI("lmkd updated properties successfully");
        break;
    case UPDATE_PROPS_SEND_ERR:
        ALOGE("failed to send lmkd request: %s", strerror(errno));
        break;
    case UPDATE_PROPS_RECV_ERR:
        ALOGE("failed to receive lmkd reply: %s", strerror(errno));
        break;
    case UPDATE_PROPS_FORMAT_ERR:
        ALOGE("lmkd reply is invalid");
        break;
    case UPDATE_PROPS_FAIL:
        ALOGE("lmkd failed to update its properties");
        break;
    }

    close(sock);
    return res == UPDATE_PROPS_SUCCESS ? 0 : -1;
}

static int on_boot_completed() {
    int sock;

    sock = lmkd_connect();
    if (sock < 0) {
        ALOGE("failed to connect to lmkd: %s", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    enum boot_completed_notification_result res = lmkd_notify_boot_completed(sock);

    switch (res) {
        case BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_SUCCESS:
            break;
        case BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_ALREADY_HANDLED:
            ALOGW("lmkd already handled boot-completed operations");
            break;
        case BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_SEND_ERR:
            ALOGE("failed to send lmkd request: %m");
            break;
        case BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_RECV_ERR:
            ALOGE("failed to receive request: %m");
            break;
        case BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_FORMAT_ERR:
            ALOGE("lmkd reply is invalid");
            break;
        case BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_FAILS:
            ALOGE("lmkd failed to receive boot-completed notification");
            break;
    }

    close(sock);
    return res == BOOT_COMPLETED_NOTIF_SUCCESS ? 0 : -1;
}

static bool update_props() {
    /* By default disable low level vmpressure events */
    level_oomadj[VMPRESS_LEVEL_LOW] =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "low", OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX + 1);
    level_oomadj[VMPRESS_LEVEL_MEDIUM] =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "medium", 800);
    level_oomadj[VMPRESS_LEVEL_CRITICAL] =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "critical", 0);
    debug_process_killing = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "debug", false);

    /* By default disable upgrade/downgrade logic */
    enable_pressure_upgrade =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "critical_upgrade", false);
    upgrade_pressure =
        (int64_t)GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "upgrade_pressure", 100);
    downgrade_pressure =
        (int64_t)GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "downgrade_pressure", 100);
    kill_heaviest_task =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "kill_heaviest_task", false);
    low_ram_device = property_get_bool("ro.config.low_ram", false);
    kill_timeout_ms =
        (unsigned long)GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "kill_timeout_ms", 100);
    pressure_after_kill_min_score =
        (unsigned long)GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "pressure_after_kill_min_score", 0);
    use_minfree_levels =
        GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "use_minfree_levels", false);
    per_app_memcg =
        property_get_bool("ro.config.per_app_memcg", low_ram_device);
    swap_free_low_percentage = clamp(0, 100, GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "swap_free_low_percentage",
        DEF_LOW_SWAP));
    psi_partial_stall_ms = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "psi_partial_stall_ms",
        low_ram_device ? DEF_PARTIAL_STALL_LOWRAM : DEF_PARTIAL_STALL);
    psi_complete_stall_ms = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "psi_complete_stall_ms",
        DEF_COMPLETE_STALL);
    thrashing_limit_pct =
            std::max(0, GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "thrashing_limit",
                                         low_ram_device ? DEF_THRASHING_LOWRAM : DEF_THRASHING));
    thrashing_limit_decay_pct = clamp(0, 100, GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "thrashing_limit_decay",
        low_ram_device ? DEF_THRASHING_DECAY_LOWRAM : DEF_THRASHING_DECAY));
    thrashing_critical_pct = std::max(
            0, GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "thrashing_limit_critical", thrashing_limit_pct * 3));
    swap_util_max = clamp(0, 100, GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "swap_util_max", 100));
    filecache_min_kb = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int64, "filecache_min_kb", 0);
    stall_limit_critical = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int64, "stall_limit_critical", 100);
    delay_monitors_until_boot = GET_LMK_PROPERTY(bool, "delay_monitors_until_boot", false);
    direct_reclaim_threshold_ms =
            GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int64, "direct_reclaim_threshold_ms", DEF_DIRECT_RECL_THRESH_MS);
    swap_compression_ratio =
            GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int64, "swap_compression_ratio", DEF_SWAP_COMP_RATIO);
    lowmem_min_oom_score =
            std::max(PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ + 1,
                     GET_LMK_PROPERTY(int32, "lowmem_min_oom_score", DEF_LOWMEM_MIN_SCORE));

    reaper.enable_debug(debug_process_killing);

    /* Call the update props hook */
    if (!lmkd_update_props_hook()) {
        ALOGE("Failed to update LMKD hook props.");
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    if ((argc > 1) && argv[1]) {
        if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--reinit")) {
            if (property_set(LMKD_REINIT_PROP, "")) {
                ALOGE("Failed to reset " LMKD_REINIT_PROP " property");
            }
            return issue_reinit();
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--boot_completed")) {
            return on_boot_completed();
        }
    }

    if (!update_props()) {
        ALOGE("Failed to initialize props, exiting.");
        return -1;
    }

    ctx = create_android_logger(KILLINFO_LOG_TAG);

    if (!init()) {
        if (!use_inkernel_interface) {
            /*
             * MCL_ONFAULT pins pages as they fault instead of loading
             * everything immediately all at once. (Which would be bad,
             * because as of this writing, we have a lot of mapped pages we
             * never use.) Old kernels will see MCL_ONFAULT and fail with
             * EINVAL; we ignore this failure.
             *
             * N.B. read the man page for mlockall. MCL_CURRENT | MCL_ONFAULT
             * pins ⊆ MCL_CURRENT, converging to just MCL_CURRENT as we fault
             * in pages.
             */
            /* CAP_IPC_LOCK required */
            if (mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE | MCL_ONFAULT) && (errno != EINVAL)) {
                ALOGW("mlockall failed %s", strerror(errno));
            }

            /* CAP_NICE required */
            struct sched_param param = {
                    .sched_priority = 1,
            };
            if (sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_FIFO, &param)) {
                ALOGW("set SCHED_FIFO failed %s", strerror(errno));
            }
        }

        if (init_reaper()) {
            ALOGI("Process reaper initialized with %d threads in the pool",
                reaper.thread_cnt());
        }

        if (!watchdog.init()) {
            ALOGE("Failed to initialize the watchdog");
        }

        mainloop();
    }

    android_log_destroy(&ctx);

    ALOGI("exiting");
    return 0;
}