xref: /dalvik/vm/analysis/DexVerify.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/*
 * Dalvik classfile verification.  This file contains the verifier entry
 * points and the static constraint checks.
 */
#include "Dalvik.h"
#include "analysis/CodeVerify.h"


/* fwd */
static bool verifyMethod(Method* meth);
static bool verifyInstructions(VerifierData* vdata);


/*
 * Initialize some things we need for verification.
 */
bool dvmVerificationStartup(void)
{
    gDvm.instrWidth = dexCreateInstrWidthTable();
    gDvm.instrFormat = dexCreateInstrFormatTable();
    gDvm.instrFlags = dexCreateInstrFlagsTable();
    if (gDvm.instrWidth == NULL || gDvm.instrFormat == NULL ||
        gDvm.instrFlags == NULL)
    {
        LOGE("Unable to create instruction tables\n");
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Free up some things we needed for verification.
 */
void dvmVerificationShutdown(void)
{
    free(gDvm.instrWidth);
    free(gDvm.instrFormat);
    free(gDvm.instrFlags);
}


/*
 * Verify a class.
 *
 * By the time we get here, the value of gDvm.classVerifyMode should already
 * have been factored in.  If you want to call into the verifier even
 * though verification is disabled, that's your business.
 *
 * Returns "true" on success.
 */
bool dvmVerifyClass(ClassObject* clazz)
{
    int i;

    if (dvmIsClassVerified(clazz)) {
        LOGD("Ignoring duplicate verify attempt on %s\n", clazz->descriptor);
        return true;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < clazz->directMethodCount; i++) {
        if (!verifyMethod(&clazz->directMethods[i])) {
            LOG_VFY("Verifier rejected class %s\n", clazz->descriptor);
            return false;
        }
    }
    for (i = 0; i < clazz->virtualMethodCount; i++) {
        if (!verifyMethod(&clazz->virtualMethods[i])) {
            LOG_VFY("Verifier rejected class %s\n", clazz->descriptor);
            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}


/*
 * Perform verification on a single method.
 *
 * We do this in three passes:
 *  (1) Walk through all code units, determining instruction locations,
 *      widths, and other characteristics.
 *  (2) Walk through all code units, performing static checks on
 *      operands.
 *  (3) Iterate through the method, checking type safety and looking
 *      for code flow problems.
 *
 * Some checks may be bypassed depending on the verification mode.  We can't
 * turn this stuff off completely if we want to do "exact" GC.
 *
 * TODO: cite source?
 * Confirmed here:
 * - code array must not be empty
 * - (N/A) code_length must be less than 65536
 * Confirmed by dvmComputeCodeWidths():
 * - opcode of first instruction begins at index 0
 * - only documented instructions may appear
 * - each instruction follows the last
 * - last byte of last instruction is at (code_length-1)
 */
static bool verifyMethod(Method* meth)
{
    bool result = false;
    int newInstanceCount;

    /*
     * Verifier state blob.  Various values will be cached here so we
     * can avoid expensive lookups and pass fewer arguments around.
     */
    VerifierData vdata;
#if 1   // ndef NDEBUG
    memset(&vdata, 0x99, sizeof(vdata));
#endif

    vdata.method = meth;
    vdata.insnsSize = dvmGetMethodInsnsSize(meth);
    vdata.insnRegCount = meth->registersSize;
    vdata.insnFlags = NULL;
    vdata.uninitMap = NULL;

    /*
     * If there aren't any instructions, make sure that's expected, then
     * exit successfully.  Note: for native methods, meth->insns gets set
     * to a native function pointer on first call, so don't use that as
     * an indicator.
     */
    if (vdata.insnsSize == 0) {
        if (!dvmIsNativeMethod(meth) && !dvmIsAbstractMethod(meth)) {
            LOG_VFY_METH(meth,
                "VFY: zero-length code in concrete non-native method\n");
            goto bail;
        }

        goto success;
    }

    /*
     * Sanity-check the register counts.  ins + locals = registers, so make
     * sure that ins <= registers.
     */
    if (meth->insSize > meth->registersSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: bad register counts (ins=%d regs=%d)\n",
            meth->insSize, meth->registersSize);
        goto bail;
    }

    /*
     * Allocate and populate an array to hold instruction data.
     *
     * TODO: Consider keeping a reusable pre-allocated array sitting
     * around for smaller methods.
     */
    vdata.insnFlags = (InsnFlags*)
        calloc(dvmGetMethodInsnsSize(meth), sizeof(InsnFlags));
    if (vdata.insnFlags == NULL)
        goto bail;

    /*
     * Compute the width of each instruction and store the result in insnFlags.
     * Count up the #of occurrences of new-instance instructions while we're
     * at it.
     */
    if (!dvmComputeCodeWidths(meth, vdata.insnFlags, &newInstanceCount))
        goto bail;

    /*
     * Allocate a map to hold the classes of uninitialized instances.
     */
    vdata.uninitMap = dvmCreateUninitInstanceMap(meth, vdata.insnFlags,
        newInstanceCount);
    if (vdata.uninitMap == NULL)
        goto bail;

    /*
     * Set the "in try" flags for all instructions guarded by a "try" block.
     */
    if (!dvmSetTryFlags(meth, vdata.insnFlags))
        goto bail;

    /*
     * Perform static instruction verification.
     */
    if (!verifyInstructions(&vdata))
        goto bail;

    /*
     * Do code-flow analysis.  Do this after verifying the branch targets
     * so we don't need to worry about it here.
     *
     * If there are no registers, we don't need to do much in the way of
     * analysis, but we still need to verify that nothing actually tries
     * to use a register.
     */
    if (!dvmVerifyCodeFlow(&vdata)) {
        //LOGD("+++ %s failed code flow\n", meth->name);
        goto bail;
    }

success:
    result = true;

bail:
    dvmFreeUninitInstanceMap(vdata.uninitMap);
    free(vdata.insnFlags);
    return result;
}


/*
 * Verify an array data table.  "curOffset" is the offset of the fill-array-data
 * instruction.
 */
static bool checkArrayData(const Method* meth, int curOffset)
{
    const int insnCount = dvmGetMethodInsnsSize(meth);
    const u2* insns = meth->insns + curOffset;
    const u2* arrayData;
    int valueCount, valueWidth, tableSize;
    int offsetToArrayData;

    assert(curOffset >= 0 && curOffset < insnCount);

    /* make sure the start of the array data table is in range */
    offsetToArrayData = insns[1] | (((s4)insns[2]) << 16);
    if (curOffset + offsetToArrayData < 0 ||
        curOffset + offsetToArrayData + 2 >= insnCount)
    {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth,
            "VFY: invalid array data start: at %d, data offset %d, count %d\n",
            curOffset, offsetToArrayData, insnCount);
        return false;
    }

    /* offset to array data table is a relative branch-style offset */
    arrayData = insns + offsetToArrayData;

    /* make sure the table is 32-bit aligned */
    if ((((u4) arrayData) & 0x03) != 0) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth,
            "VFY: unaligned array data table: at %d, data offset %d\n",
            curOffset, offsetToArrayData);
        return false;
    }

    valueWidth = arrayData[1];
    valueCount = *(u4*)(&arrayData[2]);

    tableSize = 4 + (valueWidth * valueCount + 1) / 2;

    /* make sure the end of the switch is in range */
    if (curOffset + offsetToArrayData + tableSize > insnCount) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth,
            "VFY: invalid array data end: at %d, data offset %d, end %d, "
            "count %d\n",
            curOffset, offsetToArrayData,
            curOffset + offsetToArrayData + tableSize,
            insnCount);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}


/*
 * Decode the current instruction.
 */
static void decodeInstruction(const Method* meth, int insnIdx,
    DecodedInstruction* pDecInsn)
{
    dexDecodeInstruction(gDvm.instrFormat, meth->insns + insnIdx, pDecInsn);
}


/*
 * Perform static checks on a "new-instance" instruction.  Specifically,
 * make sure the class reference isn't for an array class.
 *
 * We don't need the actual class, just a pointer to the class name.
 */
static bool checkNewInstance(const Method* meth, int insnIdx)
{
    DvmDex* pDvmDex = meth->clazz->pDvmDex;
    DecodedInstruction decInsn;
    const char* classDescriptor;
    u4 idx;

    decodeInstruction(meth, insnIdx, &decInsn);
    idx = decInsn.vB;       // 2nd item
    if (idx >= pDvmDex->pHeader->typeIdsSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: bad type index %d (max %d)\n",
            idx, pDvmDex->pHeader->typeIdsSize);
        return false;
    }

    classDescriptor = dexStringByTypeIdx(pDvmDex->pDexFile, idx);
    if (classDescriptor[0] != 'L') {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: can't call new-instance on type '%s'\n",
            classDescriptor);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Perform static checks on a "new-array" instruction.  Specifically, make
 * sure they aren't creating an array of arrays that causes the number of
 * dimensions to exceed 255.
 */
static bool checkNewArray(const Method* meth, int insnIdx)
{
    DvmDex* pDvmDex = meth->clazz->pDvmDex;
    DecodedInstruction decInsn;
    const char* classDescriptor;
    u4 idx;

    decodeInstruction(meth, insnIdx, &decInsn);
    idx = decInsn.vC;       // 3rd item
    if (idx >= pDvmDex->pHeader->typeIdsSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: bad type index %d (max %d)\n",
            idx, pDvmDex->pHeader->typeIdsSize);
        return false;
    }

    classDescriptor = dexStringByTypeIdx(pDvmDex->pDexFile, idx);

    int bracketCount = 0;
    const char* cp = classDescriptor;
    while (*cp++ == '[')
        bracketCount++;

    if (bracketCount == 0) {
        /* The given class must be an array type. */
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: can't new-array class '%s' (not an array)\n",
            classDescriptor);
        return false;
    } else if (bracketCount > 255) {
        /* It is illegal to create an array of more than 255 dimensions. */
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: can't new-array class '%s' (exceeds limit)\n",
            classDescriptor);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Perform static checks on an instruction that takes a class constant.
 * Ensure that the class index is in the valid range.
 */
static bool checkTypeIndex(const Method* meth, int insnIdx, bool useB)
{
    DvmDex* pDvmDex = meth->clazz->pDvmDex;
    DecodedInstruction decInsn;
    u4 idx;

    decodeInstruction(meth, insnIdx, &decInsn);
    if (useB)
        idx = decInsn.vB;
    else
        idx = decInsn.vC;
    if (idx >= pDvmDex->pHeader->typeIdsSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: bad type index %d (max %d)\n",
            idx, pDvmDex->pHeader->typeIdsSize);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Perform static checks on a field get or set instruction.  All we do
 * here is ensure that the field index is in the valid range.
 */
static bool checkFieldIndex(const Method* meth, int insnIdx, bool useB)
{
    DvmDex* pDvmDex = meth->clazz->pDvmDex;
    DecodedInstruction decInsn;
    u4 idx;

    decodeInstruction(meth, insnIdx, &decInsn);
    if (useB)
        idx = decInsn.vB;
    else
        idx = decInsn.vC;
    if (idx >= pDvmDex->pHeader->fieldIdsSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth,
            "VFY: bad field index %d (max %d) at offset 0x%04x\n",
            idx, pDvmDex->pHeader->fieldIdsSize, insnIdx);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Perform static checks on a method invocation instruction.  All we do
 * here is ensure that the method index is in the valid range.
 */
static bool checkMethodIndex(const Method* meth, int insnIdx)
{
    DvmDex* pDvmDex = meth->clazz->pDvmDex;
    DecodedInstruction decInsn;

    decodeInstruction(meth, insnIdx, &decInsn);
    if (decInsn.vB >= pDvmDex->pHeader->methodIdsSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: bad method index %d (max %d)\n",
            decInsn.vB, pDvmDex->pHeader->methodIdsSize);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Perform static checks on a string constant instruction.  All we do
 * here is ensure that the string index is in the valid range.
 */
static bool checkStringIndex(const Method* meth, int insnIdx)
{
    DvmDex* pDvmDex = meth->clazz->pDvmDex;
    DecodedInstruction decInsn;

    decodeInstruction(meth, insnIdx, &decInsn);
    if (decInsn.vB >= pDvmDex->pHeader->stringIdsSize) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth, "VFY: bad string index %d (max %d)\n",
            decInsn.vB, pDvmDex->pHeader->stringIdsSize);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * Perform static verification on instructions.
 *
 * As a side effect, this sets the "branch target" flags in InsnFlags.
 *
 * "(CF)" items are handled during code-flow analysis.
 *
 * v3 4.10.1
 * - target of each jump and branch instruction must be valid
 * - targets of switch statements must be valid
 * - (CF) operands referencing constant pool entries must be valid
 * - (CF) operands of getfield, putfield, getstatic, putstatic must be valid
 * - (new) verify operands of "quick" field ops
 * - (CF) operands of method invocation instructions must be valid
 * - (new) verify operands of "quick" method invoke ops
 * - (CF) only invoke-direct can call a method starting with '<'
 * - (CF) <clinit> must never be called explicitly
 * - (CF) operands of instanceof, checkcast, new (and variants) must be valid
 * - new-array[-type] limited to 255 dimensions
 * - can't use "new" on an array class
 * - (?) limit dimensions in multi-array creation
 * - (CF) local variable load/store register values must be in valid range
 *
 * v3 4.11.1.2
 * - branches must be within the bounds of the code array
 * - targets of all control-flow instructions are the start of an instruction
 * - (CF) register accesses fall within range of allocated registers
 * - (N/A) access to constant pool must be of appropriate type
 * - (CF) code does not end in the middle of an instruction
 * - (CF) execution cannot fall off the end of the code
 * - (earlier) for each exception handler, the "try" area must begin and
 *   end at the start of an instruction (end can be at the end of the code)
 * - (earlier) for each exception handler, the handler must start at a valid
 *   instruction
 *
 * TODO: move some of the "CF" items in here for better performance (the
 * code-flow analysis sometimes has to process the same instruction several
 * times).
 */
static bool verifyInstructions(VerifierData* vdata)
{
    const Method* meth = vdata->method;
    InsnFlags* insnFlags = vdata->insnFlags;
    const size_t insnCount = vdata->insnsSize;
    const u2* insns = meth->insns;
    int i;

    /* the start of the method is a "branch target" */
    dvmInsnSetBranchTarget(insnFlags, 0, true);

    for (i = 0; i < (int) insnCount; /**/) {
        /*
         * These types of instructions can be GC points.  To support precise
         * GC, all such instructions must export the PC in the interpreter,
         * or the GC won't be able to identify the current PC for the thread.
         */
        static const int gcMask = kInstrCanBranch | kInstrCanSwitch |
            kInstrCanThrow | kInstrCanReturn;

        int width = dvmInsnGetWidth(insnFlags, i);
        OpCode opcode = *insns & 0xff;
        InstructionFlags opFlags = dexGetInstrFlags(gDvm.instrFlags, opcode);

        if ((opFlags & gcMask) != 0) {
            /*
             * This instruction is probably a GC point.  Branch instructions
             * only qualify if they go backward, so we need to check the
             * offset.
             */
            int offset = -1;
            bool unused;
            if (dvmGetBranchTarget(meth, insnFlags, i, &offset, &unused)) {
                if (offset <= 0) {
                    dvmInsnSetGcPoint(insnFlags, i, true);
                }
            } else {
                /* not a branch target */
                dvmInsnSetGcPoint(insnFlags, i, true);
            }
        }

        switch (opcode) {
        case OP_NOP:
            /* plain no-op or switch table data; nothing to do here */
            break;

        case OP_CONST_STRING:
        case OP_CONST_STRING_JUMBO:
            if (!checkStringIndex(meth, i))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_CONST_CLASS:
        case OP_CHECK_CAST:
            if (!checkTypeIndex(meth, i, true))
                return false;
            break;
        case OP_INSTANCE_OF:
            if (!checkTypeIndex(meth, i, false))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_PACKED_SWITCH:
        case OP_SPARSE_SWITCH:
            /* verify the associated table */
            if (!dvmCheckSwitchTargets(meth, insnFlags, i))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_FILL_ARRAY_DATA:
            /* verify the associated table */
            if (!checkArrayData(meth, i))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_GOTO:
        case OP_GOTO_16:
        case OP_IF_EQ:
        case OP_IF_NE:
        case OP_IF_LT:
        case OP_IF_GE:
        case OP_IF_GT:
        case OP_IF_LE:
        case OP_IF_EQZ:
        case OP_IF_NEZ:
        case OP_IF_LTZ:
        case OP_IF_GEZ:
        case OP_IF_GTZ:
        case OP_IF_LEZ:
            /* check the destination */
            if (!dvmCheckBranchTarget(meth, insnFlags, i, false))
                return false;
            break;
        case OP_GOTO_32:
            /* check the destination; self-branch is okay */
            if (!dvmCheckBranchTarget(meth, insnFlags, i, true))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_NEW_INSTANCE:
            if (!checkNewInstance(meth, i))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_NEW_ARRAY:
            if (!checkNewArray(meth, i))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_FILLED_NEW_ARRAY:
            if (!checkTypeIndex(meth, i, true))
                return false;
            break;
        case OP_FILLED_NEW_ARRAY_RANGE:
            if (!checkTypeIndex(meth, i, true))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_IGET:
        case OP_IGET_WIDE:
        case OP_IGET_OBJECT:
        case OP_IGET_BOOLEAN:
        case OP_IGET_BYTE:
        case OP_IGET_CHAR:
        case OP_IGET_SHORT:
        case OP_IPUT:
        case OP_IPUT_WIDE:
        case OP_IPUT_OBJECT:
        case OP_IPUT_BOOLEAN:
        case OP_IPUT_BYTE:
        case OP_IPUT_CHAR:
        case OP_IPUT_SHORT:
            /* check the field index */
            if (!checkFieldIndex(meth, i, false))
                return false;
            break;
        case OP_SGET:
        case OP_SGET_WIDE:
        case OP_SGET_OBJECT:
        case OP_SGET_BOOLEAN:
        case OP_SGET_BYTE:
        case OP_SGET_CHAR:
        case OP_SGET_SHORT:
        case OP_SPUT:
        case OP_SPUT_WIDE:
        case OP_SPUT_OBJECT:
        case OP_SPUT_BOOLEAN:
        case OP_SPUT_BYTE:
        case OP_SPUT_CHAR:
        case OP_SPUT_SHORT:
            /* check the field index */
            if (!checkFieldIndex(meth, i, true))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_INVOKE_VIRTUAL:
        case OP_INVOKE_SUPER:
        case OP_INVOKE_DIRECT:
        case OP_INVOKE_STATIC:
        case OP_INVOKE_INTERFACE:
        case OP_INVOKE_VIRTUAL_RANGE:
        case OP_INVOKE_SUPER_RANGE:
        case OP_INVOKE_DIRECT_RANGE:
        case OP_INVOKE_STATIC_RANGE:
        case OP_INVOKE_INTERFACE_RANGE:
            /* check the method index */
            if (!checkMethodIndex(meth, i))
                return false;
            break;

        case OP_EXECUTE_INLINE:
        case OP_INVOKE_DIRECT_EMPTY:
        case OP_IGET_QUICK:
        case OP_IGET_WIDE_QUICK:
        case OP_IGET_OBJECT_QUICK:
        case OP_IPUT_QUICK:
        case OP_IPUT_WIDE_QUICK:
        case OP_IPUT_OBJECT_QUICK:
        case OP_INVOKE_VIRTUAL_QUICK:
        case OP_INVOKE_VIRTUAL_QUICK_RANGE:
        case OP_INVOKE_SUPER_QUICK:
        case OP_INVOKE_SUPER_QUICK_RANGE:
            LOG_VFY("VFY: not expecting optimized instructions\n");
            return false;
            break;

        default:
            /* nothing to do */
            break;
        }

        assert(width > 0);
        i += width;
        insns += width;
    }

    /* make sure the last instruction ends at the end of the insn area */
    if (i != (int) insnCount) {
        LOG_VFY_METH(meth,
            "VFY: code did not end when expected (end at %d, count %d)\n",
            i, insnCount);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}