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1// Copyright 2009 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
2// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
3// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
4// met:
5//
6//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
7//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
8//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
9//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
10//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
11//       with the distribution.
12//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
13//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
14//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
15//
16// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
17// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
18// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
19// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
20// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
21// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
22// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
23// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
24// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
25// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
26// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
27
28// This benchmark is based on a JavaScript log processing module used
29// by the V8 profiler to generate execution time profiles for runs of
30// JavaScript applications, and it effectively measures how fast the
31// JavaScript engine is at allocating nodes and reclaiming the memory
32// used for old nodes. Because of the way splay trees work, the engine
33// also has to deal with a lot of changes to the large tree object
34// graph.
35
36var Splay = new BenchmarkSuite('Splay', 126125, [
37  new Benchmark("Splay", SplayRun, SplaySetup, SplayTearDown)
38]);
39
40
41// Configuration.
42var kSplayTreeSize = 8000;
43var kSplayTreeModifications = 80;
44var kSplayTreePayloadDepth = 5;
45
46var splayTree = null;
47
48
49function GeneratePayloadTree(depth, key) {
50  if (depth == 0) {
51    return {
52      array  : [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ],
53      string : 'String for key ' + key + ' in leaf node'
54    };
55  } else {
56    return {
57      left:  GeneratePayloadTree(depth - 1, key),
58      right: GeneratePayloadTree(depth - 1, key)
59    };
60  }
61}
62
63
64function GenerateKey() {
65  // The benchmark framework guarantees that Math.random is
66  // deterministic; see base.js.
67  return Math.random();
68}
69
70
71function InsertNewNode() {
72  // Insert new node with a unique key.
73  var key;
74  do {
75    key = GenerateKey();
76  } while (splayTree.find(key) != null);
77  splayTree.insert(key, GeneratePayloadTree(kSplayTreePayloadDepth, key));
78  return key;
79}
80
81
82
83function SplaySetup() {
84  splayTree = new SplayTree();
85  for (var i = 0; i < kSplayTreeSize; i++) InsertNewNode();
86}
87
88
89function SplayTearDown() {
90  // Allow the garbage collector to reclaim the memory
91  // used by the splay tree no matter how we exit the
92  // tear down function.
93  var keys = splayTree.exportKeys();
94  splayTree = null;
95
96  // Verify that the splay tree has the right size.
97  var length = keys.length;
98  if (length != kSplayTreeSize) {
99    throw new Error("Splay tree has wrong size");
100  }
101
102  // Verify that the splay tree has sorted, unique keys.
103  for (var i = 0; i < length - 1; i++) {
104    if (keys[i] >= keys[i + 1]) {
105      throw new Error("Splay tree not sorted");
106    }
107  }
108}
109
110
111function SplayRun() {
112  // Replace a few nodes in the splay tree.
113  for (var i = 0; i < kSplayTreeModifications; i++) {
114    var key = InsertNewNode();
115    var greatest = splayTree.findGreatestLessThan(key);
116    if (greatest == null) splayTree.remove(key);
117    else splayTree.remove(greatest.key);
118  }
119}
120
121
122/**
123 * Constructs a Splay tree.  A splay tree is a self-balancing binary
124 * search tree with the additional property that recently accessed
125 * elements are quick to access again. It performs basic operations
126 * such as insertion, look-up and removal in O(log(n)) amortized time.
127 *
128 * @constructor
129 */
130function SplayTree() {
131};
132
133
134/**
135 * Pointer to the root node of the tree.
136 *
137 * @type {SplayTree.Node}
138 * @private
139 */
140SplayTree.prototype.root_ = null;
141
142
143/**
144 * @return {boolean} Whether the tree is empty.
145 */
146SplayTree.prototype.isEmpty = function() {
147  return !this.root_;
148};
149
150
151/**
152 * Inserts a node into the tree with the specified key and value if
153 * the tree does not already contain a node with the specified key. If
154 * the value is inserted, it becomes the root of the tree.
155 *
156 * @param {number} key Key to insert into the tree.
157 * @param {*} value Value to insert into the tree.
158 */
159SplayTree.prototype.insert = function(key, value) {
160  if (this.isEmpty()) {
161    this.root_ = new SplayTree.Node(key, value);
162    return;
163  }
164  // Splay on the key to move the last node on the search path for
165  // the key to the root of the tree.
166  this.splay_(key);
167  if (this.root_.key == key) {
168    return;
169  }
170  var node = new SplayTree.Node(key, value);
171  if (key > this.root_.key) {
172    node.left = this.root_;
173    node.right = this.root_.right;
174    this.root_.right = null;
175  } else {
176    node.right = this.root_;
177    node.left = this.root_.left;
178    this.root_.left = null;
179  }
180  this.root_ = node;
181};
182
183
184/**
185 * Removes a node with the specified key from the tree if the tree
186 * contains a node with this key. The removed node is returned. If the
187 * key is not found, an exception is thrown.
188 *
189 * @param {number} key Key to find and remove from the tree.
190 * @return {SplayTree.Node} The removed node.
191 */
192SplayTree.prototype.remove = function(key) {
193  if (this.isEmpty()) {
194    throw Error('Key not found: ' + key);
195  }
196  this.splay_(key);
197  if (this.root_.key != key) {
198    throw Error('Key not found: ' + key);
199  }
200  var removed = this.root_;
201  if (!this.root_.left) {
202    this.root_ = this.root_.right;
203  } else {
204    var right = this.root_.right;
205    this.root_ = this.root_.left;
206    // Splay to make sure that the new root has an empty right child.
207    this.splay_(key);
208    // Insert the original right child as the right child of the new
209    // root.
210    this.root_.right = right;
211  }
212  return removed;
213};
214
215
216/**
217 * Returns the node having the specified key or null if the tree doesn't contain
218 * a node with the specified key.
219 *
220 * @param {number} key Key to find in the tree.
221 * @return {SplayTree.Node} Node having the specified key.
222 */
223SplayTree.prototype.find = function(key) {
224  if (this.isEmpty()) {
225    return null;
226  }
227  this.splay_(key);
228  return this.root_.key == key ? this.root_ : null;
229};
230
231
232/**
233 * @return {SplayTree.Node} Node having the maximum key value that
234 *     is less or equal to the specified key value.
235 */
236SplayTree.prototype.findGreatestLessThan = function(key) {
237  if (this.isEmpty()) {
238    return null;
239  }
240  // Splay on the key to move the node with the given key or the last
241  // node on the search path to the top of the tree.
242  this.splay_(key);
243  // Now the result is either the root node or the greatest node in
244  // the left subtree.
245  if (this.root_.key <= key) {
246    return this.root_;
247  } else if (this.root_.left) {
248    return this.findMax(this.root_.left);
249  } else {
250    return null;
251  }
252};
253
254
255/**
256 * @return {Array<*>} An array containing all the keys of tree's nodes.
257 */
258SplayTree.prototype.exportKeys = function() {
259  var result = [];
260  if (!this.isEmpty()) {
261    this.root_.traverse_(function(node) { result.push(node.key); });
262  }
263  return result;
264};
265
266
267/**
268 * Perform the splay operation for the given key. Moves the node with
269 * the given key to the top of the tree.  If no node has the given
270 * key, the last node on the search path is moved to the top of the
271 * tree. This is the simplified top-down splaying algorithm from:
272 * "Self-adjusting Binary Search Trees" by Sleator and Tarjan
273 *
274 * @param {number} key Key to splay the tree on.
275 * @private
276 */
277SplayTree.prototype.splay_ = function(key) {
278  if (this.isEmpty()) {
279    return;
280  }
281  // Create a dummy node.  The use of the dummy node is a bit
282  // counter-intuitive: The right child of the dummy node will hold
283  // the L tree of the algorithm.  The left child of the dummy node
284  // will hold the R tree of the algorithm.  Using a dummy node, left
285  // and right will always be nodes and we avoid special cases.
286  var dummy, left, right;
287  dummy = left = right = new SplayTree.Node(null, null);
288  var current = this.root_;
289  while (true) {
290    if (key < current.key) {
291      if (!current.left) {
292        break;
293      }
294      if (key < current.left.key) {
295        // Rotate right.
296        var tmp = current.left;
297        current.left = tmp.right;
298        tmp.right = current;
299        current = tmp;
300        if (!current.left) {
301          break;
302        }
303      }
304      // Link right.
305      right.left = current;
306      right = current;
307      current = current.left;
308    } else if (key > current.key) {
309      if (!current.right) {
310        break;
311      }
312      if (key > current.right.key) {
313        // Rotate left.
314        var tmp = current.right;
315        current.right = tmp.left;
316        tmp.left = current;
317        current = tmp;
318        if (!current.right) {
319          break;
320        }
321      }
322      // Link left.
323      left.right = current;
324      left = current;
325      current = current.right;
326    } else {
327      break;
328    }
329  }
330  // Assemble.
331  left.right = current.left;
332  right.left = current.right;
333  current.left = dummy.right;
334  current.right = dummy.left;
335  this.root_ = current;
336};
337
338
339/**
340 * Constructs a Splay tree node.
341 *
342 * @param {number} key Key.
343 * @param {*} value Value.
344 */
345SplayTree.Node = function(key, value) {
346  this.key = key;
347  this.value = value;
348};
349
350
351/**
352 * @type {SplayTree.Node}
353 */
354SplayTree.Node.prototype.left = null;
355
356
357/**
358 * @type {SplayTree.Node}
359 */
360SplayTree.Node.prototype.right = null;
361
362
363/**
364 * Performs an ordered traversal of the subtree starting at
365 * this SplayTree.Node.
366 *
367 * @param {function(SplayTree.Node)} f Visitor function.
368 * @private
369 */
370SplayTree.Node.prototype.traverse_ = function(f) {
371  var current = this;
372  while (current) {
373    var left = current.left;
374    if (left) left.traverse_(f);
375    f(current);
376    current = current.right;
377  }
378};
379