A good user experience is a predictable one. If your app plays media it’s important that your users can control the volume of your app using the hardware or software volume controls of their device, bluetooth headset, or headphones.
Similarly, where appropriate and available, the play, stop, pause, skip, and previous media playback keys should perform their respective actions on the audio stream used by your app.
The first step to creating a predictable audio experience is understanding which audio stream your app will use.
Android maintains a separate audio stream for playing music, alarms, notifications, the incoming call ringer, system sounds, in-call volume, and DTMF tones. This is done primarily to allow users to control the volume of each stream independently.
Most of these streams are restricted to system events, so unless your app is a replacement alarm clock, you’ll almost certainly be playing your audio using the {@link android.media.AudioManager#STREAM_MUSIC} stream.
By default, pressing the volume controls modify the volume of the active audio stream. If your app isn't currently playing anything, hitting the volume keys adjusts the ringer volume.
If you've got a game or music app, then chances are good that when the user hits the volume keys they want to control the volume of the game or music, even if they’re currently between songs or there’s no music in the current game location.
You may be tempted to try and listen for volume key presses and modify the volume of your audio stream that way. Resist the urge. Android provides the handy {@link android.app.Activity#setVolumeControlStream setVolumeControlStream()} method to direct volume key presses to the audio stream you specify.
Having identified the audio stream your application will be using, you should set it as the volume stream target. You should make this call early in your app’s lifecycle—because you only need to call it once during the activity lifecycle, you should typically call it within the {@code onCreate()} method (of the {@link android.app.Activity} or {@link android.app.Fragment} that controls your media). This ensures that whenever your app is visible, the volume controls function as the user expects.
setVolumeControlStream(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC);
From this point onwards, pressing the volume keys on the device affect the audio stream you specify (in this case “music”) whenever the target activity or fragment is visible.
Media playback buttons such as play, pause, stop, skip, and previous are available on some handsets and many connected or wireless headsets. Whenever a user presses one of these hardware keys, the system broadcasts an intent with the {@link android.content.Intent#ACTION_MEDIA_BUTTON} action.
To respond to media button clicks, you need to register a {@link android.content.BroadcastReceiver} in your manifest that listens for this action broadcast as shown below.
<receiver android:name=".RemoteControlReceiver">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MEDIA_BUTTON" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
The receiver implementation itself needs to extract which key was pressed to cause the broadcast. The {@link android.content.Intent} includes this under the {@link android.content.Intent#EXTRA_KEY_EVENT} key, while the {@link android.view.KeyEvent} class includes a list {@code KEYCODE_MEDIA_*} static constants that represents each of the possible media buttons, such as {@link android.view.KeyEvent#KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE} and {@link android.view.KeyEvent#KEYCODE_MEDIA_NEXT}.
The following snippet shows how to extract the media button pressed and affects the media playback accordingly.
public class RemoteControlReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
if (Intent.ACTION_MEDIA_BUTTON.equals(intent.getAction())) {
KeyEvent event = (KeyEvent)intent.getParcelableExtra(Intent.EXTRA_KEY_EVENT);
if (KeyEvent.KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY == event.getKeyCode()) {
// Handle key press.
}
}
}
}
Because multiple applications might want to listen for media button presses, you must also programmatically control when your app should receive media button press events.
The following code can be used within your app to register and de-register your media button event receiver using the {@link android.media.AudioManager}. When registered, your broadcast receiver is the exclusive receiver of all media button broadcasts.
AudioManager am = mContext.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE); ... // Start listening for button presses am.registerMediaButtonEventReceiver(RemoteControlReceiver); ... // Stop listening for button presses am.unregisterMediaButtonEventReceiver(RemoteControlReceiver);
Typically, apps should unregister most of their receivers whenever they become inactive or invisible (such as during the {@link android.app.Activity#onStop onStop()} callback). However, it’s not that simple for media playback apps—in fact, responding to media playback buttons is most important when your application isn’t visible and therefore can’t be controlled by the on-screen UI.
A better approach is to register and unregister the media button event receiver when your application gains and losses the audio focus. This is covered in detail in the next lesson.