xref: /libcore/luni/src/main/java/java/net/URLConnection.java

/*
 *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 *  contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 *  this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 *  The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 *  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 *  the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */

package java.net;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * A connection to a URL for reading or writing. For HTTP connections, see
 * {@link HttpURLConnection} for documentation of HTTP-specific features.
 *
 * <p>For example, to retrieve {@code
 * ftp://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/index.html}: <pre>   {@code
 *   URL url = new URL("ftp://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/index.html");
 *   URLConnection urlConnection = url.openConnection();
 *   InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(urlConnection.getInputStream());
 *   try {
 *     readStream(in);
 *   } finally {
 *     in.close();
 *   }
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p>{@code URLConnection} must be configured before it has connected to the
 * remote resource. Instances of {@code URLConnection} are not reusable: you
 * must use a different instance for each connection to a resource.
 *
 * <h3>Timeouts</h3>
 * {@code URLConnection} supports two timeouts: a {@link #setConnectTimeout
 * connect timeout} and a {@link #setReadTimeout read timeout}. By default,
 * operations never time out.
 *
 * <h3>Built-in Protocols</h3>
 * <ul>
 *   <li><strong>File</strong><br>
 *      Resources from the local file system can be loaded using {@code file:}
 *      URIs. File connections can only be used for input.
 *   <li><strong>FTP</strong><br>
 *      File Transfer Protocol (<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc959.txt">RFC 959</a>)
 *      is supported, but with no public subclass. FTP connections can
 *      be used for input or output but not both.
 *      <p>By default, FTP connections will be made using {@code anonymous} as
 *      the username and the empty string as the password. Specify alternate
 *      usernames and passwords in the URL: {@code
 *      ftp://username:password@host/path}.
 *   <li><strong>HTTP and HTTPS</strong><br>
 *      Refer to the {@link HttpURLConnection} and {@link
 *      javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection HttpsURLConnection} subclasses.
 *   <li><strong>Jar</strong><br>
 *      Refer to the {@link JarURLConnection} subclass.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h3>Registering Additional Protocols</h3>
 * Use {@link URL#setURLStreamHandlerFactory} to register handlers for other
 * protocol types.
 */
public abstract class URLConnection {

    /**
     * The URL which represents the remote target of this {@code URLConnection}.
     */
    protected URL url;

    private String contentType;

    private static boolean defaultAllowUserInteraction;

    private static boolean defaultUseCaches = true;

    ContentHandler defaultHandler = new DefaultContentHandler();

    private long lastModified = -1;

    /**
     * The data must be modified more recently than this time in milliseconds
     * since January 1, 1970, GMT to be transmitted.
     */
    protected long ifModifiedSince;

    /**
     * Specifies whether the using of caches is enabled or the data has to be
     * recent for every request.
     */
    protected boolean useCaches = defaultUseCaches;

    /**
     * Specifies whether this {@code URLConnection} is already connected to the
     * remote resource. If this field is set to {@code true} the flags for
     * setting up the connection are not changeable anymore.
     */
    protected boolean connected;

    /**
     * Specifies whether this {@code URLConnection} allows sending data.
     */
    protected boolean doOutput;

    /**
     * Specifies whether this {@code URLConnection} allows receiving data.
     */
    protected boolean doInput = true;

    /**
     * Specifies whether this {@code URLConnection} allows user interaction as
     * it is needed for authentication purposes.
     */
    protected boolean allowUserInteraction = defaultAllowUserInteraction;

    private static ContentHandlerFactory contentHandlerFactory;

    private int readTimeout = 0;

    private int connectTimeout = 0;

    /**
     * Cache for storing content handler
     */
    static Hashtable<String, Object> contentHandlers = new Hashtable<String, Object>();

    /**
     * A hashtable that maps the filename extension (key) to a MIME-type
     * (element)
     */
    private static FileNameMap fileNameMap;

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code URLConnection} instance pointing to the resource
     * specified by the given URL.
     *
     * @param url
     *            the URL which represents the resource this {@code
     *            URLConnection} will point to.
     */
    protected URLConnection(URL url) {
        this.url = url;
    }

    /**
     * Opens a connection to the resource. This method will <strong>not</strong>
     * reconnect to a resource after the initial connection has been closed.
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an error occurs while connecting to the resource.
     */
    public abstract void connect() throws IOException;

    /**
     * Returns the option value which indicates whether user interaction is allowed
     * on this {@code URLConnection}.
     *
     * @return the value of the option {@code allowUserInteraction}.
     * @see #allowUserInteraction
     */
    public boolean getAllowUserInteraction() {
        return allowUserInteraction;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an object representing the content of the resource this {@code
     * URLConnection} is connected to. First, it attempts to get the content
     * type from the method {@code getContentType()} which looks at the response
     * header field "Content-Type". If none is found it will guess the content
     * type from the filename extension. If that fails the stream itself will be
     * used to guess the content type.
     *
     * @return the content representing object.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an error occurs obtaining the content.
     */
    public Object getContent() throws java.io.IOException {
        if (!connected) {
            connect();
        }

        if ((contentType = getContentType()) == null) {
            if ((contentType = guessContentTypeFromName(url.getFile())) == null) {
                contentType = guessContentTypeFromStream(getInputStream());
            }
        }
        if (contentType != null) {
            return getContentHandler(contentType).getContent(this);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an object representing the content of the resource this {@code
     * URLConnection} is connected to. First, it attempts to get the content
     * type from the method {@code getContentType()} which looks at the response
     * header field "Content-Type". If none is found it will guess the content
     * type from the filename extension. If that fails the stream itself will be
     * used to guess the content type. The content type must match with one of
     * the list {@code types}.
     *
     * @param types
     *            the list of acceptable content types.
     * @return the content representing object or {@code null} if the content
     *         type does not match with one of the specified types.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an error occurs obtaining the content.
     */
    // Param is not generic in spec
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Object getContent(Class[] types) throws IOException {
        if (!connected) {
            connect();
        }

        if ((contentType = getContentType()) == null) {
            if ((contentType = guessContentTypeFromName(url.getFile())) == null) {
                contentType = guessContentTypeFromStream(getInputStream());
            }
        }
        if (contentType != null) {
            return getContentHandler(contentType).getContent(this, types);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the content encoding type specified by the response header field
     * {@code content-encoding} or {@code null} if this field is not set.
     *
     * @return the value of the response header field {@code content-encoding}.
     */
    public String getContentEncoding() {
        return getHeaderField("Content-Encoding");
    }

    /**
     * Returns the specific ContentHandler that will handle the type {@code
     * contentType}.
     *
     * @param type
     *            The type that needs to be handled
     * @return An instance of the Content Handler
     */
    private ContentHandler getContentHandler(String type) throws IOException {
        // Replace all non-alphanumeric character by '_'
        final String typeString = parseTypeString(type.replace('/', '.'));

        // if there's a cached content handler, use it
        Object cHandler = contentHandlers.get(type);
        if (cHandler != null) {
            return (ContentHandler) cHandler;
        }

        if (contentHandlerFactory != null) {
            cHandler = contentHandlerFactory.createContentHandler(type);
            contentHandlers.put(type, cHandler);
            return (ContentHandler) cHandler;
        }

        // search through the package list for the right class for the Content Type
        String packageList = System.getProperty("java.content.handler.pkgs");
        if (packageList != null) {
            for (String packageName : packageList.split("\\|")) {
                String className = packageName + "." + typeString;
                try {
                    Class<?> klass = Class.forName(className, true, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
                    cHandler = klass.newInstance();
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
                } catch (InstantiationException e) {
                }
            }
        }

        if (cHandler == null) {
            try {
                // Try looking up AWT image content handlers
                String className = "org.apache.harmony.awt.www.content." + typeString;
                cHandler = Class.forName(className).newInstance();
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            } catch (InstantiationException e) {
            }
        }
        if (cHandler != null) {
            if (!(cHandler instanceof ContentHandler)) {
                throw new UnknownServiceException();
            }
            contentHandlers.put(type, cHandler); // if we got the handler,
            // cache it for next time
            return (ContentHandler) cHandler;
        }

        return defaultHandler;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the content length in bytes specified by the response header field
     * {@code content-length} or {@code -1} if this field is not set.
     *
     * @return the value of the response header field {@code content-length}.
     */
    public int getContentLength() {
        return getHeaderFieldInt("Content-Length", -1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the MIME-type of the content specified by the response header field
     * {@code content-type} or {@code null} if type is unknown.
     *
     * @return the value of the response header field {@code content-type}.
     */
    public String getContentType() {
        return getHeaderField("Content-Type");
    }

    /**
     * Returns the timestamp when this response has been sent as a date in
     * milliseconds since January 1, 1970 GMT or {@code 0} if this timestamp is
     * unknown.
     *
     * @return the sending timestamp of the current response.
     */
    public long getDate() {
        return getHeaderFieldDate("Date", 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the default setting whether this connection allows user interaction.
     *
     * @return the value of the default setting {@code
     *         defaultAllowUserInteraction}.
     * @see #allowUserInteraction
     */
    public static boolean getDefaultAllowUserInteraction() {
        return defaultAllowUserInteraction;
    }

    /**
     * Returns null.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link #getRequestProperty}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String getDefaultRequestProperty(String field) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the default setting whether this connection allows using caches.
     *
     * @return the value of the default setting {@code defaultUseCaches}.
     * @see #useCaches
     */
    public boolean getDefaultUseCaches() {
        return defaultUseCaches;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the option {@code doInput} which specifies whether this
     * connection allows to receive data.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this connection allows input, {@code false}
     *         otherwise.
     * @see #doInput
     */
    public boolean getDoInput() {
        return doInput;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the option {@code doOutput} which specifies whether
     * this connection allows to send data.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this connection allows output, {@code false}
     *         otherwise.
     * @see #doOutput
     */
    public boolean getDoOutput() {
        return doOutput;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the timestamp when this response will be expired in milliseconds
     * since January 1, 1970 GMT or {@code 0} if this timestamp is unknown.
     *
     * @return the value of the response header field {@code expires}.
     */
    public long getExpiration() {
        return getHeaderFieldDate("Expires", 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the table which is used by all {@code URLConnection} instances to
     * determine the MIME-type according to a file extension.
     *
     * @return the file name map to determine the MIME-type.
     */
    public static FileNameMap getFileNameMap() {
        synchronized (URLConnection.class) {
            if (fileNameMap == null) {
                fileNameMap = new DefaultFileNameMap();
            }
            return fileNameMap;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the header value at the field position {@code pos} or {@code null}
     * if the header has fewer than {@code pos} fields. The base
     * implementation of this method returns always {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>Some implementations (notably {@code HttpURLConnection}) include a mapping
     * for the null key; in HTTP's case, this maps to the HTTP status line and is
     * treated as being at position 0 when indexing into the header fields.
     *
     * @param pos
     *            the field position of the response header.
     * @return the value of the field at position {@code pos}.
     */
    public String getHeaderField(int pos) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable map of the response-header fields and values. The
     * response-header field names are the key values of the map. The map values
     * are lists of header field values associated with a particular key name.
     *
     * <p>Some implementations (notably {@code HttpURLConnection}) include a mapping
     * for the null key; in HTTP's case, this maps to the HTTP status line and is
     * treated as being at position 0 when indexing into the header fields.
     *
     * @return the response-header representing generic map.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public Map<String, List<String>> getHeaderFields() {
        return Collections.emptyMap();
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable map of general request properties used by this
     * connection. The request property names are the key values of the map. The
     * map values are lists of property values of the corresponding key name.
     *
     * @return the request-property representing generic map.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public Map<String, List<String>> getRequestProperties() {
        checkNotConnected();
        return Collections.emptyMap();
    }

    private void checkNotConnected() {
        if (connected) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Already connected");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds the given property to the request header. Existing properties with
     * the same name will not be overwritten by this method.
     *
     * @param field
     *            the request property field name to add.
     * @param newValue
     *            the value of the property which is to add.
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     *             if the connection has been already established.
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *             if the property name is {@code null}.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public void addRequestProperty(String field, String newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        if (field == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("field == null");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the header field specified by {@code key} or {@code
     * null} if there is no field with this name. The base implementation of
     * this method returns always {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>Some implementations (notably {@code HttpURLConnection}) include a mapping
     * for the null key; in HTTP's case, this maps to the HTTP status line and is
     * treated as being at position 0 when indexing into the header fields.
     *
     * @param key
     *            the name of the header field.
     * @return the value of the header field.
     */
    public String getHeaderField(String key) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the specified header value as a date in milliseconds since January
     * 1, 1970 GMT. Returns the {@code defaultValue} if no such header field
     * could be found.
     *
     * @param field
     *            the header field name whose value is needed.
     * @param defaultValue
     *            the default value if no field has been found.
     * @return the value of the specified header field as a date in
     *         milliseconds.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    public long getHeaderFieldDate(String field, long defaultValue) {
        String date = getHeaderField(field);
        if (date == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Date.parse(date); // TODO: use HttpDate.parse()
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the specified header value as a number. Returns the {@code
     * defaultValue} if no such header field could be found or the value could
     * not be parsed as an {@code Integer}.
     *
     * @param field
     *            the header field name whose value is needed.
     * @param defaultValue
     *            the default value if no field has been found.
     * @return the value of the specified header field as a number.
     */
    public int getHeaderFieldInt(String field, int defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Integer.parseInt(getHeaderField(field));
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the header field at the given position {@code posn} or
     * {@code null} if there are fewer than {@code posn} fields. The base
     * implementation of this method returns always {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>Some implementations (notably {@code HttpURLConnection}) include a mapping
     * for the null key; in HTTP's case, this maps to the HTTP status line and is
     * treated as being at position 0 when indexing into the header fields.
     *
     * @param posn
     *            the position of the header field which has to be returned.
     * @return the header field name at the given position.
     */
    public String getHeaderFieldKey(int posn) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the point of time since when the data must be modified to be
     * transmitted. Some protocols transmit data only if it has been modified
     * more recently than a particular time.
     *
     * @return the time in milliseconds since January 1, 1970 GMT.
     * @see #ifModifiedSince
     */
    public long getIfModifiedSince() {
        return ifModifiedSince;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an {@code InputStream} for reading data from the resource pointed by
     * this {@code URLConnection}. It throws an UnknownServiceException by
     * default. This method must be overridden by its subclasses.
     *
     * @return the InputStream to read data from.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if no InputStream could be created.
     */
    public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
        throw new UnknownServiceException("Does not support writing to the input stream");
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the response header field {@code last-modified} or
     * {@code 0} if this value is not set.
     *
     * @return the value of the {@code last-modified} header field.
     */
    public long getLastModified() {
        if (lastModified != -1) {
            return lastModified;
        }
        return lastModified = getHeaderFieldDate("Last-Modified", 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an {@code OutputStream} for writing data to this {@code
     * URLConnection}. It throws an {@code UnknownServiceException} by default.
     * This method must be overridden by its subclasses.
     *
     * @return the OutputStream to write data.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if no OutputStream could be created.
     */
    public OutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException {
        throw new UnknownServiceException("Does not support writing to the output stream");
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Permission} object representing all needed permissions to
     * open this connection. The returned permission object depends on the state
     * of the connection and will be {@code null} if no permissions are
     * necessary. By default, this method returns {@code AllPermission}.
     * Subclasses should overwrite this method to return an appropriate
     * permission object.
     *
     * @return the permission object representing the needed permissions to open
     *         this connection.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs while creating the permission object.
     */
    public java.security.Permission getPermission() throws IOException {
        return new java.security.AllPermission();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the request header property specified by {code field}
     * or {@code null} if there is no field with this name. The base
     * implementation of this method returns always {@code null}.
     *
     * @param field
     *            the name of the request header property.
     * @return the value of the property.
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     *             if the connection has been already established.
     */
    public String getRequestProperty(String field) {
        checkNotConnected();
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the URL represented by this {@code URLConnection}.
     *
     * @return the URL of this connection.
     */
    public URL getURL() {
        return url;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the flag which specifies whether this {@code
     * URLConnection} allows to use caches.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if using caches is allowed, {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public boolean getUseCaches() {
        return useCaches;
    }

    /**
     * Determines the MIME-type of the given resource {@code url} by resolving
     * the filename extension with the internal FileNameMap. Any fragment
     * identifier is removed before processing.
     *
     * @param url
     *            the URL with the filename to get the MIME type.
     * @return the guessed content type or {@code null} if the type could not be
     *         determined.
     */
    public static String guessContentTypeFromName(String url) {
        return getFileNameMap().getContentTypeFor(url);
    }

    /**
     * Determines the MIME-type of the resource represented by the input stream
     * {@code is} by reading its first few characters.
     *
     * @param is
     *            the resource representing input stream to determine the
     *            content type.
     * @return the guessed content type or {@code null} if the type could not be
     *         determined.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs while reading from the input stream.
     */
    public static String guessContentTypeFromStream(InputStream is) throws IOException {
        if (!is.markSupported()) {
            return null;
        }
        // Look ahead up to 64 bytes for the longest encoded header
        is.mark(64);
        byte[] bytes = new byte[64];
        int length = is.read(bytes);
        is.reset();

        // If there is no data from the input stream, we can't determine content type.
        if (length == -1) {
            return null;
        }

        // Check for Unicode BOM encoding indicators
        String encoding = "US-ASCII";
        int start = 0;
        if (length > 1) {
            if ((bytes[0] == (byte) 0xFF) && (bytes[1] == (byte) 0xFE)) {
                encoding = "UTF-16LE";
                start = 2;
                length -= length & 1;
            }
            if ((bytes[0] == (byte) 0xFE) && (bytes[1] == (byte) 0xFF)) {
                encoding = "UTF-16BE";
                start = 2;
                length -= length & 1;
            }
            if (length > 2) {
                if ((bytes[0] == (byte) 0xEF) && (bytes[1] == (byte) 0xBB)
                        && (bytes[2] == (byte) 0xBF)) {
                    encoding = "UTF-8";
                    start = 3;
                }
                if (length > 3) {
                    if ((bytes[0] == (byte) 0x00) && (bytes[1] == (byte) 0x00)
                            && (bytes[2] == (byte) 0xFE)
                            && (bytes[3] == (byte) 0xFF)) {
                        encoding = "UTF-32BE";
                        start = 4;
                        length -= length & 3;
                    }
                    if ((bytes[0] == (byte) 0xFF) && (bytes[1] == (byte) 0xFE)
                            && (bytes[2] == (byte) 0x00)
                            && (bytes[3] == (byte) 0x00)) {
                        encoding = "UTF-32LE";
                        start = 4;
                        length -= length & 3;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        String header = new String(bytes, start, length - start, encoding);

        // Check binary types
        if (header.startsWith("PK")) {
            return "application/zip";
        }
        if (header.startsWith("GI")) {
            return "image/gif";
        }

        // Check text types
        String textHeader = header.trim().toUpperCase(Locale.US);
        if (textHeader.startsWith("<!DOCTYPE HTML") ||
                textHeader.startsWith("<HTML") ||
                textHeader.startsWith("<HEAD") ||
                textHeader.startsWith("<BODY") ||
                textHeader.startsWith("<HEAD")) {
            return "text/html";
        }

        if (textHeader.startsWith("<?XML")) {
            return "application/xml";
        }

        // Give up
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Performs any necessary string parsing on the input string such as
     * converting non-alphanumeric character into underscore.
     *
     * @param typeString
     *            the parsed string
     * @return the string to be parsed
     */
    private String parseTypeString(String typeString) {
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(typeString);
        for (int i = 0; i < result.length(); i++) {
            // if non-alphanumeric, replace it with '_'
            char c = result.charAt(i);
            if (!(Character.isLetter(c) || Character.isDigit(c) || c == '.')) {
                result.setCharAt(i, '_');
            }
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Sets the flag indicating whether this connection allows user interaction
     * or not. This method can only be called prior to the connection
     * establishment.
     *
     * @param newValue
     *            the value of the flag to be set.
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     *             if this method attempts to change the flag after the
     *             connection has been established.
     * @see #allowUserInteraction
     */
    public void setAllowUserInteraction(boolean newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        this.allowUserInteraction = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the internally used content handler factory. The content factory can
     * only be set once during the lifetime of the application.
     *
     * @param contentFactory
     *            the content factory to be set.
     * @throws Error
     *             if the factory has been already set.
     */
    public static synchronized void setContentHandlerFactory(ContentHandlerFactory contentFactory) {
        if (contentHandlerFactory != null) {
            throw new Error("Factory already set");
        }
        contentHandlerFactory = contentFactory;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for the flag indicating whether this connection
     * allows user interaction or not. Existing {@code URLConnection}s are
     * unaffected.
     *
     * @param allows
     *            the default value of the flag to be used for new connections.
     * @see #defaultAllowUserInteraction
     * @see #allowUserInteraction
     */
    public static void setDefaultAllowUserInteraction(boolean allows) {
        defaultAllowUserInteraction = allows;
    }

    /**
     * Does nothing.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link URLConnection#setRequestProperty(String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static void setDefaultRequestProperty(String field, String value) {
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default value for the flag indicating whether this connection
     * allows to use caches. Existing {@code URLConnection}s are unaffected.
     *
     * @param newValue
     *            the default value of the flag to be used for new connections.
     * @see #useCaches
     */
    public void setDefaultUseCaches(boolean newValue) {
        defaultUseCaches = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the flag indicating whether this {@code URLConnection} allows input.
     * It cannot be set after the connection is established.
     *
     * @param newValue
     *            the new value for the flag to be set.
     * @throws IllegalAccessError
     *             if this method attempts to change the value after the
     *             connection has been already established.
     * @see #doInput
     */
    public void setDoInput(boolean newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        this.doInput = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the flag indicating whether this {@code URLConnection} allows
     * output. It cannot be set after the connection is established.
     *
     * @param newValue
     *            the new value for the flag to be set.
     * @throws IllegalAccessError
     *             if this method attempts to change the value after the
     *             connection has been already established.
     * @see #doOutput
     */
    public void setDoOutput(boolean newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        this.doOutput = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the internal map which is used by all {@code URLConnection}
     * instances to determine the MIME-type according to a filename extension.
     *
     * @param map
     *            the MIME table to be set.
     */
    public static void setFileNameMap(FileNameMap map) {
        synchronized (URLConnection.class) {
            fileNameMap = map;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the point of time since when the data must be modified to be
     * transmitted. Some protocols transmit data only if it has been modified
     * more recently than a particular time. The data will be transmitted
     * regardless of its timestamp if this option is set to {@code 0}.
     *
     * @param newValue
     *            the time in milliseconds since January 1, 1970 GMT.
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     *             if this {@code URLConnection} has already been connected.
     * @see #ifModifiedSince
     */
    public void setIfModifiedSince(long newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        this.ifModifiedSince = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the value of the specified request header field. The value will only
     * be used by the current {@code URLConnection} instance. This method can
     * only be called before the connection is established.
     *
     * @param field
     *            the request header field to be set.
     * @param newValue
     *            the new value of the specified property.
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     *             if the connection has been already established.
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *             if the parameter {@code field} is {@code null}.
     */
    public void setRequestProperty(String field, String newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        if (field == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("field == null");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the flag indicating whether this connection allows to use caches or
     * not. This method can only be called prior to the connection
     * establishment.
     *
     * @param newValue
     *            the value of the flag to be set.
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     *             if this method attempts to change the flag after the
     *             connection has been established.
     * @see #useCaches
     */
    public void setUseCaches(boolean newValue) {
        checkNotConnected();
        this.useCaches = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum time to wait for a connect to complete before giving up.
     * Connecting to a server will fail with a {@link SocketTimeoutException} if
     * the timeout elapses before a connection is established. The default value
     * of {@code 0} disables connect timeouts; connect attempts may wait
     * indefinitely.
     *
     * <p><strong>Warning:</strong> if the hostname resolves to multiple IP
     * addresses, this client will try each in <a
     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3484.txt">RFC 3484</a> order. If
     * connecting to each of these addresses fails, multiple timeouts will
     * elapse before the connect attempt throws an exception. Host names that
     * support both IPv6 and IPv4 always have at least 2 IP addresses.
     *
     * @param timeoutMillis the connect timeout in milliseconds. Non-negative.
     */
    public void setConnectTimeout(int timeoutMillis) {
        if (timeoutMillis < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeoutMillis < 0");
        }
        this.connectTimeout = timeoutMillis;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the connect timeout in milliseconds, or {@code 0} if connect
     * attempts never timeout.
     */
    public int getConnectTimeout() {
        return connectTimeout;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum time to wait for an input stream read to complete before
     * giving up. Reading will fail with a {@link SocketTimeoutException} if the
     * timeout elapses before data becomes available. The default value of
     * {@code 0} disables read timeouts; read attempts will block indefinitely.
     *
     * @param timeoutMillis the read timeout in milliseconds. Non-negative.
     */
    public void setReadTimeout(int timeoutMillis) {
        if (timeoutMillis < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeoutMillis < 0");
        }
        this.readTimeout = timeoutMillis;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the read timeout in milliseconds, or {@code 0} if reads never
     * timeout.
     */
    public int getReadTimeout() {
        return readTimeout;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation containing the name of this class and
     * the URL.
     *
     * @return the string representation of this {@code URLConnection} instance.
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return getClass().getName() + ":" + url.toString();
    }

    static class DefaultContentHandler extends java.net.ContentHandler {
        @Override
        public Object getContent(URLConnection u) throws IOException {
            return u.getInputStream();
        }
    }
}