1 2@node GNU Free Documentation License 3@appendixsec GNU Free Documentation License 4 5@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License 6@center Version 1.2, November 2002 7 8@display 9Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1051 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA 11 12Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 13of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 14@end display 15 16@enumerate 0 17@item 18PREAMBLE 19 20The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 21functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to 22assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 23with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 24Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way 25to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible 26for modifications made by others. 27 28This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative 29works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It 30complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 31license designed for free software. 32 33We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 34software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 35program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 36software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 37it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 38whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 39principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 40 41@item 42APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 43 44This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 45contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 46distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 47world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 48work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below, 49refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 50licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you 51copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 52under copyright law. 53 54A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the 55Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 56modifications and/or translated into another language. 57 58A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section 59of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 60publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall 61subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 62directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 63part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 64any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 65connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 66commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 67them. 68 69The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 70are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 71that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 72section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 73allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 74Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 75Sections then there are none. 76 77The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed, 78as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 79the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 80be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 81 82A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 83represented in a format whose specification is available to the 84general public, that is suitable for revising the document 85straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 86pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 87drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 88for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 89to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 90format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 91or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 92An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 93of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''. 94 95Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 96@sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input 97format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available 98@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML}, 99PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples 100of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and 101@acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be 102read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or 103@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are 104not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML}, 105PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for 106output purposes only. 107 108The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 109plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 110this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 111formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means 112the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, 113preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 114 115A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose 116title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 117text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 118specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'', 119``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title'' 120of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 121section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition. 122 123The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 124states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 125Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 126License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 127implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 128no effect on the meaning of this License. 129 130@item 131VERBATIM COPYING 132 133You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 134commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 135copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 136to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 137conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 138technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 139copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 140compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 141number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 142 143You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 144you may publicly display copies. 145 146@item 147COPYING IN QUANTITY 148 149If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 150printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 151Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 152copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 153Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 154the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 155you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 156the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 157visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 158Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 159the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 160as verbatim copying in other respects. 161 162If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 163legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 164reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 165pages. 166 167If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 168more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 169copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 170a computer-network location from which the general network-using 171public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 172a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 173If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 174when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 175that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 176location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 177Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 178edition to the public. 179 180It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 181Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 182them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 183 184@item 185MODIFICATIONS 186 187You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 188the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 189the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 190Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 191and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 192of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 193 194@enumerate A 195@item 196Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 197from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 198(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 199of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 200if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 201 202@item 203List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 204responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 205Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 206Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 207unless they release you from this requirement. 208 209@item 210State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 211Modified Version, as the publisher. 212 213@item 214Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 215 216@item 217Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 218adjacent to the other copyright notices. 219 220@item 221Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 222giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 223terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 224 225@item 226Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 227and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. 228 229@item 230Include an unaltered copy of this License. 231 232@item 233Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add 234to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 235publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 236there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one 237stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 238given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 239Version as stated in the previous sentence. 240 241@item 242Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 243public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 244the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 245it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section. 246You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 247least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 248publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 249 250@item 251For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve 252the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the 253substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or 254dedications given therein. 255 256@item 257Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 258unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 259or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 260 261@item 262Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section 263may not be included in the Modified Version. 264 265@item 266Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or 267to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 268 269@item 270Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 271@end enumerate 272 273If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 274appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 275copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 276of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 277list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. 278These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 279 280You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains 281nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 282parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 283been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 284standard. 285 286You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 287passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 288of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 289Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 290through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 291includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 292by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 293you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 294permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 295 296The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 297give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 298imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 299 300@item 301COMBINING DOCUMENTS 302 303You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 304License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 305versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 306Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 307list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 308license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 309 310The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 311multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 312copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 313different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 314adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 315author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 316Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 317Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 318 319In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History'' 320in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 321``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', 322and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all 323sections Entitled ``Endorsements.'' 324 325@item 326COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 327 328You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 329released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 330License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 331the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 332verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 333 334You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 335it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 336License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 337other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 338 339@item 340AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 341 342A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 343and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 344distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright 345resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 346of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. 347When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 348apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 349derivative works of the Document. 350 351If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 352copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 353the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on 354covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 355electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 356Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 357aggregate. 358 359@item 360TRANSLATION 361 362Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 363distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 364Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 365permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 366translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 367original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 368translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 369Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 370the original English version of this License and the original versions 371of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 372the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 373or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 374 375If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', 376``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 377its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 378title. 379 380@item 381TERMINATION 382 383You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except 384as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to 385copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will 386automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, 387parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this 388License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such 389parties remain in full compliance. 390 391@item 392FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 393 394The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 395of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 396versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 397differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 398@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}. 399 400Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 401If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 402License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of 403following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 404of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 405Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 406number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 407as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. 408@end enumerate 409 410@page 411@appendixsubsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 412 413To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 414the License in the document and put the following copyright and 415license notices just after the title page: 416 417@smallexample 418@group 419 Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}. 420 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 421 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 422 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 423 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover 424 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 425 Free Documentation License''. 426@end group 427@end smallexample 428 429If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 430replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this: 431 432@smallexample 433@group 434 with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with 435 the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts 436 being @var{list}. 437@end group 438@end smallexample 439 440If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 441combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 442situation. 443 444If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 445recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 446free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 447to permit their use in free software. 448 449@c Local Variables: 450@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict" 451@c End: 452 453