The XML C parser and toolkit of Gnome

Note: this is the flat content of the web site

libxml, a.k.a. gnome-xml

"Programming with libxml2 is like the thrilling embrace of an exotic stranger." Mark Pilgrim

Libxml2 is the XML C parser and toolkit developed for the Gnome project (but usable outside of the Gnome platform), it is free software available under the MIT License. XML itself is a metalanguage to design markup languages, i.e. text language where semantic and structure are added to the content using extra "markup" information enclosed between angle brackets. HTML is the most well-known markup language. Though the library is written in C a variety of language bindings make it available in other environments.

Libxml2 is known to be very portable, the library should build and work without serious troubles on a variety of systems (Linux, Unix, Windows, CygWin, MacOS, MacOS X, RISC Os, OS/2, VMS, QNX, MVS, VxWorks, ...)

Libxml2 implements a number of existing standards related to markup languages:

In most cases libxml2 tries to implement the specifications in a relatively strictly compliant way. As of release 2.4.16, libxml2 passed all 1800+ tests from the OASIS XML Tests Suite.

To some extent libxml2 provides support for the following additional specifications but doesn't claim to implement them completely:

A partial implementation of XML Schemas Part 1: Structure is being worked on but it would be far too early to make any conformance statement about it at the moment.

Separate documents:

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Introduction

This document describes libxml, the XML C parser and toolkit developed for the Gnome project. XML is a standard for building tag-based structured documents/data.

Here are some key points about libxml:

Warning: unless you are forced to because your application links with a Gnome-1.X library requiring it, Do Not Use libxml1, use libxml2

FAQ

Table of Contents:

License(s)

  1. Licensing Terms for libxml

    libxml2 is released under the MIT License; see the file Copyright in the distribution for the precise wording

  2. Can I embed libxml2 in a proprietary application ?

    Yes. The MIT License allows you to keep proprietary the changes you made to libxml, but it would be graceful to send-back bug fixes and improvements as patches for possible incorporation in the main development tree.

Installation

  1. Do Not Use libxml1, use libxml2

  2. Where can I get libxml ?

    The original distribution comes from xmlsoft.org or gnome.org

    Most Linux and BSD distributions include libxml, this is probably the safer way for end-users to use libxml.

    David Doolin provides precompiled Windows versions at http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~doolin/code/libxmlwin32/

  3. I see libxml and libxml2 releases, which one should I install ?
  4. I can't install the libxml package, it conflicts with libxml0

    You probably have an old libxml0 package used to provide the shared library for libxml.so.0, you can probably safely remove it. The libxml packages provided on xmlsoft.org provide libxml.so.0

  5. I can't install the libxml(2) RPM package due to failed dependencies

    The most generic solution is to re-fetch the latest src.rpm , and rebuild it locally with

    rpm --rebuild libxml(2)-xxx.src.rpm.

    If everything goes well it will generate two binary rpm packages (one providing the shared libs and xmllint, and the other one, the -devel package, providing includes, static libraries and scripts needed to build applications with libxml(2)) that you can install locally.

Compilation

  1. What is the process to compile libxml2 ?

    As most UNIX libraries libxml2 follows the "standard":

    gunzip -c xxx.tar.gz | tar xvf -

    cd libxml-xxxx

    ./configure --help

    to see the options, then the compilation/installation proper

    ./configure [possible options]

    make

    make install

    At that point you may have to rerun ldconfig or a similar utility to update your list of installed shared libs.

  2. What other libraries are needed to compile/install libxml2 ?

    Libxml2 does not require any other library, the normal C ANSI API should be sufficient (please report any violation to this rule you may find).

    However if found at configuration time libxml2 will detect and use the following libs:

  3. Make check fails on some platforms

    Sometimes the regression tests' results don't completely match the value produced by the parser, and the makefile uses diff to print the delta. On some platforms the diff return breaks the compilation process; if the diff is small this is probably not a serious problem.

    Sometimes (especially on Solaris) make checks fail due to limitations in make. Try using GNU-make instead.

  4. I use the SVN version and there is no configure script

    The configure script (and other Makefiles) are generated. Use the autogen.sh script to regenerate the configure script and Makefiles, like:

    ./autogen.sh --prefix=/usr --disable-shared

  5. I have troubles when running make tests with gcc-3.0

    It seems the initial release of gcc-3.0 has a problem with the optimizer which miscompiles the URI module. Please use another compiler.

Developer corner

  1. Troubles compiling or linking programs using libxml2

    Usually the problem comes from the fact that the compiler doesn't get the right compilation or linking flags. There is a small shell script xml2-config which is installed as part of libxml2 usual install process which provides those flags. Use

    xml2-config --cflags

    to get the compilation flags and

    xml2-config --libs

    to get the linker flags. Usually this is done directly from the Makefile as:

    CFLAGS=`xml2-config --cflags`

    LIBS=`xml2-config --libs`

  2. I want to install my own copy of libxml2 in my home directory and link my programs against it, but it doesn't work

    There are many different ways to accomplish this. Here is one way to do this under Linux. Suppose your home directory is /home/user. Then:

  3. xmlDocDump() generates output on one line.

    Libxml2 will not invent spaces in the content of a document since all spaces in the content of a document are significant. If you build a tree from the API and want indentation:

    1. the correct way is to generate those yourself too.
    2. the dangerous way is to ask libxml2 to add those blanks to your content modifying the content of your document in the process. The result may not be what you expect. There is NO way to guarantee that such a modification won't affect other parts of the content of your document. See xmlKeepBlanksDefault () and xmlSaveFormatFile ()

  4. Extra nodes in the document:

    For an XML file as below:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
<PLAN xmlns="http://www.argus.ca/autotest/1.0/">
<NODE CommFlag="0"/>
<NODE CommFlag="1"/>
</PLAN>

    after parsing it with the function pxmlDoc=xmlParseFile(...);

    I want to the get the content of the first node (node with the CommFlag="0")

    so I did it as following;

    xmlNodePtr pnode;
pnode=pxmlDoc->children->children;

    but it does not work. If I change it to

    pnode=pxmlDoc->children->children->next;

    then it works. Can someone explain it to me.

    In XML all characters in the content of the document are significant including blanks and formatting line breaks.

    The extra nodes you are wondering about are just that, text nodes with the formatting spaces which are part of the document but that people tend to forget. There is a function xmlKeepBlanksDefault () to remove those at parse time, but that's an heuristic, and its use should be limited to cases where you are certain there is no mixed-content in the document.

  5. I get compilation errors of existing code like when accessing root or child fields of nodes.

    You are compiling code developed for libxml version 1 and using a libxml2 development environment. Either switch back to libxml v1 devel or even better fix the code to compile with libxml2 (or both) by following the instructions.

  6. I get compilation errors about non existing xmlRootNode or xmlChildrenNode fields.

    The source code you are using has been upgraded to be able to compile with both libxml and libxml2, but you need to install a more recent version: libxml(-devel) >= 1.8.8 or libxml2(-devel) >= 2.1.0

  7. Random crashes in threaded applications

    Read and follow all advices on the thread safety page, and make 100% sure you never call xmlCleanupParser() while the library or an XML document might still be in use by another thread.

  8. The example provided in the web page does not compile.

    It's hard to maintain the documentation in sync with the code <grin/> ...

    Check the previous points 1/ and 2/ raised before, and please send patches.

  9. Where can I get more examples and information than provided on the web page?

    Ideally a libxml2 book would be nice. I have no such plan ... But you can:

  10. What about C++ ?

    libxml2 is written in pure C in order to allow easy reuse on a number of platforms, including embedded systems. I don't intend to convert to C++.

    There is however a C++ wrapper which may fulfill your needs:

  11. How to validate a document a posteriori ?

    It is possible to validate documents which had not been validated at initial parsing time or documents which have been built from scratch using the API. Use the xmlValidateDtd() function. It is also possible to simply add a DTD to an existing document:

    xmlDocPtr doc; /* your existing document */
xmlDtdPtr dtd = xmlParseDTD(NULL, filename_of_dtd); /* parse the DTD */

        dtd->name = xmlStrDup((xmlChar*)"root_name"); /* use the given root */

        doc->intSubset = dtd;
        if (doc->children == NULL) xmlAddChild((xmlNodePtr)doc, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
        else xmlAddPrevSibling(doc->children, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
  12. So what is this funky "xmlChar" used all the time?

    It is a null terminated sequence of utf-8 characters. And only utf-8! You need to convert strings encoded in different ways to utf-8 before passing them to the API. This can be accomplished with the iconv library for instance.

  13. etc ...

Developer Menu

There are several on-line resources related to using libxml:

  1. Use the search engine to look up information.
  2. Check the FAQ.
  3. Check the extensive documentation automatically extracted from code comments.
  4. Look at the documentation about libxml internationalization support.
  5. This page provides a global overview and some examples on how to use libxml.
  6. Code examples
  7. John Fleck's libxml2 tutorial: html or pdf.
  8. If you need to parse large files, check the xmlReader API tutorial
  9. James Henstridge wrote some nice documentation explaining how to use the libxml SAX interface.
  10. George Lebl wrote an article for IBM developerWorks about using libxml.
  11. Check the TODO file.
  12. Read the 1.x to 2.x upgrade path description. If you are starting a new project using libxml you should really use the 2.x version.
  13. And don't forget to look at the mailing-list archive.

Reporting bugs and getting help

Well, bugs or missing features are always possible, and I will make a point of fixing them in a timely fashion. The best way to report a bug is to use the Gnome bug tracking database (make sure to use the "libxml2" module name). I look at reports there regularly and it's good to have a reminder when a bug is still open. Be sure to specify that the bug is for the package libxml2.

For small problems you can try to get help on IRC, the #xml channel on irc.gnome.org (port 6667) usually has a few people subscribed which may help (but there is no guarantee and if a real issue is raised it should go on the mailing-list for archival).

There is also a mailing-list xml@gnome.org for libxml, with an on-line archive (old). To subscribe to this list, please visit the associated Web page and follow the instructions. Do not send code, I won't debug it (but patches are really appreciated!).

Please note that with the current amount of virus and SPAM, sending mail to the list without being subscribed won't work. There is *far too many bounces* (in the order of a thousand a day !) I cannot approve them manually anymore. If your mail to the list bounced waiting for administrator approval, it is LOST ! Repost it and fix the problem triggering the error. Also please note that emails with a legal warning asking to not copy or redistribute freely the information they contain are NOT acceptable for the mailing-list, such mail will as much as possible be discarded automatically, and are less likely to be answered if they made it to the list, DO NOT post to the list from an email address where such legal requirements are automatically added, get private paying support if you can't share information.

Check the following before posting:

Then send the bug with associated information to reproduce it to the xml@gnome.org list; if it's really libxml related I will approve it. Please do not send mail to me directly, it makes things really hard to track and in some cases I am not the best person to answer a given question, ask on the list.

To be really clear about support:

Of course, bugs reported with a suggested patch for fixing them will probably be processed faster than those without.

If you're looking for help, a quick look at the list archive may actually provide the answer. I usually send source samples when answering libxml2 usage questions. The auto-generated documentation is not as polished as I would like (i need to learn more about DocBook), but it's a good starting point.

How to help

You can help the project in various ways, the best thing to do first is to subscribe to the mailing-list as explained before, check the archives and the Gnome bug database:

  1. Provide patches when you find problems.
  2. Provide the diffs when you port libxml2 to a new platform. They may not be integrated in all cases but help pinpointing portability problems and
  3. Provide documentation fixes (either as patches to the code comments or as HTML diffs).
  4. Provide new documentations pieces (translations, examples, etc ...).
  5. Check the TODO file and try to close one of the items.
  6. Take one of the points raised in the archive or the bug database and provide a fix. Get in touch with me before to avoid synchronization problems and check that the suggested fix will fit in nicely :-)

Downloads

The latest versions of libxml2 can be found on the xmlsoft.org server ( FTP and rsync are available), there are also mirrors (France and Antonin Sprinzl also provide a mirror in Austria). (NOTE that you need both the libxml(2) and libxml(2)-devel packages installed to compile applications using libxml if using RPMs.)

You can find all the history of libxml(2) and libxslt releases in the old directory. The precompiled Windows binaries made by Igor Zlatovic are available in the win32 directory.

Binary ports:

If you know other supported binary ports, please contact me.

Snapshot:

Contributions:

I do accept external contributions, especially if compiling on another platform, get in touch with the list to upload the package, wrappers for various languages have been provided, and can be found in the bindings section

Libxml2 is also available from GIT:

Releases

The change log describes the recents commits to the GIT code base.

Here is the list of public releases:

v2.9.8: Mar 05 2018

2.9.7: Nov 02 2017

v2.9.6: Oct 06 2017

v2.9.5: Sep 04 2017

2.9.4: May 23 2016

v2.9.3: Nov 20 2015

2.9.2: Oct 16 2014

2.9.1: Apr 19 2013

2.9.0: Sep 11 2012

2.8.0: May 23 2012

2.7.8: Nov 4 2010

2.7.7: Mar 15 2010

2.7.6: Oct 6 2009

2.7.5: Sep 24 2009

2.7.4: Sep 10 2009

2.7.3: Jan 18 2009

2.7.2: Oct 3 2008

2.7.1: Sep 1 2008

2.7.0: Aug 30 2008

2.6.32: Apr 8 2008

2.6.31: Jan 11 2008

2.6.30: Aug 23 2007

2.6.29: Jun 12 2007

2.6.28: Apr 17 2007

2.6.27: Oct 25 2006

2.6.26: Jun 6 2006

2.6.25: Jun 6 2006:

Do not use or package 2.6.25

2.6.24: Apr 28 2006

2.6.23: Jan 5 2006

2.6.22: Sep 12 2005

2.6.21: Sep 4 2005

2.6.20: Jul 10 2005

2.6.19: Apr 02 2005

2.6.18: Mar 13 2005

2.6.17: Jan 16 2005

2.6.16: Nov 10 2004

2.6.15: Oct 27 2004

2.6.14: Sep 29 2004

2.6.13: Aug 31 2004

2.6.12: Aug 22 2004

2.6.11: July 5 2004

2.6.10: May 17 2004

2.6.9: Apr 18 2004

2.6.8: Mar 23 2004

2.6.7: Feb 23 2004

2.6.6: Feb 12 2004

2.6.5: Jan 25 2004

2.6.4: Dec 24 2003

2.6.3: Dec 10 2003

2.6.2: Nov 4 2003

2.6.1: Oct 28 2003

2.6.0: Oct 20 2003

2.5.11: Sep 9 2003

A bugfix only release:

2.5.10: Aug 15 2003

A bugfixes only release

2.5.9: Aug 9 2003

2.5.8: Jul 6 2003

2.5.7: Apr 25 2003

2.5.6: Apr 1 2003

2.5.5: Mar 24 2003

2.5.4: Feb 20 2003

2.5.3: Feb 10 2003

2.5.2: Feb 5 2003

2.5.1: Jan 8 2003

2.5.0: Jan 6 2003

2.4.30: Dec 12 2002

2.4.29: Dec 11 2002

2.4.28: Nov 22 2002

2.4.27: Nov 17 2002

2.4.26: Oct 18 2002

2.4.25: Sep 26 2002

2.4.24: Aug 22 2002

2.4.23: July 6 2002

2.4.22: May 27 2002

2.4.21: Apr 29 2002

This release is both a bug fix release and also contains the early XML Schemas structures and datatypes code, beware, all interfaces are likely to change, there is huge holes, it is clearly a work in progress and don't even think of putting this code in a production system, it's actually not compiled in by default. The real fixes are:

2.4.20: Apr 15 2002

2.4.19: Mar 25 2002

2.4.18: Mar 18 2002

2.4.17: Mar 8 2002

2.4.16: Feb 20 2002

2.4.15: Feb 11 2002

2.4.14: Feb 8 2002

2.4.13: Jan 14 2002

2.4.12: Dec 7 2001

2.4.11: Nov 26 2001

2.4.10: Nov 10 2001

2.4.9: Nov 6 2001

2.4.8: Nov 4 2001

2.4.7: Oct 30 2001

2.4.6: Oct 10 2001

2.4.5: Sep 14 2001

1.8.16: Sep 14 2001

2.4.4: Sep 12 2001

2.4.3: Aug 23 2001

2.4.2: Aug 15 2001

2.4.1: July 24 2001

2.4.0: July 10 2001

2.3.14: July 5 2001

2.3.13: June 28 2001

1.8.14: June 28 2001

2.3.12: June 26 2001

2.3.11: June 17 2001

2.3.10: June 1 2001

2.3.9: May 19 2001

Lots of bugfixes, and added a basic SGML catalog support:

1.8.13: May 14 2001

2.3.8: May 3 2001

2.3.7: April 22 2001

2.3.6: April 8 2001

2.3.5: Mar 23 2001

2.3.4: Mar 10 2001

2.3.3: Mar 1 2001

2.3.2: Feb 24 2001

2.3.1: Feb 15 2001

2.3.0: Feb 8 2001 (2.2.12 was on 25 Jan but I didn't kept track)

2.2.11: Jan 4 2001

2.2.10: Nov 25 2000

2.2.9: Nov 25 2000

2.2.8: Nov 13 2000

2.2.7: Oct 31 2000

2.2.6: Oct 25 2000:

2.2.5: Oct 15 2000:

2.2.4: Oct 1 2000:

2.2.3: Sep 17 2000

1.8.10: Sep 6 2000

2.2.2: August 12 2000

2.2.1: July 21 2000

2.2.0: July 14 2000

1.8.9: July 9 2000

2.1.1: July 1 2000

2.1.0 and 1.8.8: June 29 2000

2.0.0: Apr 12 2000

2.0.0beta: Mar 14 2000

1.8.7: Mar 6 2000

1.8.6: Jan 31 2000

1.8.5: Jan 21 2000

1.8.4: Jan 13 2000

1.8.3: Jan 5 2000

1.8.2: Dec 21 1999

1.8.1: Dec 18 1999

1.8.0: Dec 12 1999

1.7.4: Oct 25 1999

1.7.3: Sep 29 1999

1.7.1: Sep 24 1999

1.7.0: Sep 23 1999

XML

XML is a standard for markup-based structured documents. Here is an example XML document:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<EXAMPLE prop1="gnome is great" prop2="&amp; linux too">
  <head>
   <title>Welcome to Gnome</title>
  </head>
  <chapter>
   <title>The Linux adventure</title>
   <p>bla bla bla ...</p>
   <image href="linus.gif"/>
   <p>...</p>
  </chapter>
</EXAMPLE>

The first line specifies that it is an XML document and gives useful information about its encoding. Then the rest of the document is a text format whose structure is specified by tags between brackets. Each tag opened has to be closed. XML is pedantic about this. However, if a tag is empty (no content), a single tag can serve as both the opening and closing tag if it ends with /> rather than with >. Note that, for example, the image tag has no content (just an attribute) and is closed by ending the tag with />.

XML can be applied successfully to a wide range of tasks, ranging from long term structured document maintenance (where it follows the steps of SGML) to simple data encoding mechanisms like configuration file formatting (glade), spreadsheets (gnumeric), or even shorter lived documents such as WebDAV where it is used to encode remote calls between a client and a server.

XSLT

Check the separate libxslt page

XSL Transformations, is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents (or HTML/textual output).

A separate library called libxslt is available implementing XSLT-1.0 for libxml2. This module "libxslt" too can be found in the Gnome SVN base.

You can check the progresses on the libxslt Changelog.

Python and bindings

There are a number of language bindings and wrappers available for libxml2, the list below is not exhaustive. Please contact the xml-bindings@gnome.org (archives) in order to get updates to this list or to discuss the specific topic of libxml2 or libxslt wrappers or bindings:

The distribution includes a set of Python bindings, which are guaranteed to be maintained as part of the library in the future, though the Python interface have not yet reached the completeness of the C API.

Note that some of the Python purist dislike the default set of Python bindings, rather than complaining I suggest they have a look at lxml the more pythonic bindings for libxml2 and libxslt and check the mailing-list.

Stéphane Bidoul maintains a Windows port of the Python bindings.

Note to people interested in building bindings, the API is formalized as an XML API description file which allows to automate a large part of the Python bindings, this includes function descriptions, enums, structures, typedefs, etc... The Python script used to build the bindings is python/generator.py in the source distribution.

To install the Python bindings there are 2 options:

The distribution includes a set of examples and regression tests for the python bindings in the python/tests directory. Here are some excerpts from those tests:

tst.py:

This is a basic test of the file interface and DOM navigation:

import libxml2, sys

doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
if doc.name != "tst.xml":
    print "doc.name failed"
    sys.exit(1)
root = doc.children
if root.name != "doc":
    print "root.name failed"
    sys.exit(1)
child = root.children
if child.name != "foo":
    print "child.name failed"
    sys.exit(1)
doc.freeDoc()

The Python module is called libxml2; parseFile is the equivalent of xmlParseFile (most of the bindings are automatically generated, and the xml prefix is removed and the casing convention are kept). All node seen at the binding level share the same subset of accessors:

Also note the need to explicitly deallocate documents with freeDoc() . Reference counting for libxml2 trees would need quite a lot of work to function properly, and rather than risk memory leaks if not implemented correctly it sounds safer to have an explicit function to free a tree. The wrapper python objects like doc, root or child are them automatically garbage collected.

validate.py:

This test check the validation interfaces and redirection of error messages:

import libxml2

#deactivate error messages from the validation
def noerr(ctx, str):
    pass

libxml2.registerErrorHandler(noerr, None)

ctxt = libxml2.createFileParserCtxt("invalid.xml")
ctxt.validate(1)
ctxt.parseDocument()
doc = ctxt.doc()
valid = ctxt.isValid()
doc.freeDoc()
if valid != 0:
    print "validity check failed"

The first thing to notice is the call to registerErrorHandler(), it defines a new error handler global to the library. It is used to avoid seeing the error messages when trying to validate the invalid document.

The main interest of that test is the creation of a parser context with createFileParserCtxt() and how the behaviour can be changed before calling parseDocument() . Similarly the information resulting from the parsing phase is also available using context methods.

Contexts like nodes are defined as class and the libxml2 wrappers maps the C function interfaces in terms of objects method as much as possible. The best to get a complete view of what methods are supported is to look at the libxml2.py module containing all the wrappers.

push.py:

This test show how to activate the push parser interface:

import libxml2

ctxt = libxml2.createPushParser(None, "<foo", 4, "test.xml")
ctxt.parseChunk("/>", 2, 1)
doc = ctxt.doc()

doc.freeDoc()

The context is created with a special call based on the xmlCreatePushParser() from the C library. The first argument is an optional SAX callback object, then the initial set of data, the length and the name of the resource in case URI-References need to be computed by the parser.

Then the data are pushed using the parseChunk() method, the last call setting the third argument terminate to 1.

pushSAX.py:

this test show the use of the event based parsing interfaces. In this case the parser does not build a document, but provides callback information as the parser makes progresses analyzing the data being provided:

import libxml2
log = ""

class callback:
    def startDocument(self):
        global log
        log = log + "startDocument:"

    def endDocument(self):
        global log
        log = log + "endDocument:"

    def startElement(self, tag, attrs):
        global log
        log = log + "startElement %s %s:" % (tag, attrs)

    def endElement(self, tag):
        global log
        log = log + "endElement %s:" % (tag)

    def characters(self, data):
        global log
        log = log + "characters: %s:" % (data)

    def warning(self, msg):
        global log
        log = log + "warning: %s:" % (msg)

    def error(self, msg):
        global log
        log = log + "error: %s:" % (msg)

    def fatalError(self, msg):
        global log
        log = log + "fatalError: %s:" % (msg)

handler = callback()

ctxt = libxml2.createPushParser(handler, "<foo", 4, "test.xml")
chunk = " url='tst'>b"
ctxt.parseChunk(chunk, len(chunk), 0)
chunk = "ar</foo>"
ctxt.parseChunk(chunk, len(chunk), 1)

reference = "startDocument:startElement foo {'url': 'tst'}:" + \ 
            "characters: bar:endElement foo:endDocument:"
if log != reference:
    print "Error got: %s" % log
    print "Expected: %s" % reference

The key object in that test is the handler, it provides a number of entry points which can be called by the parser as it makes progresses to indicate the information set obtained. The full set of callback is larger than what the callback class in that specific example implements (see the SAX definition for a complete list). The wrapper will only call those supplied by the object when activated. The startElement receives the names of the element and a dictionary containing the attributes carried by this element.

Also note that the reference string generated from the callback shows a single character call even though the string "bar" is passed to the parser from 2 different call to parseChunk()

xpath.py:

This is a basic test of XPath wrappers support

import libxml2

doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
ctxt = doc.xpathNewContext()
res = ctxt.xpathEval("//*")
if len(res) != 2:
    print "xpath query: wrong node set size"
    sys.exit(1)
if res[0].name != "doc" or res[1].name != "foo":
    print "xpath query: wrong node set value"
    sys.exit(1)
doc.freeDoc()
ctxt.xpathFreeContext()

This test parses a file, then create an XPath context to evaluate XPath expression on it. The xpathEval() method execute an XPath query and returns the result mapped in a Python way. String and numbers are natively converted, and node sets are returned as a tuple of libxml2 Python nodes wrappers. Like the document, the XPath context need to be freed explicitly, also not that the result of the XPath query may point back to the document tree and hence the document must be freed after the result of the query is used.

xpathext.py:

This test shows how to extend the XPath engine with functions written in python:

import libxml2

def foo(ctx, x):
    return x + 1

doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
ctxt = doc.xpathNewContext()
libxml2.registerXPathFunction(ctxt._o, "foo", None, foo)
res = ctxt.xpathEval("foo(1)")
if res != 2:
    print "xpath extension failure"
doc.freeDoc()
ctxt.xpathFreeContext()

Note how the extension function is registered with the context (but that part is not yet finalized, this may change slightly in the future).

tstxpath.py:

This test is similar to the previous one but shows how the extension function can access the XPath evaluation context:

def foo(ctx, x):
    global called

    #
    # test that access to the XPath evaluation contexts
    #
    pctxt = libxml2.xpathParserContext(_obj=ctx)
    ctxt = pctxt.context()
    called = ctxt.function()
    return x + 1

All the interfaces around the XPath parser(or rather evaluation) context are not finalized, but it should be sufficient to do contextual work at the evaluation point.

Memory debugging:

last but not least, all tests starts with the following prologue:

#memory debug specific
libxml2.debugMemory(1)

and ends with the following epilogue:

#memory debug specific
libxml2.cleanupParser()
if libxml2.debugMemory(1) == 0:
    print "OK"
else:
    print "Memory leak %d bytes" % (libxml2.debugMemory(1))
    libxml2.dumpMemory()

Those activate the memory debugging interface of libxml2 where all allocated block in the library are tracked. The prologue then cleans up the library state and checks that all allocated memory has been freed. If not it calls dumpMemory() which saves that list in a .memdump file.

libxml2 architecture

Libxml2 is made of multiple components; some of them are optional, and most of the block interfaces are public. The main components are:

Graphically this gives the following:

a graphical view of the various

The tree output

The parser returns a tree built during the document analysis. The value returned is an xmlDocPtr (i.e., a pointer to an xmlDoc structure). This structure contains information such as the file name, the document type, and a children pointer which is the root of the document (or more exactly the first child under the root which is the document). The tree is made of xmlNodes, chained in double-linked lists of siblings and with a children<->parent relationship. An xmlNode can also carry properties (a chain of xmlAttr structures). An attribute may have a value which is a list of TEXT or ENTITY_REF nodes.

Here is an example (erroneous with respect to the XML spec since there should be only one ELEMENT under the root):

structure.gif

In the source package there is a small program (not installed by default) called xmllint which parses XML files given as argument and prints them back as parsed. This is useful for detecting errors both in XML code and in the XML parser itself. It has an option --debug which prints the actual in-memory structure of the document; here is the result with the example given before:

DOCUMENT
version=1.0
standalone=true
  ELEMENT EXAMPLE
    ATTRIBUTE prop1
      TEXT
      content=gnome is great
    ATTRIBUTE prop2
      ENTITY_REF
      TEXT
      content= linux too 
    ELEMENT head
      ELEMENT title
        TEXT
        content=Welcome to Gnome
    ELEMENT chapter
      ELEMENT title
        TEXT
        content=The Linux adventure
      ELEMENT p
        TEXT
        content=bla bla bla ...
      ELEMENT image
        ATTRIBUTE href
          TEXT
          content=linus.gif
      ELEMENT p
        TEXT
        content=...

This should be useful for learning the internal representation model.

The SAX interface

Sometimes the DOM tree output is just too large to fit reasonably into memory. In that case (and if you don't expect to save back the XML document loaded using libxml), it's better to use the SAX interface of libxml. SAX is a callback-based interface to the parser. Before parsing, the application layer registers a customized set of callbacks which are called by the library as it progresses through the XML input.

To get more detailed step-by-step guidance on using the SAX interface of libxml, see the nice documentation.written by James Henstridge.

You can debug the SAX behaviour by using the testSAX program located in the gnome-xml module (it's usually not shipped in the binary packages of libxml, but you can find it in the tar source distribution). Here is the sequence of callbacks that would be reported by testSAX when parsing the example XML document shown earlier:

SAX.setDocumentLocator()
SAX.startDocument()
SAX.getEntity(amp)
SAX.startElement(EXAMPLE, prop1='gnome is great', prop2='&amp; linux too')
SAX.characters(   , 3)
SAX.startElement(head)
SAX.characters(    , 4)
SAX.startElement(title)
SAX.characters(Welcome to Gnome, 16)
SAX.endElement(title)
SAX.characters(   , 3)
SAX.endElement(head)
SAX.characters(   , 3)
SAX.startElement(chapter)
SAX.characters(    , 4)
SAX.startElement(title)
SAX.characters(The Linux adventure, 19)
SAX.endElement(title)
SAX.characters(    , 4)
SAX.startElement(p)
SAX.characters(bla bla bla ..., 15)
SAX.endElement(p)
SAX.characters(    , 4)
SAX.startElement(image, href='linus.gif')
SAX.endElement(image)
SAX.characters(    , 4)
SAX.startElement(p)
SAX.characters(..., 3)
SAX.endElement(p)
SAX.characters(   , 3)
SAX.endElement(chapter)
SAX.characters( , 1)
SAX.endElement(EXAMPLE)
SAX.endDocument()

Most of the other interfaces of libxml2 are based on the DOM tree-building facility, so nearly everything up to the end of this document presupposes the use of the standard DOM tree build. Note that the DOM tree itself is built by a set of registered default callbacks, without internal specific interface.

Validation & DTDs

Table of Content:

  1. General overview
  2. The definition
  3. Simple rules
    1. How to reference a DTD from a document
    2. Declaring elements
    3. Declaring attributes
  4. Some examples
  5. How to validate
  6. Other resources

General overview

Well what is validation and what is a DTD ?

DTD is the acronym for Document Type Definition. This is a description of the content for a family of XML files. This is part of the XML 1.0 specification, and allows one to describe and verify that a given document instance conforms to the set of rules detailing its structure and content.

Validation is the process of checking a document against a DTD (more generally against a set of construction rules).

The validation process and building DTDs are the two most difficult parts of the XML life cycle. Briefly a DTD defines all the possible elements to be found within your document, what is the formal shape of your document tree (by defining the allowed content of an element; either text, a regular expression for the allowed list of children, or mixed content i.e. both text and children). The DTD also defines the valid attributes for all elements and the types of those attributes.

The definition

The W3C XML Recommendation (Tim Bray's annotated version of Rev1):

(unfortunately) all this is inherited from the SGML world, the syntax is ancient...

Simple rules

Writing DTDs can be done in many ways. The rules to build them if you need something permanent or something which can evolve over time can be radically different. Really complex DTDs like DocBook ones are flexible but quite harder to design. I will just focus on DTDs for a formats with a fixed simple structure. It is just a set of basic rules, and definitely not exhaustive nor usable for complex DTD design.

How to reference a DTD from a document:

Assuming the top element of the document is spec and the dtd is placed in the file mydtd in the subdirectory dtds of the directory from where the document were loaded:

<!DOCTYPE spec SYSTEM "dtds/mydtd">

Notes:

Declaring elements:

The following declares an element spec:

<!ELEMENT spec (front, body, back?)>

It also expresses that the spec element contains one front, one body and one optional back children elements in this order. The declaration of one element of the structure and its content are done in a single declaration. Similarly the following declares div1 elements:

<!ELEMENT div1 (head, (p | list | note)*, div2?)>

which means div1 contains one head then a series of optional p, lists and notes and then an optional div2. And last but not least an element can contain text:

<!ELEMENT b (#PCDATA)>

b contains text or being of mixed content (text and elements in no particular order):

<!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|a|ul|b|i|em)*>

p can contain text or a, ul, b, i or em elements in no particular order.

Declaring attributes:

Again the attributes declaration includes their content definition:

<!ATTLIST termdef name CDATA #IMPLIED>

means that the element termdef can have a name attribute containing text (CDATA) and which is optional (#IMPLIED). The attribute value can also be defined within a set:

<!ATTLIST list type (bullets|ordered|glossary) "ordered">

means list element have a type attribute with 3 allowed values "bullets", "ordered" or "glossary" and which default to "ordered" if the attribute is not explicitly specified.

The content type of an attribute can be text (CDATA), anchor/reference/references (ID/IDREF/IDREFS), entity(ies) (ENTITY/ENTITIES) or name(s) (NMTOKEN/NMTOKENS). The following defines that a chapter element can have an optional id attribute of type ID, usable for reference from attribute of type IDREF:

<!ATTLIST chapter id ID #IMPLIED>

The last value of an attribute definition can be #REQUIRED meaning that the attribute has to be given, #IMPLIED meaning that it is optional, or the default value (possibly prefixed by #FIXED if it is the only allowed).

Notes:

Some examples

The directory test/valid/dtds/ in the libxml2 distribution contains some complex DTD examples. The example in the file test/valid/dia.xml shows an XML file where the simple DTD is directly included within the document.

How to validate

The simplest way is to use the xmllint program included with libxml. The --valid option turns-on validation of the files given as input. For example the following validates a copy of the first revision of the XML 1.0 specification:

xmllint --valid --noout test/valid/REC-xml-19980210.xml

the -- noout is used to disable output of the resulting tree.

The --dtdvalid dtd allows validation of the document(s) against a given DTD.

Libxml2 exports an API to handle DTDs and validation, check the associated description.

Other resources

DTDs are as old as SGML. So there may be a number of examples on-line, I will just list one for now, others pointers welcome:

I suggest looking at the examples found under test/valid/dtd and any of the large number of books available on XML. The dia example in test/valid should be both simple and complete enough to allow you to build your own.

Memory Management

Table of Content:

  1. General overview
  2. Setting libxml2 set of memory routines
  3. Cleaning up after using the library
  4. Debugging routines
  5. General memory requirements
  6. Returning memory to the kernel

General overview

The module xmlmemory.h provides the interfaces to the libxml2 memory system:

Setting libxml2 set of memory routines

It is sometimes useful to not use the default memory allocator, either for debugging, analysis or to implement a specific behaviour on memory management (like on embedded systems). Two function calls are available to do so:

Of course a call to xmlMemSetup() should probably be done before calling any other libxml2 routines (unless you are sure your allocations routines are compatibles).

Cleaning up after using the library

Libxml2 is not stateless, there is a few set of memory structures needing allocation before the parser is fully functional (some encoding structures for example). This also mean that once parsing is finished there is a tiny amount of memory (a few hundred bytes) which can be recollected if you don't reuse the library or any document built with it:

Generally xmlCleanupParser() is safe assuming no parsing is ongoing and no document is still being used, if needed the state will be rebuild at the next invocation of parser routines (or by xmlInitParser()), but be careful of the consequences in multithreaded applications.

Debugging routines

When configured using --with-mem-debug flag (off by default), libxml2 uses a set of memory allocation debugging routines keeping track of all allocated blocks and the location in the code where the routine was called. A couple of other debugging routines allow to dump the memory allocated infos to a file or call a specific routine when a given block number is allocated:

When developing libxml2 memory debug is enabled, the tests programs call xmlMemoryDump () and the "make test" regression tests will check for any memory leak during the full regression test sequence, this helps a lot ensuring that libxml2 does not leak memory and bullet proof memory allocations use (some libc implementations are known to be far too permissive resulting in major portability problems!).

If the .memdump reports a leak, it displays the allocation function and also tries to give some information about the content and structure of the allocated blocks left. This is sufficient in most cases to find the culprit, but not always. Assuming the allocation problem is reproducible, it is possible to find more easily:

  1. write down the block number xxxx not allocated
  2. export the environment variable XML_MEM_BREAKPOINT=xxxx , the easiest when using GDB is to simply give the command

    set environment XML_MEM_BREAKPOINT xxxx

    before running the program.

  3. run the program under a debugger and set a breakpoint on xmlMallocBreakpoint() a specific function called when this precise block is allocated
  4. when the breakpoint is reached you can then do a fine analysis of the allocation an step to see the condition resulting in the missing deallocation.

I used to use a commercial tool to debug libxml2 memory problems but after noticing that it was not detecting memory leaks that simple mechanism was used and proved extremely efficient until now. Lately I have also used valgrind with quite some success, it is tied to the i386 architecture since it works by emulating the processor and instruction set, it is slow but extremely efficient, i.e. it spot memory usage errors in a very precise way.

General memory requirements

How much libxml2 memory require ? It's hard to tell in average it depends of a number of things:

Returning memory to the kernel

You may encounter that your process using libxml2 does not have a reduced memory usage although you freed the trees. This is because libxml2 allocates memory in a number of small chunks. When freeing one of those chunks, the OS may decide that giving this little memory back to the kernel will cause too much overhead and delay the operation. As all chunks are this small, they get actually freed but not returned to the kernel. On systems using glibc, there is a function call "malloc_trim" from malloc.h which does this missing operation (note that it is allowed to fail). Thus, after freeing your tree you may simply try "malloc_trim(0);" to really get the memory back. If your OS does not provide malloc_trim, try searching for a similar function.

Encodings support

If you are not really familiar with Internationalization (usual shortcut is I18N) , Unicode, characters and glyphs, I suggest you read a presentation by Tim Bray on Unicode and why you should care about it.

If you don't understand why it does not make sense to have a string without knowing what encoding it uses, then as Joel Spolsky said please do not write another line of code until you finish reading that article.. It is a prerequisite to understand this page, and avoid a lot of problems with libxml2, XML or text processing in general.

Table of Content:

  1. What does internationalization support mean ?
  2. The internal encoding, how and why
  3. How is it implemented ?
  4. Default supported encodings
  5. How to extend the existing support

What does internationalization support mean ?

XML was designed from the start to allow the support of any character set by using Unicode. Any conformant XML parser has to support the UTF-8 and UTF-16 default encodings which can both express the full unicode ranges. UTF8 is a variable length encoding whose greatest points are to reuse the same encoding for ASCII and to save space for Western encodings, but it is a bit more complex to handle in practice. UTF-16 use 2 bytes per character (and sometimes combines two pairs), it makes implementation easier, but looks a bit overkill for Western languages encoding. Moreover the XML specification allows the document to be encoded in other encodings at the condition that they are clearly labeled as such. For example the following is a wellformed XML document encoded in ISO-8859-1 and using accentuated letters that we French like for both markup and content:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<très>là </très>

Having internationalization support in libxml2 means the following:

Another very important point is that the whole libxml2 API, with the exception of a few routines to read with a specific encoding or save to a specific encoding, is completely agnostic about the original encoding of the document.

It should be noted too that the HTML parser embedded in libxml2 now obey the same rules too, the following document will be (as of 2.2.2) handled in an internationalized fashion by libxml2 too:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
                      "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html lang="fr">
<head>
  <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
</head>
<body>
<p>W3C crée des standards pour le Web.</body>
</html>

The internal encoding, how and why

One of the core decisions was to force all documents to be converted to a default internal encoding, and that encoding to be UTF-8, here are the rationales for those choices:

What does this mean in practice for the libxml2 user:

How is it implemented ?

Let's describe how all this works within libxml, basically the I18N (internationalization) support get triggered only during I/O operation, i.e. when reading a document or saving one. Let's look first at the reading sequence:

  1. when a document is processed, we usually don't know the encoding, a simple heuristic allows to detect UTF-16 and UCS-4 from encodings where the ASCII range (0-0x7F) maps with ASCII
  2. the xml declaration if available is parsed, including the encoding declaration. At that point, if the autodetected encoding is different from the one declared a call to xmlSwitchEncoding() is issued.
  3. If there is no encoding declaration, then the input has to be in either UTF-8 or UTF-16, if it is not then at some point when processing the input, the converter/checker of UTF-8 form will raise an encoding error. You may end-up with a garbled document, or no document at all ! Example: 
    ~/XML -> ./xmllint err.xml 
err.xml:1: error: Input is not proper UTF-8, indicate encoding !
<très>là </très>
   ^
err.xml:1: error: Bytes: 0xE8 0x73 0x3E 0x6C
<très>là </très>
   ^
  4. xmlSwitchEncoding() does an encoding name lookup, canonicalize it, and then search the default registered encoding converters for that encoding. If it's not within the default set and iconv() support has been compiled it, it will ask iconv for such an encoder. If this fails then the parser will report an error and stops processing: 
    ~/XML -> ./xmllint err2.xml 
err2.xml:1: error: Unsupported encoding UnsupportedEnc
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UnsupportedEnc"?>
                                             ^
  5. From that point the encoder processes progressively the input (it is plugged as a front-end to the I/O module) for that entity. It captures and converts on-the-fly the document to be parsed to UTF-8. The parser itself just does UTF-8 checking of this input and process it transparently. The only difference is that the encoding information has been added to the parsing context (more precisely to the input corresponding to this entity).
  6. The result (when using DOM) is an internal form completely in UTF-8 with just an encoding information on the document node.

Ok then what happens when saving the document (assuming you collected/built an xmlDoc DOM like structure) ? It depends on the function called, xmlSaveFile() will just try to save in the original encoding, while xmlSaveFileTo() and xmlSaveFileEnc() can optionally save to a given encoding:

  1. if no encoding is given, libxml2 will look for an encoding value associated to the document and if it exists will try to save to that encoding,

    otherwise everything is written in the internal form, i.e. UTF-8

  2. so if an encoding was specified, either at the API level or on the document, libxml2 will again canonicalize the encoding name, lookup for a converter in the registered set or through iconv. If not found the function will return an error code
  3. the converter is placed before the I/O buffer layer, as another kind of buffer, then libxml2 will simply push the UTF-8 serialization to through that buffer, which will then progressively be converted and pushed onto the I/O layer.
  4. It is possible that the converter code fails on some input, for example trying to push an UTF-8 encoded Chinese character through the UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1 converter won't work. Since the encoders are progressive they will just report the error and the number of bytes converted, at that point libxml2 will decode the offending character, remove it from the buffer and replace it with the associated charRef encoding &#123; and resume the conversion. This guarantees that any document will be saved without losses (except for markup names where this is not legal, this is a problem in the current version, in practice avoid using non-ascii characters for tag or attribute names). A special "ascii" encoding name is used to save documents to a pure ascii form can be used when portability is really crucial

Here are a few examples based on the same test document and assumin a terminal using ISO-8859-1 as the text encoding:

~/XML -> ./xmllint isolat1 
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<très>là</très>
~/XML -> ./xmllint --encode UTF-8 isolat1 
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<très>là  </très>
~/XML ->

The same processing is applied (and reuse most of the code) for HTML I18N processing. Looking up and modifying the content encoding is a bit more difficult since it is located in a <meta> tag under the <head>, so a couple of functions htmlGetMetaEncoding() and htmlSetMetaEncoding() have been provided. The parser also attempts to switch encoding on the fly when detecting such a tag on input. Except for that the processing is the same (and again reuses the same code).

Default supported encodings

libxml2 has a set of default converters for the following encodings (located in encoding.c):

  1. UTF-8 is supported by default (null handlers)
  2. UTF-16, both little and big endian
  3. ISO-Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) covering most western languages
  4. ASCII, useful mostly for saving
  5. HTML, a specific handler for the conversion of UTF-8 to ASCII with HTML predefined entities like &copy; for the Copyright sign.

More over when compiled on an Unix platform with iconv support the full set of encodings supported by iconv can be instantly be used by libxml. On a linux machine with glibc-2.1 the list of supported encodings and aliases fill 3 full pages, and include UCS-4, the full set of ISO-Latin encodings, and the various Japanese ones.

To convert from the UTF-8 values returned from the API to another encoding then it is possible to use the function provided from the encoding module like UTF8Toisolat1, or use the POSIX iconv() API directly.

Encoding aliases

From 2.2.3, libxml2 has support to register encoding names aliases. The goal is to be able to parse document whose encoding is supported but where the name differs (for example from the default set of names accepted by iconv). The following functions allow to register and handle new aliases for existing encodings. Once registered libxml2 will automatically lookup the aliases when handling a document:

How to extend the existing support

Well adding support for new encoding, or overriding one of the encoders (assuming it is buggy) should not be hard, just write input and output conversion routines to/from UTF-8, and register them using xmlNewCharEncodingHandler(name, xxxToUTF8, UTF8Toxxx), and they will be called automatically if the parser(s) encounter such an encoding name (register it uppercase, this will help). The description of the encoders, their arguments and expected return values are described in the encoding.h header.

I/O Interfaces

Table of Content:

  1. General overview
  2. The basic buffer type
  3. Input I/O handlers
  4. Output I/O handlers
  5. The entities loader
  6. Example of customized I/O

General overview

The module xmlIO.h provides the interfaces to the libxml2 I/O system. This consists of 4 main parts:

The general mechanism used when loading http://rpmfind.net/xml.html for example in the HTML parser is the following:

  1. The default entity loader calls xmlNewInputFromFile() with the parsing context and the URI string.
  2. the URI string is checked against the existing registered handlers using their match() callback function, if the HTTP module was compiled in, it is registered and its match() function will succeeds
  3. the open() function of the handler is called and if successful will return an I/O Input buffer
  4. the parser will the start reading from this buffer and progressively fetch information from the resource, calling the read() function of the handler until the resource is exhausted
  5. if an encoding change is detected it will be installed on the input buffer, providing buffering and efficient use of the conversion routines
  6. once the parser has finished, the close() function of the handler is called once and the Input buffer and associated resources are deallocated.

The user defined callbacks are checked first to allow overriding of the default libxml2 I/O routines.

The basic buffer type

All the buffer manipulation handling is done using the xmlBuffer type define in tree.h which is a resizable memory buffer. The buffer allocation strategy can be selected to be either best-fit or use an exponential doubling one (CPU vs. memory use trade-off). The values are XML_BUFFER_ALLOC_EXACT and XML_BUFFER_ALLOC_DOUBLEIT, and can be set individually or on a system wide basis using xmlBufferSetAllocationScheme(). A number of functions allows to manipulate buffers with names starting with the xmlBuffer... prefix.

Input I/O handlers

An Input I/O handler is a simple structure xmlParserInputBuffer containing a context associated to the resource (file descriptor, or pointer to a protocol handler), the read() and close() callbacks to use and an xmlBuffer. And extra xmlBuffer and a charset encoding handler are also present to support charset conversion when needed.

Output I/O handlers

An Output handler xmlOutputBuffer is completely similar to an Input one except the callbacks are write() and close().

The entities loader

The entity loader resolves requests for new entities and create inputs for the parser. Creating an input from a filename or an URI string is done through the xmlNewInputFromFile() routine. The default entity loader do not handle the PUBLIC identifier associated with an entity (if any). So it just calls xmlNewInputFromFile() with the SYSTEM identifier (which is mandatory in XML).

If you want to hook up a catalog mechanism then you simply need to override the default entity loader, here is an example:

#include <libxml/xmlIO.h>

xmlExternalEntityLoader defaultLoader = NULL;

xmlParserInputPtr
xmlMyExternalEntityLoader(const char *URL, const char *ID,
                               xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt) {
    xmlParserInputPtr ret;
    const char *fileID = NULL;
    /* lookup for the fileID depending on ID */

    ret = xmlNewInputFromFile(ctxt, fileID);
    if (ret != NULL)
        return(ret);
    if (defaultLoader != NULL)
        ret = defaultLoader(URL, ID, ctxt);
    return(ret);
}

int main(..) {
    ...

    /*
     * Install our own entity loader
     */
    defaultLoader = xmlGetExternalEntityLoader();
    xmlSetExternalEntityLoader(xmlMyExternalEntityLoader);

    ...
}

Example of customized I/O

This example come from a real use case, xmlDocDump() closes the FILE * passed by the application and this was a problem. The solution was to redefine a new output handler with the closing call deactivated:

  1. First define a new I/O output allocator where the output don't close the file: 
    xmlOutputBufferPtr
xmlOutputBufferCreateOwn(FILE *file, xmlCharEncodingHandlerPtr encoder) {
    xmlOutputBufferPtr ret;
    
    if (xmlOutputCallbackInitialized == 0)
        xmlRegisterDefaultOutputCallbacks();

    if (file == NULL) return(NULL);
    ret = xmlAllocOutputBuffer(encoder);
    if (ret != NULL) {
        ret->context = file;
        ret->writecallback = xmlFileWrite;
        ret->closecallback = NULL;  /* No close callback */
    }
    return(ret);
}
  2. And then use it to save the document: 
    FILE *f;
xmlOutputBufferPtr output;
xmlDocPtr doc;
int res;

f = ...
doc = ....

output = xmlOutputBufferCreateOwn(f, NULL);
res = xmlSaveFileTo(output, doc, NULL);

Catalog support

Table of Content:

  1. General overview
  2. The definition
  3. Using catalogs
  4. Some examples
  5. How to tune catalog usage
  6. How to debug catalog processing
  7. How to create and maintain catalogs
  8. The implementor corner quick review of the API
  9. Other resources

General overview

What is a catalog? Basically it's a lookup mechanism used when an entity (a file or a remote resource) references another entity. The catalog lookup is inserted between the moment the reference is recognized by the software (XML parser, stylesheet processing, or even images referenced for inclusion in a rendering) and the time where loading that resource is actually started.

It is basically used for 3 things:

The definitions

Libxml, as of 2.4.3 implements 2 kind of catalogs:

Using catalog

In a normal environment libxml2 will by default check the presence of a catalog in /etc/xml/catalog, and assuming it has been correctly populated, the processing is completely transparent to the document user. To take a concrete example, suppose you are authoring a DocBook document, this one starts with the following DOCTYPE definition:

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBk XML V3.1.4//EN"
          "http://nwalsh.com/docbook/xml/3.1.4/db3xml.dtd">

When validating the document with libxml, the catalog will be automatically consulted to lookup the public identifier "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBk XML V3.1.4//EN" and the system identifier "http://nwalsh.com/docbook/xml/3.1.4/db3xml.dtd", and if these entities have been installed on your system and the catalogs actually point to them, libxml will fetch them from the local disk.

Note: Really don't use this DOCTYPE example it's a really old version, but is fine as an example.

Libxml2 will check the catalog each time that it is requested to load an entity, this includes DTD, external parsed entities, stylesheets, etc ... If your system is correctly configured all the authoring phase and processing should use only local files, even if your document stays portable because it uses the canonical public and system ID, referencing the remote document.

Some examples:

Here is a couple of fragments from XML Catalogs used in libxml2 early regression tests in test/catalogs :

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC 
   "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
   "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
<catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
  <public publicId="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
   uri="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd"/>
...

This is the beginning of a catalog for DocBook 4.1.2, XML Catalogs are written in XML, there is a specific namespace for catalog elements "urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog". The first entry in this catalog is a public mapping it allows to associate a Public Identifier with an URI.

...
    <rewriteSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
                   rewritePrefix="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook/"/>
...

A rewriteSystem is a very powerful instruction, it says that any URI starting with a given prefix should be looked at another URI constructed by replacing the prefix with an new one. In effect this acts like a cache system for a full area of the Web. In practice it is extremely useful with a file prefix if you have installed a copy of those resources on your local system.

...
<delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//DTD XML Catalog //"
                catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
<delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//ENTITIES DocBook XML"
                catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
<delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML"
                catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
<delegateSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
                catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
<delegateURI uriStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
                catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
...

Delegation is the core features which allows to build a tree of catalogs, easier to maintain than a single catalog, based on Public Identifier, System Identifier or URI prefixes it instructs the catalog software to look up entries in another resource. This feature allow to build hierarchies of catalogs, the set of entries presented should be sufficient to redirect the resolution of all DocBook references to the specific catalog in /usr/share/xml/docbook.xml this one in turn could delegate all references for DocBook 4.2.1 to a specific catalog installed at the same time as the DocBook resources on the local machine.

How to tune catalog usage:

The user can change the default catalog behaviour by redirecting queries to its own set of catalogs, this can be done by setting the XML_CATALOG_FILES environment variable to a list of catalogs, an empty one should deactivate loading the default /etc/xml/catalog default catalog

How to debug catalog processing:

Setting up the XML_DEBUG_CATALOG environment variable will make libxml2 output debugging information for each catalog operations, for example:

orchis:~/XML -> xmllint --memory --noout test/ent2
warning: failed to load external entity "title.xml"
orchis:~/XML -> export XML_DEBUG_CATALOG=
orchis:~/XML -> xmllint --memory --noout test/ent2
Failed to parse catalog /etc/xml/catalog
Failed to parse catalog /etc/xml/catalog
warning: failed to load external entity "title.xml"
Catalogs cleanup
orchis:~/XML ->

The test/ent2 references an entity, running the parser from memory makes the base URI unavailable and the the "title.xml" entity cannot be loaded. Setting up the debug environment variable allows to detect that an attempt is made to load the /etc/xml/catalog but since it's not present the resolution fails.

But the most advanced way to debug XML catalog processing is to use the xmlcatalog command shipped with libxml2, it allows to load catalogs and make resolution queries to see what is going on. This is also used for the regression tests:

orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
                   "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
orchis:~/XML ->

For debugging what is going on, adding one -v flags increase the verbosity level to indicate the processing done (adding a second flag also indicate what elements are recognized at parsing):

orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog -v test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
                   "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
Parsing catalog test/catalogs/docbook.xml's content
Found public match -//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN
http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
Catalogs cleanup
orchis:~/XML ->

A shell interface is also available to debug and process multiple queries (and for regression tests):

orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog -shell test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
                   "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
> help   
Commands available:
public PublicID: make a PUBLIC identifier lookup
system SystemID: make a SYSTEM identifier lookup
resolve PublicID SystemID: do a full resolver lookup
add 'type' 'orig' 'replace' : add an entry
del 'values' : remove values
dump: print the current catalog state
debug: increase the verbosity level
quiet: decrease the verbosity level
exit:  quit the shell
> public "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
> quit
orchis:~/XML ->

This should be sufficient for most debugging purpose, this was actually used heavily to debug the XML Catalog implementation itself.

How to create and maintain catalogs:

Basically XML Catalogs are XML files, you can either use XML tools to manage them or use xmlcatalog for this. The basic step is to create a catalog the -create option provide this facility:

orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --create tst.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
         "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
<catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"/>
orchis:~/XML ->

By default xmlcatalog does not overwrite the original catalog and save the result on the standard output, this can be overridden using the -noout option. The -add command allows to add entries in the catalog:

orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --noout --create --add "public" \
  "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN" \
  http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd tst.xml
orchis:~/XML -> cat tst.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN" \
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
<catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
<public publicId="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
        uri="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd"/>
</catalog>
orchis:~/XML ->

The -add option will always take 3 parameters even if some of the XML Catalog constructs (like nextCatalog) will have only a single argument, just pass a third empty string, it will be ignored.

Similarly the -del option remove matching entries from the catalog:

orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --del \
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" tst.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
    "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
<catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"/>
orchis:~/XML ->

The catalog is now empty. Note that the matching of -del is exact and would have worked in a similar fashion with the Public ID string.

This is rudimentary but should be sufficient to manage a not too complex catalog tree of resources.

The implementor corner quick review of the API:

First, and like for every other module of libxml, there is an automatically generated API page for catalog support.

The header for the catalog interfaces should be included as:

#include <libxml/catalog.h>

The API is voluntarily kept very simple. First it is not obvious that applications really need access to it since it is the default behaviour of libxml2 (Note: it is possible to completely override libxml2 default catalog by using xmlSetExternalEntityLoader to plug an application specific resolver).

Basically libxml2 support 2 catalog lists:

the document one will be used first if it exists.

Initialization routines:

xmlInitializeCatalog(), xmlLoadCatalog() and xmlLoadCatalogs() should be used at startup to initialize the catalog, if the catalog should be initialized with specific values xmlLoadCatalog() or xmlLoadCatalogs() should be called before xmlInitializeCatalog() which would otherwise do a default initialization first.

The xmlCatalogAddLocal() call is used by the parser to grow the document own catalog list if needed.

Preferences setup:

The XML Catalog spec requires the possibility to select default preferences between public and system delegation, xmlCatalogSetDefaultPrefer() allows this, xmlCatalogSetDefaults() and xmlCatalogGetDefaults() allow to control if XML Catalogs resolution should be forbidden, allowed for global catalog, for document catalog or both, the default is to allow both.

And of course xmlCatalogSetDebug() allows to generate debug messages (through the xmlGenericError() mechanism).

Querying routines:

xmlCatalogResolve(), xmlCatalogResolveSystem(), xmlCatalogResolvePublic() and xmlCatalogResolveURI() are relatively explicit if you read the XML Catalog specification they correspond to section 7 algorithms, they should also work if you have loaded an SGML catalog with a simplified semantic.

xmlCatalogLocalResolve() and xmlCatalogLocalResolveURI() are the same but operate on the document catalog list

Cleanup and Miscellaneous:

xmlCatalogCleanup() free-up the global catalog, xmlCatalogFreeLocal() is the per-document equivalent.

xmlCatalogAdd() and xmlCatalogRemove() are used to dynamically modify the first catalog in the global list, and xmlCatalogDump() allows to dump a catalog state, those routines are primarily designed for xmlcatalog, I'm not sure that exposing more complex interfaces (like navigation ones) would be really useful.

The xmlParseCatalogFile() is a function used to load XML Catalog files, it's similar as xmlParseFile() except it bypass all catalog lookups, it's provided because this functionality may be useful for client tools.

threaded environments:

Since the catalog tree is built progressively, some care has been taken to try to avoid troubles in multithreaded environments. The code is now thread safe assuming that the libxml2 library has been compiled with threads support.

Other resources

The XML Catalog specification is relatively recent so there isn't much literature to point at:

If you have suggestions for corrections or additions, simply contact me:

The parser interfaces

This section is directly intended to help programmers getting bootstrapped using the XML tollkit from the C language. It is not intended to be extensive. I hope the automatically generated documents will provide the completeness required, but as a separate set of documents. The interfaces of the XML parser are by principle low level, Those interested in a higher level API should look at DOM.

The parser interfaces for XML are separated from the HTML parser interfaces. Let's have a look at how the XML parser can be called:

Invoking the parser : the pull method

Usually, the first thing to do is to read an XML input. The parser accepts documents either from in-memory strings or from files. The functions are defined in "parser.h":

xmlDocPtr xmlParseMemory(char *buffer, int size);

Parse a null-terminated string containing the document.

xmlDocPtr xmlParseFile(const char *filename);

Parse an XML document contained in a (possibly compressed) file.

The parser returns a pointer to the document structure (or NULL in case of failure).

Invoking the parser: the push method

In order for the application to keep the control when the document is being fetched (which is common for GUI based programs) libxml2 provides a push interface, too, as of version 1.8.3. Here are the interface functions:

xmlParserCtxtPtr xmlCreatePushParserCtxt(xmlSAXHandlerPtr sax,
                                         void *user_data,
                                         const char *chunk,
                                         int size,
                                         const char *filename);
int              xmlParseChunk          (xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt,
                                         const char *chunk,
                                         int size,
                                         int terminate);

and here is a simple example showing how to use the interface:

            FILE *f;

            f = fopen(filename, "r");
            if (f != NULL) {
                int res, size = 1024;
                char chars[1024];
                xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt;

                res = fread(chars, 1, 4, f);
                if (res > 0) {
                    ctxt = xmlCreatePushParserCtxt(NULL, NULL,
                                chars, res, filename);
                    while ((res = fread(chars, 1, size, f)) > 0) {
                        xmlParseChunk(ctxt, chars, res, 0);
                    }
                    xmlParseChunk(ctxt, chars, 0, 1);
                    doc = ctxt->myDoc;
                    xmlFreeParserCtxt(ctxt);
                }
            }

The HTML parser embedded into libxml2 also has a push interface; the functions are just prefixed by "html" rather than "xml".

Invoking the parser: the SAX interface

The tree-building interface makes the parser memory-hungry, first loading the document in memory and then building the tree itself. Reading a document without building the tree is possible using the SAX interfaces (see SAX.h and James Henstridge's documentation). Note also that the push interface can be limited to SAX: just use the two first arguments of xmlCreatePushParserCtxt().

Building a tree from scratch

The other way to get an XML tree in memory is by building it. Basically there is a set of functions dedicated to building new elements. (These are also described in <libxml/tree.h>.) For example, here is a piece of code that produces the XML document used in the previous examples:

    #include <libxml/tree.h>
    xmlDocPtr doc;
    xmlNodePtr tree, subtree;

    doc = xmlNewDoc("1.0");
    doc->children = xmlNewDocNode(doc, NULL, "EXAMPLE", NULL);
    xmlSetProp(doc->children, "prop1", "gnome is great");
    xmlSetProp(doc->children, "prop2", "& linux too");
    tree = xmlNewChild(doc->children, NULL, "head", NULL);
    subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "title", "Welcome to Gnome");
    tree = xmlNewChild(doc->children, NULL, "chapter", NULL);
    subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "title", "The Linux adventure");
    subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "p", "bla bla bla ...");
    subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "image", NULL);
    xmlSetProp(subtree, "href", "linus.gif");

Not really rocket science ...

Traversing the tree

Basically by including "tree.h" your code has access to the internal structure of all the elements of the tree. The names should be somewhat simple like parent, children, next, prev, properties, etc... For example, still with the previous example:

doc->children->children->children

points to the title element,

doc->children->children->next->children->children

points to the text node containing the chapter title "The Linux adventure".

NOTE: XML allows PIs and comments to be present before the document root, so doc->children may point to an element which is not the document Root Element; a function xmlDocGetRootElement() was added for this purpose.

Modifying the tree

Functions are provided for reading and writing the document content. Here is an excerpt from the tree API:

xmlAttrPtr xmlSetProp(xmlNodePtr node, const xmlChar *name, const xmlChar *value);

This sets (or changes) an attribute carried by an ELEMENT node. The value can be NULL.

const xmlChar *xmlGetProp(xmlNodePtr node, const xmlChar *name);

This function returns a pointer to new copy of the property content. Note that the user must deallocate the result.

Two functions are provided for reading and writing the text associated with elements:

xmlNodePtr xmlStringGetNodeList(xmlDocPtr doc, const xmlChar *value);

This function takes an "external" string and converts it to one text node or possibly to a list of entity and text nodes. All non-predefined entity references like &Gnome; will be stored internally as entity nodes, hence the result of the function may not be a single node.

xmlChar *xmlNodeListGetString(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNodePtr list, int inLine);

This function is the inverse of xmlStringGetNodeList(). It generates a new string containing the content of the text and entity nodes. Note the extra argument inLine. If this argument is set to 1, the function will expand entity references. For example, instead of returning the &Gnome; XML encoding in the string, it will substitute it with its value (say, "GNU Network Object Model Environment").

Saving a tree

Basically 3 options are possible:

void xmlDocDumpMemory(xmlDocPtr cur, xmlChar**mem, int *size);

Returns a buffer into which the document has been saved.

extern void xmlDocDump(FILE *f, xmlDocPtr doc);

Dumps a document to an open file descriptor.

int xmlSaveFile(const char *filename, xmlDocPtr cur);

Saves the document to a file. In this case, the compression interface is triggered if it has been turned on.

Compression

The library transparently handles compression when doing file-based accesses. The level of compression on saves can be turned on either globally or individually for one file:

int xmlGetDocCompressMode (xmlDocPtr doc);

Gets the document compression ratio (0-9).

void xmlSetDocCompressMode (xmlDocPtr doc, int mode);

Sets the document compression ratio.

int xmlGetCompressMode(void);

Gets the default compression ratio.

void xmlSetCompressMode(int mode);

Sets the default compression ratio.

Entities or no entities

Entities in principle are similar to simple C macros. An entity defines an abbreviation for a given string that you can reuse many times throughout the content of your document. Entities are especially useful when a given string may occur frequently within a document, or to confine the change needed to a document to a restricted area in the internal subset of the document (at the beginning). Example:

1 <?xml version="1.0"?>
2 <!DOCTYPE EXAMPLE SYSTEM "example.dtd" [
3 <!ENTITY xml "Extensible Markup Language">
4 ]>
5 <EXAMPLE>
6    &xml;
7 </EXAMPLE>

Line 3 declares the xml entity. Line 6 uses the xml entity, by prefixing its name with '&' and following it by ';' without any spaces added. There are 5 predefined entities in libxml2 allowing you to escape characters with predefined meaning in some parts of the xml document content: &lt; for the character '<', &gt; for the character '>', &apos; for the character ''', &quot; for the character '"', and &amp; for the character '&'.

One of the problems related to entities is that you may want the parser to substitute an entity's content so that you can see the replacement text in your application. Or you may prefer to keep entity references as such in the content to be able to save the document back without losing this usually precious information (if the user went through the pain of explicitly defining entities, he may have a a rather negative attitude if you blindly substitute them as saving time). The xmlSubstituteEntitiesDefault() function allows you to check and change the behaviour, which is to not substitute entities by default.

Here is the DOM tree built by libxml2 for the previous document in the default case:

/gnome/src/gnome-xml -> ./xmllint --debug test/ent1
DOCUMENT
version=1.0
   ELEMENT EXAMPLE
     TEXT
     content=
     ENTITY_REF
       INTERNAL_GENERAL_ENTITY xml
       content=Extensible Markup Language
     TEXT
     content=

And here is the result when substituting entities:

/gnome/src/gnome-xml -> ./tester --debug --noent test/ent1
DOCUMENT
version=1.0
   ELEMENT EXAMPLE
     TEXT
     content=     Extensible Markup Language

So, entities or no entities? Basically, it depends on your use case. I suggest that you keep the non-substituting default behaviour and avoid using entities in your XML document or data if you are not willing to handle the entity references elements in the DOM tree.

Note that at save time libxml2 enforces the conversion of the predefined entities where necessary to prevent well-formedness problems, and will also transparently replace those with chars (i.e. it will not generate entity reference elements in the DOM tree or call the reference() SAX callback when finding them in the input).

WARNING: handling entities on top of the libxml2 SAX interface is difficult!!! If you plan to use non-predefined entities in your documents, then the learning curve to handle then using the SAX API may be long. If you plan to use complex documents, I strongly suggest you consider using the DOM interface instead and let libxml deal with the complexity rather than trying to do it yourself.

Namespaces

The libxml2 library implements XML namespaces support by recognizing namespace constructs in the input, and does namespace lookup automatically when building the DOM tree. A namespace declaration is associated with an in-memory structure and all elements or attributes within that namespace point to it. Hence testing the namespace is a simple and fast equality operation at the user level.

I suggest that people using libxml2 use a namespace, and declare it in the root element of their document as the default namespace. Then they don't need to use the prefix in the content but we will have a basis for future semantic refinement and merging of data from different sources. This doesn't increase the size of the XML output significantly, but significantly increases its value in the long-term. Example:

<mydoc xmlns="http://mydoc.example.org/schemas/">
   <elem1>...</elem1>
   <elem2>...</elem2>
</mydoc>

The namespace value has to be an absolute URL, but the URL doesn't have to point to any existing resource on the Web. It will bind all the element and attributes with that URL. I suggest to use an URL within a domain you control, and that the URL should contain some kind of version information if possible. For example, "http://www.gnome.org/gnumeric/1.0/" is a good namespace scheme.

Then when you load a file, make sure that a namespace carrying the version-independent prefix is installed on the root element of your document, and if the version information don't match something you know, warn the user and be liberal in what you accept as the input. Also do *not* try to base namespace checking on the prefix value. <foo:text> may be exactly the same as <bar:text> in another document. What really matters is the URI associated with the element or the attribute, not the prefix string (which is just a shortcut for the full URI). In libxml, element and attributes have an ns field pointing to an xmlNs structure detailing the namespace prefix and its URI.

@@Interfaces@@

xmlNodePtr node;
if(!strncmp(node->name,"mytag",5)
  && node->ns
  && !strcmp(node->ns->href,"http://www.mysite.com/myns/1.0")) {
  ...
}

Usually people object to using namespaces together with validity checking. I will try to make sure that using namespaces won't break validity checking, so even if you plan to use or currently are using validation I strongly suggest adding namespaces to your document. A default namespace scheme xmlns="http://...." should not break validity even on less flexible parsers. Using namespaces to mix and differentiate content coming from multiple DTDs will certainly break current validation schemes. To check such documents one needs to use schema-validation, which is supported in libxml2 as well. See relagx-ng and w3c-schema.

Upgrading 1.x code

Incompatible changes:

Version 2 of libxml2 is the first version introducing serious backward incompatible changes. The main goals were:

How to fix libxml-1.x code:

So client code of libxml designed to run with version 1.x may have to be changed to compile against version 2.x of libxml. Here is a list of changes that I have collected, they may not be sufficient, so in case you find other change which are required, drop me a mail:

  1. The package name have changed from libxml to libxml2, the library name is now -lxml2 . There is a new xml2-config script which should be used to select the right parameters libxml2
  2. Node childs field has been renamed children so s/childs/children/g should be applied (probability of having "childs" anywhere else is close to 0+
  3. The document don't have anymore a root element it has been replaced by children and usually you will get a list of element here. For example a Dtd element for the internal subset and it's declaration may be found in that list, as well as processing instructions or comments found before or after the document root element. Use xmlDocGetRootElement(doc) to get the root element of a document. Alternatively if you are sure to not reference DTDs nor have PIs or comments before or after the root element s/->root/->children/g will probably do it.
  4. The white space issue, this one is more complex, unless special case of validating parsing, the line breaks and spaces usually used for indenting and formatting the document content becomes significant. So they are reported by SAX and if your using the DOM tree, corresponding nodes are generated. Too approach can be taken:
    1. lazy one, use the compatibility call xmlKeepBlanksDefault(0) but be aware that you are relying on a special (and possibly broken) set of heuristics of libxml to detect ignorable blanks. Don't complain if it breaks or make your application not 100% clean w.r.t. to it's input.
    2. the Right Way: change you code to accept possibly insignificant blanks characters, or have your tree populated with weird blank text nodes. You can spot them using the commodity function xmlIsBlankNode(node) returning 1 for such blank nodes.

    Note also that with the new default the output functions don't add any extra indentation when saving a tree in order to be able to round trip (read and save) without inflating the document with extra formatting chars.

  5. The include path has changed to $prefix/libxml/ and the includes themselves uses this new prefix in includes instructions... If you are using (as expected) the 
    xml2-config --cflags

    output to generate you compile commands this will probably work out of the box

  6. xmlDetectCharEncoding takes an extra argument indicating the length in byte of the head of the document available for character detection.

Ensuring both libxml-1.x and libxml-2.x compatibility

Two new version of libxml (1.8.11) and libxml2 (2.3.4) have been released to allow smooth upgrade of existing libxml v1code while retaining compatibility. They offers the following:

  1. similar include naming, one should use #include<libxml/...> in both cases.
  2. similar identifiers defined via macros for the child and root fields: respectively xmlChildrenNode and xmlRootNode
  3. a new macro LIBXML_TEST_VERSION which should be inserted once in the client code

So the roadmap to upgrade your existing libxml applications is the following:

  1. install the libxml-1.8.8 (and libxml-devel-1.8.8) packages
  2. find all occurrences where the xmlDoc root field is used and change it to xmlRootNode
  3. similarly find all occurrences where the xmlNode childs field is used and change it to xmlChildrenNode
  4. add a LIBXML_TEST_VERSION macro somewhere in your main() or in the library init entry point
  5. Recompile, check compatibility, it should still work
  6. Change your configure script to look first for xml2-config and fall back using xml-config . Use the --cflags and --libs output of the command as the Include and Linking parameters needed to use libxml.
  7. install libxml2-2.3.x and libxml2-devel-2.3.x (libxml-1.8.y and libxml-devel-1.8.y can be kept simultaneously)
  8. remove your config.cache, relaunch your configuration mechanism, and recompile, if steps 2 and 3 were done right it should compile as-is
  9. Test that your application is still running correctly, if not this may be due to extra empty nodes due to formating spaces being kept in libxml2 contrary to libxml1, in that case insert xmlKeepBlanksDefault(1) in your code before calling the parser (next to LIBXML_TEST_VERSION is a fine place).

Following those steps should work. It worked for some of my own code.

Let me put some emphasis on the fact that there is far more changes from libxml 1.x to 2.x than the ones you may have to patch for. The overall code has been considerably cleaned up and the conformance to the XML specification has been drastically improved too. Don't take those changes as an excuse to not upgrade, it may cost a lot on the long term ...

Thread safety

Starting with 2.4.7, libxml2 makes provisions to ensure that concurrent threads can safely work in parallel parsing different documents. There is however a couple of things to do to ensure it:

Note that the thread safety cannot be ensured for multiple threads sharing the same document, the locking must be done at the application level, libxml exports a basic mutex and reentrant mutexes API in <libxml/threads.h>. The parts of the library checked for thread safety are:

XPath has been tested for threaded usage on non-modified document for example when using libxslt, but make 100% sure the documents are accessed read-only !

DOM Principles

DOM stands for the Document Object Model; this is an API for accessing XML or HTML structured documents. Native support for DOM in Gnome is on the way (module gnome-dom), and will be based on gnome-xml. This will be a far cleaner interface to manipulate XML files within Gnome since it won't expose the internal structure.

The current DOM implementation on top of libxml2 is the gdome2 Gnome module, this is a full DOM interface, thanks to Paolo Casarini, check the Gdome2 homepage for more information.

A real example

Here is a real size example, where the actual content of the application data is not kept in the DOM tree but uses internal structures. It is based on a proposal to keep a database of jobs related to Gnome, with an XML based storage structure. Here is an XML encoded jobs base:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<gjob:Helping xmlns:gjob="http://www.gnome.org/some-location">
  <gjob:Jobs>

    <gjob:Job>
      <gjob:Project ID="3"/>
      <gjob:Application>GBackup</gjob:Application>
      <gjob:Category>Development</gjob:Category>

      <gjob:Update>
        <gjob:Status>Open</gjob:Status>
        <gjob:Modified>Mon, 07 Jun 1999 20:27:45 -0400 MET DST</gjob:Modified>
        <gjob:Salary>USD 0.00</gjob:Salary>
      </gjob:Update>

      <gjob:Developers>
        <gjob:Developer>
        </gjob:Developer>
      </gjob:Developers>

      <gjob:Contact>
        <gjob:Person>Nathan Clemons</gjob:Person>
        <gjob:Email>nathan@windsofstorm.net</gjob:Email>
        <gjob:Company>
        </gjob:Company>
        <gjob:Organisation>
        </gjob:Organisation>
        <gjob:Webpage>
        </gjob:Webpage>
        <gjob:Snailmail>
        </gjob:Snailmail>
        <gjob:Phone>
        </gjob:Phone>
      </gjob:Contact>

      <gjob:Requirements>
      The program should be released as free software, under the GPL.
      </gjob:Requirements>

      <gjob:Skills>
      </gjob:Skills>

      <gjob:Details>
      A GNOME based system that will allow a superuser to configure 
      compressed and uncompressed files and/or file systems to be backed 
      up with a supported media in the system.  This should be able to 
      perform via find commands generating a list of files that are passed 
      to tar, dd, cpio, cp, gzip, etc., to be directed to the tape machine 
      or via operations performed on the filesystem itself. Email 
      notification and GUI status display very important.
      </gjob:Details>

    </gjob:Job>

  </gjob:Jobs>
</gjob:Helping>

While loading the XML file into an internal DOM tree is a matter of calling only a couple of functions, browsing the tree to gather the data and generate the internal structures is harder, and more error prone.

The suggested principle is to be tolerant with respect to the input structure. For example, the ordering of the attributes is not significant, the XML specification is clear about it. It's also usually a good idea not to depend on the order of the children of a given node, unless it really makes things harder. Here is some code to parse the information for a person:

/*
 * A person record
 */
typedef struct person {
    char *name;
    char *email;
    char *company;
    char *organisation;
    char *smail;
    char *webPage;
    char *phone;
} person, *personPtr;

/*
 * And the code needed to parse it
 */
personPtr parsePerson(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNsPtr ns, xmlNodePtr cur) {
    personPtr ret = NULL;

DEBUG("parsePerson\n");
    /*
     * allocate the struct
     */
    ret = (personPtr) malloc(sizeof(person));
    if (ret == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr,"out of memory\n");
        return(NULL);
    }
    memset(ret, 0, sizeof(person));

    /* We don't care what the top level element name is */
    cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
    while (cur != NULL) {
        if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Person")) && (cur->ns == ns))
            ret->name = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
        if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Email")) && (cur->ns == ns))
            ret->email = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
        cur = cur->next;
    }

    return(ret);
}

Here are a couple of things to notice:

Here is another piece of code used to parse another level of the structure:

#include <libxml/tree.h>
/*
 * a Description for a Job
 */
typedef struct job {
    char *projectID;
    char *application;
    char *category;
    personPtr contact;
    int nbDevelopers;
    personPtr developers[100]; /* using dynamic alloc is left as an exercise */
} job, *jobPtr;

/*
 * And the code needed to parse it
 */
jobPtr parseJob(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNsPtr ns, xmlNodePtr cur) {
    jobPtr ret = NULL;

DEBUG("parseJob\n");
    /*
     * allocate the struct
     */
    ret = (jobPtr) malloc(sizeof(job));
    if (ret == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr,"out of memory\n");
        return(NULL);
    }
    memset(ret, 0, sizeof(job));

    /* We don't care what the top level element name is */
    cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
    while (cur != NULL) {
        
        if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Project")) && (cur->ns == ns)) {
            ret->projectID = xmlGetProp(cur, "ID");
            if (ret->projectID == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Project has no ID\n");
            }
        }
        if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Application")) && (cur->ns == ns))
            ret->application = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
        if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Category")) && (cur->ns == ns))
            ret->category = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
        if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Contact")) && (cur->ns == ns))
            ret->contact = parsePerson(doc, ns, cur);
        cur = cur->next;
    }

    return(ret);
}

Once you are used to it, writing this kind of code is quite simple, but boring. Ultimately, it could be possible to write stubbers taking either C data structure definitions, a set of XML examples or an XML DTD and produce the code needed to import and export the content between C data and XML storage. This is left as an exercise to the reader :-)

Feel free to use the code for the full C parsing example as a template, it is also available with Makefile in the Gnome SVN base under libxml2/example

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