1:mod:`httplib` --- HTTP protocol client 2======================================= 3 4.. module:: httplib 5 :synopsis: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets). 6 7.. note:: 8 The :mod:`httplib` module has been renamed to :mod:`http.client` in Python 9 3. The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt imports when converting 10 your sources to Python 3. 11 12 13.. index:: 14 pair: HTTP; protocol 15 single: HTTP; httplib (standard module) 16 17.. index:: module: urllib 18 19**Source code:** :source:`Lib/httplib.py` 20 21-------------- 22 23This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and 24HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly --- the module :mod:`urllib` 25uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS. 26 27.. seealso:: 28 29 The `Requests package <http://requests.readthedocs.org/>`_ 30 is recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface. 31 32.. note:: 33 34 HTTPS support is only available if the :mod:`socket` module was compiled with 35 SSL support. 36 37.. note:: 38 39 The public interface for this module changed substantially in Python 2.0. The 40 :class:`HTTP` class is retained only for backward compatibility with 1.5.2. It 41 should not be used in new code. Refer to the online docstrings for usage. 42 43The module provides the following classes: 44 45 46.. class:: HTTPConnection(host[, port[, strict[, timeout[, source_address]]]]) 47 48 An :class:`HTTPConnection` instance represents one transaction with an HTTP 49 server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port 50 number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host 51 string if it has the form ``host:port``, else the default HTTP port (80) is 52 used. When true, the optional parameter *strict* (which defaults to a false 53 value) causes ``BadStatusLine`` to 54 be raised if the status line can't be parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 55 status line. If the optional *timeout* parameter is given, blocking 56 operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds 57 (if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used). 58 The optional *source_address* parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port) 59 to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from. 60 61 For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server 62 at the same host and port:: 63 64 >>> h1 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl') 65 >>> h2 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl:80') 66 >>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80) 67 >>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80, timeout=10) 68 69 .. versionadded:: 2.0 70 71 .. versionchanged:: 2.6 72 *timeout* was added. 73 74 .. versionchanged:: 2.7 75 *source_address* was added. 76 77 78.. class:: HTTPSConnection(host[, port[, key_file[, cert_file[, strict[, timeout[, source_address[, context]]]]]]]) 79 80 A subclass of :class:`HTTPConnection` that uses SSL for communication with 81 secure servers. Default port is ``443``. If *context* is specified, it must 82 be a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` instance describing the various SSL options. 83 84 *key_file* and *cert_file* are deprecated, please use 85 :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain` instead, or let 86 :func:`ssl.create_default_context` select the system's trusted CA 87 certificates for you. 88 89 Please read :ref:`ssl-security` for more information on best practices. 90 91 .. versionadded:: 2.0 92 93 .. versionchanged:: 2.6 94 *timeout* was added. 95 96 .. versionchanged:: 2.7 97 *source_address* was added. 98 99 .. versionchanged:: 2.7.9 100 *context* was added. 101 102 This class now performs all the necessary certificate and hostname checks 103 by default. To revert to the previous, unverified, behavior 104 :func:`ssl._create_unverified_context` can be passed to the *context* 105 parameter. 106 107 108.. class:: HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0, strict=0) 109 110 Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not instantiated 111 directly by user. 112 113 .. versionadded:: 2.0 114 115.. class:: HTTPMessage 116 117 An :class:`HTTPMessage` instance is used to hold the headers from an HTTP 118 response. It is implemented using the :class:`mimetools.Message` class and 119 provides utility functions to deal with HTTP Headers. It is not directly 120 instantiated by the users. 121 122 123The following exceptions are raised as appropriate: 124 125 126.. exception:: HTTPException 127 128 The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of 129 :exc:`Exception`. 130 131 .. versionadded:: 2.0 132 133 134.. exception:: NotConnected 135 136 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. 137 138 .. versionadded:: 2.0 139 140 141.. exception:: InvalidURL 142 143 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`, raised if a port is given and is either 144 non-numeric or empty. 145 146 .. versionadded:: 2.3 147 148 149.. exception:: UnknownProtocol 150 151 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. 152 153 .. versionadded:: 2.0 154 155 156.. exception:: UnknownTransferEncoding 157 158 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. 159 160 .. versionadded:: 2.0 161 162 163.. exception:: UnimplementedFileMode 164 165 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. 166 167 .. versionadded:: 2.0 168 169 170.. exception:: IncompleteRead 171 172 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. 173 174 .. versionadded:: 2.0 175 176 177.. exception:: ImproperConnectionState 178 179 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. 180 181 .. versionadded:: 2.0 182 183 184.. exception:: CannotSendRequest 185 186 A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`. 187 188 .. versionadded:: 2.0 189 190 191.. exception:: CannotSendHeader 192 193 A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`. 194 195 .. versionadded:: 2.0 196 197 198.. exception:: ResponseNotReady 199 200 A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`. 201 202 .. versionadded:: 2.0 203 204 205.. exception:: BadStatusLine 206 207 A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP 208 status code that we don't understand. 209 210 .. versionadded:: 2.0 211 212The constants defined in this module are: 213 214 215.. data:: HTTP_PORT 216 217 The default port for the HTTP protocol (always ``80``). 218 219 220.. data:: HTTPS_PORT 221 222 The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always ``443``). 223 224and also the following constants for integer status codes: 225 226+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 227| Constant | Value | Definition | 228+==========================================+=========+=======================================================================+ 229| :const:`CONTINUE` | ``100`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 230| | | 10.1.1 | 231| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.1>`_ | 232+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 233| :const:`SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS` | ``101`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 234| | | 10.1.2 | 235| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.2>`_ | 236+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 237| :const:`PROCESSING` | ``102`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.1 | 238| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_102>`_ | 239+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 240| :const:`OK` | ``200`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 241| | | 10.2.1 | 242| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.1>`_ | 243+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 244| :const:`CREATED` | ``201`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 245| | | 10.2.2 | 246| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.2>`_ | 247+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 248| :const:`ACCEPTED` | ``202`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 249| | | 10.2.3 | 250| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.3>`_ | 251+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 252| :const:`NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION` | ``203`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 253| | | 10.2.4 | 254| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.4>`_ | 255+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 256| :const:`NO_CONTENT` | ``204`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 257| | | 10.2.5 | 258| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.5>`_ | 259+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 260| :const:`RESET_CONTENT` | ``205`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 261| | | 10.2.6 | 262| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.6>`_ | 263+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 264| :const:`PARTIAL_CONTENT` | ``206`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 265| | | 10.2.7 | 266| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.7>`_ | 267+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 268| :const:`MULTI_STATUS` | ``207`` | WEBDAV `RFC 2518, Section 10.2 | 269| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_207>`_ | 270+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 271| :const:`IM_USED` | ``226`` | Delta encoding in HTTP, | 272| | | :rfc:`3229`, Section 10.4.1 | 273+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 274| :const:`MULTIPLE_CHOICES` | ``300`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 275| | | 10.3.1 | 276| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.1>`_ | 277+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 278| :const:`MOVED_PERMANENTLY` | ``301`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 279| | | 10.3.2 | 280| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.2>`_ | 281+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 282| :const:`FOUND` | ``302`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 283| | | 10.3.3 | 284| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.3>`_ | 285+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 286| :const:`SEE_OTHER` | ``303`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 287| | | 10.3.4 | 288| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.4>`_ | 289+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 290| :const:`NOT_MODIFIED` | ``304`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 291| | | 10.3.5 | 292| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.5>`_ | 293+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 294| :const:`USE_PROXY` | ``305`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 295| | | 10.3.6 | 296| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.6>`_ | 297+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 298| :const:`TEMPORARY_REDIRECT` | ``307`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 299| | | 10.3.8 | 300| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.8>`_ | 301+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 302| :const:`BAD_REQUEST` | ``400`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 303| | | 10.4.1 | 304| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.1>`_ | 305+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 306| :const:`UNAUTHORIZED` | ``401`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 307| | | 10.4.2 | 308| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.2>`_ | 309+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 310| :const:`PAYMENT_REQUIRED` | ``402`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 311| | | 10.4.3 | 312| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.3>`_ | 313+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 314| :const:`FORBIDDEN` | ``403`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 315| | | 10.4.4 | 316| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.4>`_ | 317+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 318| :const:`NOT_FOUND` | ``404`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 319| | | 10.4.5 | 320| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.5>`_ | 321+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 322| :const:`METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED` | ``405`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 323| | | 10.4.6 | 324| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.6>`_ | 325+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 326| :const:`NOT_ACCEPTABLE` | ``406`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 327| | | 10.4.7 | 328| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.7>`_ | 329+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 330| :const:`PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED` | ``407`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 331| | | 10.4.8 | 332| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.8>`_ | 333+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 334| :const:`REQUEST_TIMEOUT` | ``408`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 335| | | 10.4.9 | 336| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.9>`_ | 337+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 338| :const:`CONFLICT` | ``409`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 339| | | 10.4.10 | 340| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.10>`_ | 341+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 342| :const:`GONE` | ``410`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 343| | | 10.4.11 | 344| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.11>`_ | 345+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 346| :const:`LENGTH_REQUIRED` | ``411`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 347| | | 10.4.12 | 348| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.12>`_ | 349+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 350| :const:`PRECONDITION_FAILED` | ``412`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 351| | | 10.4.13 | 352| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.13>`_ | 353+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 354| :const:`REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE` | ``413`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 355| | | 10.4.14 | 356| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.14>`_ | 357+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 358| :const:`REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG` | ``414`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 359| | | 10.4.15 | 360| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.15>`_ | 361+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 362| :const:`UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE` | ``415`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 363| | | 10.4.16 | 364| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.16>`_ | 365+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 366| :const:`REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE` | ``416`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 367| | | 10.4.17 | 368| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.17>`_ | 369+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 370| :const:`EXPECTATION_FAILED` | ``417`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 371| | | 10.4.18 | 372| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.18>`_ | 373+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 374| :const:`UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY` | ``422`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.3 | 375| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_422>`_ | 376+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 377| :const:`LOCKED` | ``423`` | WEBDAV `RFC 2518, Section 10.4 | 378| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_423>`_ | 379+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 380| :const:`FAILED_DEPENDENCY` | ``424`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.5 | 381| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_424>`_ | 382+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 383| :const:`UPGRADE_REQUIRED` | ``426`` | HTTP Upgrade to TLS, | 384| | | :rfc:`2817`, Section 6 | 385+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 386| :const:`INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR` | ``500`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 387| | | 10.5.1 | 388| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.1>`_ | 389+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 390| :const:`NOT_IMPLEMENTED` | ``501`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 391| | | 10.5.2 | 392| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.2>`_ | 393+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 394| :const:`BAD_GATEWAY` | ``502`` | HTTP/1.1 `RFC 2616, Section | 395| | | 10.5.3 | 396| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.3>`_ | 397+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 398| :const:`SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE` | ``503`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 399| | | 10.5.4 | 400| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.4>`_ | 401+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 402| :const:`GATEWAY_TIMEOUT` | ``504`` | HTTP/1.1 `RFC 2616, Section | 403| | | 10.5.5 | 404| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.5>`_ | 405+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 406| :const:`HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED` | ``505`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section | 407| | | 10.5.6 | 408| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.6>`_ | 409+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 410| :const:`INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE` | ``507`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.6 | 411| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_507>`_ | 412+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 413| :const:`NOT_EXTENDED` | ``510`` | An HTTP Extension Framework, | 414| | | :rfc:`2774`, Section 7 | 415+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 416 417 418.. data:: responses 419 420 This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names. 421 422 Example: ``httplib.responses[httplib.NOT_FOUND]`` is ``'Not Found'``. 423 424 .. versionadded:: 2.5 425 426 427.. _httpconnection-objects: 428 429HTTPConnection Objects 430---------------------- 431 432:class:`HTTPConnection` instances have the following methods: 433 434 435.. method:: HTTPConnection.request(method, url[, body[, headers]]) 436 437 This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method *method* 438 and the selector *url*. If the *body* argument is present, it should be a 439 string of data to send after the headers are finished. Alternatively, it may 440 be an open file object, in which case the contents of the file is sent; this 441 file object should support ``fileno()`` and ``read()`` methods. The 442 *headers* argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with 443 the request. 444 445 If one is not provided in *headers*, a ``Content-Length`` header is added 446 automatically for all methods if the length of the body can be determined, 447 either from the length of the ``str`` representation, or from the reported 448 size of the file on disk. If *body* is ``None`` the header is not set except 449 for methods that expect a body (``PUT``, ``POST``, and ``PATCH``) in which 450 case it is set to ``0``. 451 452 .. versionchanged:: 2.6 453 *body* can be a file object. 454 455 456.. method:: HTTPConnection.getresponse() 457 458 Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server. 459 Returns an :class:`HTTPResponse` instance. 460 461 .. note:: 462 463 Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new 464 request to the server. 465 466 467.. method:: HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level) 468 469 Set the debugging level (the amount of debugging output printed). The default 470 debug level is ``0``, meaning no debugging output is printed. 471 472 473.. method:: HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host,port=None, headers=None) 474 475 Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. Normally used when 476 it is required to do HTTPS Conection through a proxy server. 477 478 The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send 479 with the CONNECT request. 480 481 .. versionadded:: 2.7 482 483 484.. method:: HTTPConnection.connect() 485 486 Connect to the server specified when the object was created. 487 488 489.. method:: HTTPConnection.close() 490 491 Close the connection to the server. 492 493As an alternative to using the :meth:`request` method described above, you can 494also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below. 495 496 497.. method:: HTTPConnection.putrequest(request, selector[, skip_host[, skip_accept_encoding]]) 498 499 This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made. 500 It sends a line to the server consisting of the *request* string, the *selector* 501 string, and the HTTP version (``HTTP/1.1``). To disable automatic sending of 502 ``Host:`` or ``Accept-Encoding:`` headers (for example to accept additional 503 content encodings), specify *skip_host* or *skip_accept_encoding* with non-False 504 values. 505 506 .. versionchanged:: 2.4 507 *skip_accept_encoding* argument added. 508 509 510.. method:: HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...]) 511 512 Send an :rfc:`822`\ -style header to the server. It sends a line to the server 513 consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more 514 arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and 515 an argument. 516 517 518.. method:: HTTPConnection.endheaders(message_body=None) 519 520 Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The 521 optional *message_body* argument can be used to pass a message body 522 associated with the request. The message body will be sent in the same 523 packet as the message headers if it is string, otherwise it is sent in a 524 separate packet. 525 526 .. versionchanged:: 2.7 527 *message_body* was added. 528 529 530.. method:: HTTPConnection.send(data) 531 532 Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the 533 :meth:`endheaders` method has been called and before :meth:`getresponse` is 534 called. 535 536 537.. _httpresponse-objects: 538 539HTTPResponse Objects 540-------------------- 541 542:class:`HTTPResponse` instances have the following methods and attributes: 543 544 545.. method:: HTTPResponse.read([amt]) 546 547 Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next *amt* bytes. 548 549 550.. method:: HTTPResponse.getheader(name[, default]) 551 552 Get the contents of the header *name*, or *default* if there is no matching 553 header. 554 555 556.. method:: HTTPResponse.getheaders() 557 558 Return a list of (header, value) tuples. 559 560 .. versionadded:: 2.4 561 562.. method:: HTTPResponse.fileno() 563 564 Returns the ``fileno`` of the underlying socket. 565 566.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.msg 567 568 A :class:`mimetools.Message` instance containing the response headers. 569 570 571.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.version 572 573 HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1. 574 575 576.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.status 577 578 Status code returned by server. 579 580 581.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.reason 582 583 Reason phrase returned by server. 584 585 586.. _httplib-examples: 587 588Examples 589-------- 590 591Here is an example session that uses the ``GET`` method:: 592 593 >>> import httplib 594 >>> conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org") 595 >>> conn.request("GET", "/") 596 >>> r1 = conn.getresponse() 597 >>> print r1.status, r1.reason 598 200 OK 599 >>> data1 = r1.read() 600 >>> conn.request("GET", "/") 601 >>> r2 = conn.getresponse() 602 >>> print r2.status, r2.reason 603 404 Not Found 604 >>> data2 = r2.read() 605 >>> conn.close() 606 607Here is an example session that uses the ``HEAD`` method. Note that the 608``HEAD`` method never returns any data. :: 609 610 >>> import httplib 611 >>> conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org") 612 >>> conn.request("HEAD","/") 613 >>> res = conn.getresponse() 614 >>> print res.status, res.reason 615 200 OK 616 >>> data = res.read() 617 >>> print len(data) 618 0 619 >>> data == '' 620 True 621 622Here is an example session that shows how to ``POST`` requests:: 623 624 >>> import httplib, urllib 625 >>> params = urllib.urlencode({'@number': 12524, '@type': 'issue', '@action': 'show'}) 626 >>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 627 ... "Accept": "text/plain"} 628 >>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("bugs.python.org") 629 >>> conn.request("POST", "", params, headers) 630 >>> response = conn.getresponse() 631 >>> print response.status, response.reason 632 302 Found 633 >>> data = response.read() 634 >>> data 635 'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>' 636 >>> conn.close() 637 638Client side ``HTTP PUT`` requests are very similar to ``POST`` requests. The 639difference lies only the server side where HTTP server will allow resources to 640be created via ``PUT`` request. Here is an example session that shows how to do 641``PUT`` request using httplib:: 642 643 >>> # This creates an HTTP message 644 >>> # with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation 645 >>> # for the resource http://localhost:8080/foobar 646 ... 647 >>> import httplib 648 >>> BODY = "***filecontents***" 649 >>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("localhost", 8080) 650 >>> conn.request("PUT", "/file", BODY) 651 >>> response = conn.getresponse() 652 >>> print response.status, response.reason 653 200, OK 654 655