eigen/test/main.h

// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
// for linear algebra.
//
// Copyright (C) 2006-2008 Benoit Jacob <jacob.benoit.1@gmail.com>
// Copyright (C) 2008 Gael Guennebaud <gael.guennebaud@inria.fr>
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
// Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cerrno>
#include <ctime>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <typeinfo>

// The following includes of STL headers have to be done _before_ the
// definition of macros min() and max().  The reason is that many STL
// implementations will not work properly as the min and max symbols collide
// with the STL functions std:min() and std::max().  The STL headers may check
// for the macro definition of min/max and issue a warning or undefine the
// macros.
//
// Still, Windows defines min() and max() in windef.h as part of the regular
// Windows system interfaces and many other Windows APIs depend on these
// macros being available.  To prevent the macro expansion of min/max and to
// make Eigen compatible with the Windows environment all function calls of
// std::min() and std::max() have to be written with parenthesis around the
// function name.
//
// All STL headers used by Eigen should be included here.  Because main.h is
// included before any Eigen header and because the STL headers are guarded
// against multiple inclusions, no STL header will see our own min/max macro
// definitions.
#include <limits>
#include <algorithm>
#include <complex>
#include <deque>
#include <queue>
#include <cassert>
#include <list>
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <random>
#ifdef EIGEN_USE_THREADS
#include <future>
#endif
#endif

// To test that all calls from Eigen code to std::min() and std::max() are
// protected by parenthesis against macro expansion, the min()/max() macros
// are defined here and any not-parenthesized min/max call will cause a
// compiler error.
#define min(A,B) please_protect_your_min_with_parentheses
#define max(A,B) please_protect_your_max_with_parentheses
#define isnan(X) please_protect_your_isnan_with_parentheses
#define isinf(X) please_protect_your_isinf_with_parentheses
#define isfinite(X) please_protect_your_isfinite_with_parentheses
#ifdef M_PI
#undef M_PI
#endif
#define M_PI please_use_EIGEN_PI_instead_of_M_PI

#define FORBIDDEN_IDENTIFIER (this_identifier_is_forbidden_to_avoid_clashes) this_identifier_is_forbidden_to_avoid_clashes
// B0 is defined in POSIX header termios.h
#define B0 FORBIDDEN_IDENTIFIER

// Unit tests calling Eigen's blas library must preserve the default blocking size
// to avoid troubles.
#ifndef EIGEN_NO_DEBUG_SMALL_PRODUCT_BLOCKS
#define EIGEN_DEBUG_SMALL_PRODUCT_BLOCKS
#endif

// shuts down ICC's remark #593: variable "XXX" was set but never used
#define TEST_SET_BUT_UNUSED_VARIABLE(X) EIGEN_UNUSED_VARIABLE(X)

#ifdef TEST_ENABLE_TEMPORARY_TRACKING

static long int nb_temporaries;
static long int nb_temporaries_on_assert = -1;

inline void on_temporary_creation(long int size) {
  // here's a great place to set a breakpoint when debugging failures in this test!
  if(size!=0) nb_temporaries++;
  if(nb_temporaries_on_assert>0) assert(nb_temporaries<nb_temporaries_on_assert);
}

#define EIGEN_DENSE_STORAGE_CTOR_PLUGIN { on_temporary_creation(size); }

#define VERIFY_EVALUATION_COUNT(XPR,N) {\
    nb_temporaries = 0; \
    XPR; \
    if(nb_temporaries!=N) { std::cerr << "nb_temporaries == " << nb_temporaries << "\n"; }\
    VERIFY( (#XPR) && nb_temporaries==N ); \
  }

#endif

// the following file is automatically generated by cmake
#include "split_test_helper.h"

#ifdef NDEBUG
#undef NDEBUG
#endif

// On windows CE, NDEBUG is automatically defined <assert.h> if NDEBUG is not defined.
#ifndef DEBUG
#define DEBUG
#endif

// bounds integer values for AltiVec
#if defined(__ALTIVEC__) || defined(__VSX__)
#define EIGEN_MAKING_DOCS
#endif

#ifndef EIGEN_TEST_FUNC
#error EIGEN_TEST_FUNC must be defined
#endif

#define DEFAULT_REPEAT 10

namespace Eigen
{
  static std::vector<std::string> g_test_stack;
  // level == 0 <=> abort if test fail
  // level >= 1 <=> warning message to std::cerr if test fail
  static int g_test_level = 0;
  static int g_repeat;
  static unsigned int g_seed;
  static bool g_has_set_repeat, g_has_set_seed;
}

#define TRACK std::cerr << __FILE__ << " " << __LINE__ << std::endl
// #define TRACK while()

#define EI_PP_MAKE_STRING2(S) #S
#define EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(S) EI_PP_MAKE_STRING2(S)

#define EIGEN_DEFAULT_IO_FORMAT IOFormat(4, 0, "  ", "\n", "", "", "", "")

#if (defined(_CPPUNWIND) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) && !defined(__CUDA_ARCH__)
  #define EIGEN_EXCEPTIONS
#endif

#ifndef EIGEN_NO_ASSERTION_CHECKING

  namespace Eigen
  {
    static const bool should_raise_an_assert = false;

    // Used to avoid to raise two exceptions at a time in which
    // case the exception is not properly caught.
    // This may happen when a second exceptions is triggered in a destructor.
    static bool no_more_assert = false;
    static bool report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure = true;

    struct eigen_assert_exception
    {
      eigen_assert_exception(void) {}
      ~eigen_assert_exception() { Eigen::no_more_assert = false; }
    };
  }
  // If EIGEN_DEBUG_ASSERTS is defined and if no assertion is triggered while
  // one should have been, then the list of excecuted assertions is printed out.
  //
  // EIGEN_DEBUG_ASSERTS is not enabled by default as it
  // significantly increases the compilation time
  // and might even introduce side effects that would hide
  // some memory errors.
  #ifdef EIGEN_DEBUG_ASSERTS

    namespace Eigen
    {
      namespace internal
      {
        static bool push_assert = false;
      }
      static std::vector<std::string> eigen_assert_list;
    }
    #define eigen_assert(a)                       \
      if( (!(a)) && (!no_more_assert) )     \
      { \
        if(report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure) \
          std::cerr <<  #a << " " __FILE__ << "(" << __LINE__ << ")\n"; \
        Eigen::no_more_assert = true;       \
        EIGEN_THROW_X(Eigen::eigen_assert_exception()); \
      }                                     \
      else if (Eigen::internal::push_assert)       \
      {                                     \
        eigen_assert_list.push_back(std::string(EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(__FILE__) " (" EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(__LINE__) ") : " #a) ); \
      }

    #ifdef EIGEN_EXCEPTIONS
    #define VERIFY_RAISES_ASSERT(a)                                                   \
      {                                                                               \
        Eigen::no_more_assert = false;                                                \
        Eigen::eigen_assert_list.clear();                                             \
        Eigen::internal::push_assert = true;                                          \
        Eigen::report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure = false;                              \
        try {                                                                         \
          a;                                                                          \
          std::cerr << "One of the following asserts should have been triggered:\n";  \
          for (uint ai=0 ; ai<eigen_assert_list.size() ; ++ai)                        \
            std::cerr << "  " << eigen_assert_list[ai] << "\n";                       \
          VERIFY(Eigen::should_raise_an_assert && # a);                               \
        } catch (Eigen::eigen_assert_exception) {                                     \
          Eigen::internal::push_assert = false; VERIFY(true);                         \
        }                                                                             \
        Eigen::report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure = true;                               \
        Eigen::internal::push_assert = false;                                         \
      }
    #endif //EIGEN_EXCEPTIONS

  #elif !defined(__CUDACC__) // EIGEN_DEBUG_ASSERTS
    // see bug 89. The copy_bool here is working around a bug in gcc <= 4.3
    #define eigen_assert(a) \
      if( (!Eigen::internal::copy_bool(a)) && (!no_more_assert) )\
      {                                       \
        Eigen::no_more_assert = true;         \
        if(report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure)  \
          eigen_plain_assert(a);              \
        else                                  \
          EIGEN_THROW_X(Eigen::eigen_assert_exception()); \
      }
    #ifdef EIGEN_EXCEPTIONS
      #define VERIFY_RAISES_ASSERT(a) {                           \
        Eigen::no_more_assert = false;                            \
        Eigen::report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure = false;          \
        try {                                                     \
          a;                                                      \
          VERIFY(Eigen::should_raise_an_assert && # a);           \
        }                                                         \
        catch (Eigen::eigen_assert_exception&) { VERIFY(true); }  \
        Eigen::report_on_cerr_on_assert_failure = true;           \
      }
    #endif //EIGEN_EXCEPTIONS
  #endif // EIGEN_DEBUG_ASSERTS

#ifndef VERIFY_RAISES_ASSERT
  #define VERIFY_RAISES_ASSERT(a) \
    std::cout << "Can't VERIFY_RAISES_ASSERT( " #a " ) with exceptions disabled\n";
#endif

  #if !defined(__CUDACC__)
  #define EIGEN_USE_CUSTOM_ASSERT
  #endif

#else // EIGEN_NO_ASSERTION_CHECKING

  #define VERIFY_RAISES_ASSERT(a) {}

#endif // EIGEN_NO_ASSERTION_CHECKING


#define EIGEN_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING
#include <Eigen/QR> // required for createRandomPIMatrixOfRank

inline void verify_impl(bool condition, const char *testname, const char *file, int line, const char *condition_as_string)
{
  if (!condition)
  {
    if(Eigen::g_test_level>0)
      std::cerr << "WARNING: ";
    std::cerr << "Test " << testname << " failed in " << file << " (" << line << ")"
      << std::endl << "    " << condition_as_string << std::endl;
    std::cerr << "Stack:\n";
    const int test_stack_size = static_cast<int>(Eigen::g_test_stack.size());
    for(int i=test_stack_size-1; i>=0; --i)
      std::cerr << "  - " << Eigen::g_test_stack[i] << "\n";
    std::cerr << "\n";
    if(Eigen::g_test_level==0)
      abort();
  }
}

#define VERIFY(a) ::verify_impl(a, g_test_stack.back().c_str(), __FILE__, __LINE__, EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(a))

#define VERIFY_GE(a, b) ::verify_impl(a >= b, g_test_stack.back().c_str(), __FILE__, __LINE__, EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(a >= b))
#define VERIFY_LE(a, b) ::verify_impl(a <= b, g_test_stack.back().c_str(), __FILE__, __LINE__, EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(a <= b))


#define VERIFY_IS_EQUAL(a, b) VERIFY(test_is_equal(a, b, true))
#define VERIFY_IS_NOT_EQUAL(a, b) VERIFY(test_is_equal(a, b, false))
#define VERIFY_IS_APPROX(a, b) VERIFY(verifyIsApprox(a, b))
#define VERIFY_IS_NOT_APPROX(a, b) VERIFY(!test_isApprox(a, b))
#define VERIFY_IS_MUCH_SMALLER_THAN(a, b) VERIFY(test_isMuchSmallerThan(a, b))
#define VERIFY_IS_NOT_MUCH_SMALLER_THAN(a, b) VERIFY(!test_isMuchSmallerThan(a, b))
#define VERIFY_IS_APPROX_OR_LESS_THAN(a, b) VERIFY(test_isApproxOrLessThan(a, b))
#define VERIFY_IS_NOT_APPROX_OR_LESS_THAN(a, b) VERIFY(!test_isApproxOrLessThan(a, b))

#define VERIFY_IS_UNITARY(a) VERIFY(test_isUnitary(a))

#define CALL_SUBTEST(FUNC) do { \
    g_test_stack.push_back(EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(FUNC)); \
    FUNC; \
    g_test_stack.pop_back(); \
  } while (0)


namespace Eigen {

template<typename T> inline typename NumTraits<T>::Real test_precision() { return NumTraits<T>::dummy_precision(); }
template<> inline float test_precision<float>() { return 1e-3f; }
template<> inline double test_precision<double>() { return 1e-6; }
template<> inline long double test_precision<long double>() { return 1e-6l; }
template<> inline float test_precision<std::complex<float> >() { return test_precision<float>(); }
template<> inline double test_precision<std::complex<double> >() { return test_precision<double>(); }
template<> inline long double test_precision<std::complex<long double> >() { return test_precision<long double>(); }

inline bool test_isApprox(const short& a, const short& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<short>()); }
inline bool test_isApprox(const unsigned short& a, const unsigned short& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<unsigned long>()); }
inline bool test_isApprox(const unsigned int& a, const unsigned int& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<unsigned int>()); }
inline bool test_isApprox(const long& a, const long& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<long>()); }
inline bool test_isApprox(const unsigned long& a, const unsigned long& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<unsigned long>()); }

inline bool test_isApprox(const int& a, const int& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<int>()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const int& a, const int& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<int>()); }
inline bool test_isApproxOrLessThan(const int& a, const int& b)
{ return internal::isApproxOrLessThan(a, b, test_precision<int>()); }

inline bool test_isApprox(const float& a, const float& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<float>()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const float& a, const float& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<float>()); }
inline bool test_isApproxOrLessThan(const float& a, const float& b)
{ return internal::isApproxOrLessThan(a, b, test_precision<float>()); }

inline bool test_isApprox(const double& a, const double& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<double>()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const double& a, const double& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<double>()); }
inline bool test_isApproxOrLessThan(const double& a, const double& b)
{ return internal::isApproxOrLessThan(a, b, test_precision<double>()); }

#ifndef EIGEN_TEST_NO_COMPLEX
inline bool test_isApprox(const std::complex<float>& a, const std::complex<float>& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<std::complex<float> >()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const std::complex<float>& a, const std::complex<float>& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<std::complex<float> >()); }

inline bool test_isApprox(const std::complex<double>& a, const std::complex<double>& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<std::complex<double> >()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const std::complex<double>& a, const std::complex<double>& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<std::complex<double> >()); }

#ifndef EIGEN_TEST_NO_LONGDOUBLE
inline bool test_isApprox(const std::complex<long double>& a, const std::complex<long double>& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<std::complex<long double> >()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const std::complex<long double>& a, const std::complex<long double>& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<std::complex<long double> >()); }
#endif
#endif

#ifndef EIGEN_TEST_NO_LONGDOUBLE
inline bool test_isApprox(const long double& a, const long double& b)
{
    bool ret = internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<long double>());
    if (!ret) std::cerr
        << std::endl << "    actual   = " << a
        << std::endl << "    expected = " << b << std::endl << std::endl;
    return ret;
}

inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const long double& a, const long double& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<long double>()); }
inline bool test_isApproxOrLessThan(const long double& a, const long double& b)
{ return internal::isApproxOrLessThan(a, b, test_precision<long double>()); }
#endif // EIGEN_TEST_NO_LONGDOUBLE

inline bool test_isApprox(const half& a, const half& b)
{ return internal::isApprox(a, b, test_precision<half>()); }
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const half& a, const half& b)
{ return internal::isMuchSmallerThan(a, b, test_precision<half>()); }
inline bool test_isApproxOrLessThan(const half& a, const half& b)
{ return internal::isApproxOrLessThan(a, b, test_precision<half>()); }

// test_relative_error returns the relative difference between a and b as a real scalar as used in isApprox.
template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename NumTraits<typename T1::RealScalar>::NonInteger test_relative_error(const EigenBase<T1> &a, const EigenBase<T2> &b)
{
  using std::sqrt;
  typedef typename NumTraits<typename T1::RealScalar>::NonInteger RealScalar;
  typename internal::nested_eval<T1,2>::type ea(a.derived());
  typename internal::nested_eval<T2,2>::type eb(b.derived());
  return sqrt(RealScalar((ea-eb).cwiseAbs2().sum()) / RealScalar((std::min)(eb.cwiseAbs2().sum(),ea.cwiseAbs2().sum())));
}

template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename T1::RealScalar test_relative_error(const T1 &a, const T2 &b, const typename T1::Coefficients* = 0)
{
  return test_relative_error(a.coeffs(), b.coeffs());
}

template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename T1::Scalar test_relative_error(const T1 &a, const T2 &b, const typename T1::MatrixType* = 0)
{
  return test_relative_error(a.matrix(), b.matrix());
}

template<typename S, int D>
S test_relative_error(const Translation<S,D> &a, const Translation<S,D> &b)
{
  return test_relative_error(a.vector(), b.vector());
}

template <typename S, int D, int O>
S test_relative_error(const ParametrizedLine<S,D,O> &a, const ParametrizedLine<S,D,O> &b)
{
  return (std::max)(test_relative_error(a.origin(), b.origin()), test_relative_error(a.origin(), b.origin()));
}

template <typename S, int D>
S test_relative_error(const AlignedBox<S,D> &a, const AlignedBox<S,D> &b)
{
  return (std::max)(test_relative_error((a.min)(), (b.min)()), test_relative_error((a.max)(), (b.max)()));
}

template<typename Derived> class SparseMatrixBase;
template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename T1::RealScalar test_relative_error(const MatrixBase<T1> &a, const SparseMatrixBase<T2> &b)
{
  return test_relative_error(a,b.toDense());
}

template<typename Derived> class SparseMatrixBase;
template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename T1::RealScalar test_relative_error(const SparseMatrixBase<T1> &a, const MatrixBase<T2> &b)
{
  return test_relative_error(a.toDense(),b);
}

template<typename Derived> class SparseMatrixBase;
template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename T1::RealScalar test_relative_error(const SparseMatrixBase<T1> &a, const SparseMatrixBase<T2> &b)
{
  return test_relative_error(a.toDense(),b.toDense());
}

template<typename T1,typename T2>
typename NumTraits<typename NumTraits<T1>::Real>::NonInteger test_relative_error(const T1 &a, const T2 &b, typename internal::enable_if<internal::is_arithmetic<typename NumTraits<T1>::Real>::value, T1>::type* = 0)
{
  typedef typename NumTraits<typename NumTraits<T1>::Real>::NonInteger RealScalar;
  return numext::sqrt(RealScalar(numext::abs2(a-b))/RealScalar((numext::mini)(numext::abs2(a),numext::abs2(b))));
}

template<typename T>
T test_relative_error(const Rotation2D<T> &a, const Rotation2D<T> &b)
{
  return test_relative_error(a.angle(), b.angle());
}

template<typename T>
T test_relative_error(const AngleAxis<T> &a, const AngleAxis<T> &b)
{
  return (std::max)(test_relative_error(a.angle(), b.angle()), test_relative_error(a.axis(), b.axis()));
}

template<typename Type1, typename Type2>
inline bool test_isApprox(const Type1& a, const Type2& b, typename Type1::Scalar* = 0) // Enabled for Eigen's type only
{
  return a.isApprox(b, test_precision<typename Type1::Scalar>());
}

// get_test_precision is a small wrapper to test_precision allowing to return the scalar precision for either scalars or expressions
template<typename T>
typename NumTraits<typename T::Scalar>::Real get_test_precision(const T&, const typename T::Scalar* = 0)
{
  return test_precision<typename NumTraits<typename T::Scalar>::Real>();
}

template<typename T>
typename NumTraits<T>::Real get_test_precision(const T&,typename internal::enable_if<internal::is_arithmetic<typename NumTraits<T>::Real>::value, T>::type* = 0)
{
  return test_precision<typename NumTraits<T>::Real>();
}

// verifyIsApprox is a wrapper to test_isApprox that outputs the relative difference magnitude if the test fails.
template<typename Type1, typename Type2>
inline bool verifyIsApprox(const Type1& a, const Type2& b)
{
  bool ret = test_isApprox(a,b);
  if(!ret)
  {
    std::cerr << "Difference too large wrt tolerance " << get_test_precision(a)  << ", relative error is: " << test_relative_error(a,b) << std::endl;
  }
  return ret;
}

// The idea behind this function is to compare the two scalars a and b where
// the scalar ref is a hint about the expected order of magnitude of a and b.
// WARNING: the scalar a and b must be positive
// Therefore, if for some reason a and b are very small compared to ref,
// we won't issue a false negative.
// This test could be: abs(a-b) <= eps * ref
// However, it seems that simply comparing a+ref and b+ref is more sensitive to true error.
template<typename Scalar,typename ScalarRef>
inline bool test_isApproxWithRef(const Scalar& a, const Scalar& b, const ScalarRef& ref)
{
  return test_isApprox(a+ref, b+ref);
}

template<typename Derived1, typename Derived2>
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const MatrixBase<Derived1>& m1,
                                   const MatrixBase<Derived2>& m2)
{
  return m1.isMuchSmallerThan(m2, test_precision<typename internal::traits<Derived1>::Scalar>());
}

template<typename Derived>
inline bool test_isMuchSmallerThan(const MatrixBase<Derived>& m,
                                   const typename NumTraits<typename internal::traits<Derived>::Scalar>::Real& s)
{
  return m.isMuchSmallerThan(s, test_precision<typename internal::traits<Derived>::Scalar>());
}

template<typename Derived>
inline bool test_isUnitary(const MatrixBase<Derived>& m)
{
  return m.isUnitary(test_precision<typename internal::traits<Derived>::Scalar>());
}

// Forward declaration to avoid ICC warning
template<typename T, typename U>
bool test_is_equal(const T& actual, const U& expected, bool expect_equal=true);

template<typename T, typename U>
bool test_is_equal(const T& actual, const U& expected, bool expect_equal)
{
    if ((actual==expected) == expect_equal)
        return true;
    // false:
    std::cerr
        << "\n    actual   = " << actual
        << "\n    expected " << (expect_equal ? "= " : "!=") << expected << "\n\n";
    return false;
}

/** Creates a random Partial Isometry matrix of given rank.
  *
  * A partial isometry is a matrix all of whose singular values are either 0 or 1.
  * This is very useful to test rank-revealing algorithms.
  */
// Forward declaration to avoid ICC warning
template<typename MatrixType>
void createRandomPIMatrixOfRank(Index desired_rank, Index rows, Index cols, MatrixType& m);
template<typename MatrixType>
void createRandomPIMatrixOfRank(Index desired_rank, Index rows, Index cols, MatrixType& m)
{
  typedef typename internal::traits<MatrixType>::Scalar Scalar;
  enum { Rows = MatrixType::RowsAtCompileTime, Cols = MatrixType::ColsAtCompileTime };

  typedef Matrix<Scalar, Dynamic, 1> VectorType;
  typedef Matrix<Scalar, Rows, Rows> MatrixAType;
  typedef Matrix<Scalar, Cols, Cols> MatrixBType;

  if(desired_rank == 0)
  {
    m.setZero(rows,cols);
    return;
  }

  if(desired_rank == 1)
  {
    // here we normalize the vectors to get a partial isometry
    m = VectorType::Random(rows).normalized() * VectorType::Random(cols).normalized().transpose();
    return;
  }

  MatrixAType a = MatrixAType::Random(rows,rows);
  MatrixType d = MatrixType::Identity(rows,cols);
  MatrixBType  b = MatrixBType::Random(cols,cols);

  // set the diagonal such that only desired_rank non-zero entries reamain
  const Index diag_size = (std::min)(d.rows(),d.cols());
  if(diag_size != desired_rank)
    d.diagonal().segment(desired_rank, diag_size-desired_rank) = VectorType::Zero(diag_size-desired_rank);

  HouseholderQR<MatrixAType> qra(a);
  HouseholderQR<MatrixBType> qrb(b);
  m = qra.householderQ() * d * qrb.householderQ();
}

// Forward declaration to avoid ICC warning
template<typename PermutationVectorType>
void randomPermutationVector(PermutationVectorType& v, Index size);
template<typename PermutationVectorType>
void randomPermutationVector(PermutationVectorType& v, Index size)
{
  typedef typename PermutationVectorType::Scalar Scalar;
  v.resize(size);
  for(Index i = 0; i < size; ++i) v(i) = Scalar(i);
  if(size == 1) return;
  for(Index n = 0; n < 3 * size; ++n)
  {
    Index i = internal::random<Index>(0, size-1);
    Index j;
    do j = internal::random<Index>(0, size-1); while(j==i);
    std::swap(v(i), v(j));
  }
}

template<typename T> bool isNotNaN(const T& x)
{
  return x==x;
}

template<typename T> bool isPlusInf(const T& x)
{
  return x > NumTraits<T>::highest();
}

template<typename T> bool isMinusInf(const T& x)
{
  return x < NumTraits<T>::lowest();
}

} // end namespace Eigen

template<typename T> struct GetDifferentType;

template<> struct GetDifferentType<float> { typedef double type; };
template<> struct GetDifferentType<double> { typedef float type; };
template<typename T> struct GetDifferentType<std::complex<T> >
{ typedef std::complex<typename GetDifferentType<T>::type> type; };

// Forward declaration to avoid ICC warning
template<typename T> std::string type_name();
template<typename T> std::string type_name()                    { return "other"; }
template<> std::string type_name<float>()                       { return "float"; }
template<> std::string type_name<double>()                      { return "double"; }
template<> std::string type_name<long double>()                 { return "long double"; }
template<> std::string type_name<int>()                         { return "int"; }
template<> std::string type_name<std::complex<float> >()        { return "complex<float>"; }
template<> std::string type_name<std::complex<double> >()       { return "complex<double>"; }
template<> std::string type_name<std::complex<long double> >()  { return "complex<long double>"; }
template<> std::string type_name<std::complex<int> >()          { return "complex<int>"; }

// forward declaration of the main test function
void EIGEN_CAT(test_,EIGEN_TEST_FUNC)();

using namespace Eigen;

inline void set_repeat_from_string(const char *str)
{
  errno = 0;
  g_repeat = int(strtoul(str, 0, 10));
  if(errno || g_repeat <= 0)
  {
    std::cout << "Invalid repeat value " << str << std::endl;
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  g_has_set_repeat = true;
}

inline void set_seed_from_string(const char *str)
{
  errno = 0;
  g_seed = int(strtoul(str, 0, 10));
  if(errno || g_seed == 0)
  {
    std::cout << "Invalid seed value " << str << std::endl;
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  g_has_set_seed = true;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    g_has_set_repeat = false;
    g_has_set_seed = false;
    bool need_help = false;

    for(int i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    {
      if(argv[i][0] == 'r')
      {
        if(g_has_set_repeat)
        {
          std::cout << "Argument " << argv[i] << " conflicting with a former argument" << std::endl;
          return 1;
        }
        set_repeat_from_string(argv[i]+1);
      }
      else if(argv[i][0] == 's')
      {
        if(g_has_set_seed)
        {
          std::cout << "Argument " << argv[i] << " conflicting with a former argument" << std::endl;
          return 1;
        }
         set_seed_from_string(argv[i]+1);
      }
      else
      {
        need_help = true;
      }
    }

    if(need_help)
    {
      std::cout << "This test application takes the following optional arguments:" << std::endl;
      std::cout << "  rN     Repeat each test N times (default: " << DEFAULT_REPEAT << ")" << std::endl;
      std::cout << "  sN     Use N as seed for random numbers (default: based on current time)" << std::endl;
      std::cout << std::endl;
      std::cout << "If defined, the environment variables EIGEN_REPEAT and EIGEN_SEED" << std::endl;
      std::cout << "will be used as default values for these parameters." << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    char *env_EIGEN_REPEAT = getenv("EIGEN_REPEAT");
    if(!g_has_set_repeat && env_EIGEN_REPEAT)
      set_repeat_from_string(env_EIGEN_REPEAT);
    char *env_EIGEN_SEED = getenv("EIGEN_SEED");
    if(!g_has_set_seed && env_EIGEN_SEED)
      set_seed_from_string(env_EIGEN_SEED);

    if(!g_has_set_seed) g_seed = (unsigned int) time(NULL);
    if(!g_has_set_repeat) g_repeat = DEFAULT_REPEAT;

    std::cout << "Initializing random number generator with seed " << g_seed << std::endl;
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "Seed: " << g_seed;
    g_test_stack.push_back(ss.str());
    srand(g_seed);
    std::cout << "Repeating each test " << g_repeat << " times" << std::endl;

    Eigen::g_test_stack.push_back(std::string(EI_PP_MAKE_STRING(EIGEN_TEST_FUNC)));

    EIGEN_CAT(test_,EIGEN_TEST_FUNC)();
    return 0;
}

// These warning are disabled here such that they are still ON when parsing Eigen's header files.
#if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
  // remark #383: value copied to temporary, reference to temporary used
  //  -> this warning is raised even for legal usage as: g_test_stack.push_back("foo"); where g_test_stack is a std::vector<std::string>
  // remark #1418: external function definition with no prior declaration
  //  -> this warning is raised for all our test functions. Declaring them static would fix the issue.
  // warning #279: controlling expression is constant
  // remark #1572: floating-point equality and inequality comparisons are unreliable
  #pragma warning disable 279 383 1418 1572
#endif

#ifdef _MSC_VER
  // 4503 - decorated name length exceeded, name was truncated
  #pragma warning( disable : 4503)
#endif