1 /*
2 * linux/fs/ioctl.c
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
5 */
6
7 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
8 #include <linux/mm.h>
9 #include <linux/capability.h>
10 #include <linux/file.h>
11 #include <linux/fs.h>
12 #include <linux/security.h>
13 #include <linux/export.h>
14 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
15 #include <linux/writeback.h>
16 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
17 #include <linux/falloc.h>
18 #include "internal.h"
19
20 #include <asm/ioctls.h>
21
22 /* So that the fiemap access checks can't overflow on 32 bit machines. */
23 #define FIEMAP_MAX_EXTENTS (UINT_MAX / sizeof(struct fiemap_extent))
24
25 /**
26 * vfs_ioctl - call filesystem specific ioctl methods
27 * @filp: open file to invoke ioctl method on
28 * @cmd: ioctl command to execute
29 * @arg: command-specific argument for ioctl
30 *
31 * Invokes filesystem specific ->unlocked_ioctl, if one exists; otherwise
32 * returns -ENOTTY.
33 *
34 * Returns 0 on success, -errno on error.
35 */
vfs_ioctl(struct file * filp,unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg)36 long vfs_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
37 {
38 int error = -ENOTTY;
39
40 if (!filp->f_op->unlocked_ioctl)
41 goto out;
42
43 error = filp->f_op->unlocked_ioctl(filp, cmd, arg);
44 if (error == -ENOIOCTLCMD)
45 error = -ENOTTY;
46 out:
47 return error;
48 }
49
ioctl_fibmap(struct file * filp,int __user * p)50 static int ioctl_fibmap(struct file *filp, int __user *p)
51 {
52 struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;
53 int res, block;
54
55 /* do we support this mess? */
56 if (!mapping->a_ops->bmap)
57 return -EINVAL;
58 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_RAWIO))
59 return -EPERM;
60 res = get_user(block, p);
61 if (res)
62 return res;
63 res = mapping->a_ops->bmap(mapping, block);
64 return put_user(res, p);
65 }
66
67 /**
68 * fiemap_fill_next_extent - Fiemap helper function
69 * @fieinfo: Fiemap context passed into ->fiemap
70 * @logical: Extent logical start offset, in bytes
71 * @phys: Extent physical start offset, in bytes
72 * @len: Extent length, in bytes
73 * @flags: FIEMAP_EXTENT flags that describe this extent
74 *
75 * Called from file system ->fiemap callback. Will populate extent
76 * info as passed in via arguments and copy to user memory. On
77 * success, extent count on fieinfo is incremented.
78 *
79 * Returns 0 on success, -errno on error, 1 if this was the last
80 * extent that will fit in user array.
81 */
82 #define SET_UNKNOWN_FLAGS (FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC)
83 #define SET_NO_UNMOUNTED_IO_FLAGS (FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED)
84 #define SET_NOT_ALIGNED_FLAGS (FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL|FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE)
fiemap_fill_next_extent(struct fiemap_extent_info * fieinfo,u64 logical,u64 phys,u64 len,u32 flags)85 int fiemap_fill_next_extent(struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo, u64 logical,
86 u64 phys, u64 len, u32 flags)
87 {
88 struct fiemap_extent extent;
89 struct fiemap_extent __user *dest = fieinfo->fi_extents_start;
90
91 /* only count the extents */
92 if (fieinfo->fi_extents_max == 0) {
93 fieinfo->fi_extents_mapped++;
94 return (flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST) ? 1 : 0;
95 }
96
97 if (fieinfo->fi_extents_mapped >= fieinfo->fi_extents_max)
98 return 1;
99
100 if (flags & SET_UNKNOWN_FLAGS)
101 flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN;
102 if (flags & SET_NO_UNMOUNTED_IO_FLAGS)
103 flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED;
104 if (flags & SET_NOT_ALIGNED_FLAGS)
105 flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED;
106
107 memset(&extent, 0, sizeof(extent));
108 extent.fe_logical = logical;
109 extent.fe_physical = phys;
110 extent.fe_length = len;
111 extent.fe_flags = flags;
112
113 dest += fieinfo->fi_extents_mapped;
114 if (copy_to_user(dest, &extent, sizeof(extent)))
115 return -EFAULT;
116
117 fieinfo->fi_extents_mapped++;
118 if (fieinfo->fi_extents_mapped == fieinfo->fi_extents_max)
119 return 1;
120 return (flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST) ? 1 : 0;
121 }
122 EXPORT_SYMBOL(fiemap_fill_next_extent);
123
124 /**
125 * fiemap_check_flags - check validity of requested flags for fiemap
126 * @fieinfo: Fiemap context passed into ->fiemap
127 * @fs_flags: Set of fiemap flags that the file system understands
128 *
129 * Called from file system ->fiemap callback. This will compute the
130 * intersection of valid fiemap flags and those that the fs supports. That
131 * value is then compared against the user supplied flags. In case of bad user
132 * flags, the invalid values will be written into the fieinfo structure, and
133 * -EBADR is returned, which tells ioctl_fiemap() to return those values to
134 * userspace. For this reason, a return code of -EBADR should be preserved.
135 *
136 * Returns 0 on success, -EBADR on bad flags.
137 */
fiemap_check_flags(struct fiemap_extent_info * fieinfo,u32 fs_flags)138 int fiemap_check_flags(struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo, u32 fs_flags)
139 {
140 u32 incompat_flags;
141
142 incompat_flags = fieinfo->fi_flags & ~(FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT & fs_flags);
143 if (incompat_flags) {
144 fieinfo->fi_flags = incompat_flags;
145 return -EBADR;
146 }
147 return 0;
148 }
149 EXPORT_SYMBOL(fiemap_check_flags);
150
fiemap_check_ranges(struct super_block * sb,u64 start,u64 len,u64 * new_len)151 static int fiemap_check_ranges(struct super_block *sb,
152 u64 start, u64 len, u64 *new_len)
153 {
154 u64 maxbytes = (u64) sb->s_maxbytes;
155
156 *new_len = len;
157
158 if (len == 0)
159 return -EINVAL;
160
161 if (start > maxbytes)
162 return -EFBIG;
163
164 /*
165 * Shrink request scope to what the fs can actually handle.
166 */
167 if (len > maxbytes || (maxbytes - len) < start)
168 *new_len = maxbytes - start;
169
170 return 0;
171 }
172
ioctl_fiemap(struct file * filp,unsigned long arg)173 static int ioctl_fiemap(struct file *filp, unsigned long arg)
174 {
175 struct fiemap fiemap;
176 struct fiemap __user *ufiemap = (struct fiemap __user *) arg;
177 struct fiemap_extent_info fieinfo = { 0, };
178 struct inode *inode = file_inode(filp);
179 struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
180 u64 len;
181 int error;
182
183 if (!inode->i_op->fiemap)
184 return -EOPNOTSUPP;
185
186 if (copy_from_user(&fiemap, ufiemap, sizeof(fiemap)))
187 return -EFAULT;
188
189 if (fiemap.fm_extent_count > FIEMAP_MAX_EXTENTS)
190 return -EINVAL;
191
192 error = fiemap_check_ranges(sb, fiemap.fm_start, fiemap.fm_length,
193 &len);
194 if (error)
195 return error;
196
197 fieinfo.fi_flags = fiemap.fm_flags;
198 fieinfo.fi_extents_max = fiemap.fm_extent_count;
199 fieinfo.fi_extents_start = ufiemap->fm_extents;
200
201 if (fiemap.fm_extent_count != 0 &&
202 !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, fieinfo.fi_extents_start,
203 fieinfo.fi_extents_max * sizeof(struct fiemap_extent)))
204 return -EFAULT;
205
206 if (fieinfo.fi_flags & FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC)
207 filemap_write_and_wait(inode->i_mapping);
208
209 error = inode->i_op->fiemap(inode, &fieinfo, fiemap.fm_start, len);
210 fiemap.fm_flags = fieinfo.fi_flags;
211 fiemap.fm_mapped_extents = fieinfo.fi_extents_mapped;
212 if (copy_to_user(ufiemap, &fiemap, sizeof(fiemap)))
213 error = -EFAULT;
214
215 return error;
216 }
217
ioctl_file_clone(struct file * dst_file,unsigned long srcfd,u64 off,u64 olen,u64 destoff)218 static long ioctl_file_clone(struct file *dst_file, unsigned long srcfd,
219 u64 off, u64 olen, u64 destoff)
220 {
221 struct fd src_file = fdget(srcfd);
222 int ret;
223
224 if (!src_file.file)
225 return -EBADF;
226 ret = vfs_clone_file_range(src_file.file, off, dst_file, destoff, olen);
227 fdput(src_file);
228 return ret;
229 }
230
ioctl_file_clone_range(struct file * file,void __user * argp)231 static long ioctl_file_clone_range(struct file *file, void __user *argp)
232 {
233 struct file_clone_range args;
234
235 if (copy_from_user(&args, argp, sizeof(args)))
236 return -EFAULT;
237 return ioctl_file_clone(file, args.src_fd, args.src_offset,
238 args.src_length, args.dest_offset);
239 }
240
241 #ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK
242
logical_to_blk(struct inode * inode,loff_t offset)243 static inline sector_t logical_to_blk(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset)
244 {
245 return (offset >> inode->i_blkbits);
246 }
247
blk_to_logical(struct inode * inode,sector_t blk)248 static inline loff_t blk_to_logical(struct inode *inode, sector_t blk)
249 {
250 return (blk << inode->i_blkbits);
251 }
252
253 /**
254 * __generic_block_fiemap - FIEMAP for block based inodes (no locking)
255 * @inode: the inode to map
256 * @fieinfo: the fiemap info struct that will be passed back to userspace
257 * @start: where to start mapping in the inode
258 * @len: how much space to map
259 * @get_block: the fs's get_block function
260 *
261 * This does FIEMAP for block based inodes. Basically it will just loop
262 * through get_block until we hit the number of extents we want to map, or we
263 * go past the end of the file and hit a hole.
264 *
265 * If it is possible to have data blocks beyond a hole past @inode->i_size, then
266 * please do not use this function, it will stop at the first unmapped block
267 * beyond i_size.
268 *
269 * If you use this function directly, you need to do your own locking. Use
270 * generic_block_fiemap if you want the locking done for you.
271 */
272
__generic_block_fiemap(struct inode * inode,struct fiemap_extent_info * fieinfo,loff_t start,loff_t len,get_block_t * get_block)273 int __generic_block_fiemap(struct inode *inode,
274 struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo, loff_t start,
275 loff_t len, get_block_t *get_block)
276 {
277 struct buffer_head map_bh;
278 sector_t start_blk, last_blk;
279 loff_t isize = i_size_read(inode);
280 u64 logical = 0, phys = 0, size = 0;
281 u32 flags = FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED;
282 bool past_eof = false, whole_file = false;
283 int ret = 0;
284
285 ret = fiemap_check_flags(fieinfo, FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC);
286 if (ret)
287 return ret;
288
289 /*
290 * Either the i_mutex or other appropriate locking needs to be held
291 * since we expect isize to not change at all through the duration of
292 * this call.
293 */
294 if (len >= isize) {
295 whole_file = true;
296 len = isize;
297 }
298
299 /*
300 * Some filesystems can't deal with being asked to map less than
301 * blocksize, so make sure our len is at least block length.
302 */
303 if (logical_to_blk(inode, len) == 0)
304 len = blk_to_logical(inode, 1);
305
306 start_blk = logical_to_blk(inode, start);
307 last_blk = logical_to_blk(inode, start + len - 1);
308
309 do {
310 /*
311 * we set b_size to the total size we want so it will map as
312 * many contiguous blocks as possible at once
313 */
314 memset(&map_bh, 0, sizeof(struct buffer_head));
315 map_bh.b_size = len;
316
317 ret = get_block(inode, start_blk, &map_bh, 0);
318 if (ret)
319 break;
320
321 /* HOLE */
322 if (!buffer_mapped(&map_bh)) {
323 start_blk++;
324
325 /*
326 * We want to handle the case where there is an
327 * allocated block at the front of the file, and then
328 * nothing but holes up to the end of the file properly,
329 * to make sure that extent at the front gets properly
330 * marked with FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST
331 */
332 if (!past_eof &&
333 blk_to_logical(inode, start_blk) >= isize)
334 past_eof = 1;
335
336 /*
337 * First hole after going past the EOF, this is our
338 * last extent
339 */
340 if (past_eof && size) {
341 flags = FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED|FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
342 ret = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, logical,
343 phys, size,
344 flags);
345 } else if (size) {
346 ret = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, logical,
347 phys, size, flags);
348 size = 0;
349 }
350
351 /* if we have holes up to/past EOF then we're done */
352 if (start_blk > last_blk || past_eof || ret)
353 break;
354 } else {
355 /*
356 * We have gone over the length of what we wanted to
357 * map, and it wasn't the entire file, so add the extent
358 * we got last time and exit.
359 *
360 * This is for the case where say we want to map all the
361 * way up to the second to the last block in a file, but
362 * the last block is a hole, making the second to last
363 * block FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST. In this case we want to
364 * see if there is a hole after the second to last block
365 * so we can mark it properly. If we found data after
366 * we exceeded the length we were requesting, then we
367 * are good to go, just add the extent to the fieinfo
368 * and break
369 */
370 if (start_blk > last_blk && !whole_file) {
371 ret = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, logical,
372 phys, size,
373 flags);
374 break;
375 }
376
377 /*
378 * if size != 0 then we know we already have an extent
379 * to add, so add it.
380 */
381 if (size) {
382 ret = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, logical,
383 phys, size,
384 flags);
385 if (ret)
386 break;
387 }
388
389 logical = blk_to_logical(inode, start_blk);
390 phys = blk_to_logical(inode, map_bh.b_blocknr);
391 size = map_bh.b_size;
392 flags = FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED;
393
394 start_blk += logical_to_blk(inode, size);
395
396 /*
397 * If we are past the EOF, then we need to make sure as
398 * soon as we find a hole that the last extent we found
399 * is marked with FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST
400 */
401 if (!past_eof && logical + size >= isize)
402 past_eof = true;
403 }
404 cond_resched();
405 if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
406 ret = -EINTR;
407 break;
408 }
409
410 } while (1);
411
412 /* If ret is 1 then we just hit the end of the extent array */
413 if (ret == 1)
414 ret = 0;
415
416 return ret;
417 }
418 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__generic_block_fiemap);
419
420 /**
421 * generic_block_fiemap - FIEMAP for block based inodes
422 * @inode: The inode to map
423 * @fieinfo: The mapping information
424 * @start: The initial block to map
425 * @len: The length of the extect to attempt to map
426 * @get_block: The block mapping function for the fs
427 *
428 * Calls __generic_block_fiemap to map the inode, after taking
429 * the inode's mutex lock.
430 */
431
generic_block_fiemap(struct inode * inode,struct fiemap_extent_info * fieinfo,u64 start,u64 len,get_block_t * get_block)432 int generic_block_fiemap(struct inode *inode,
433 struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo, u64 start,
434 u64 len, get_block_t *get_block)
435 {
436 int ret;
437 inode_lock(inode);
438 ret = __generic_block_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len, get_block);
439 inode_unlock(inode);
440 return ret;
441 }
442 EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_block_fiemap);
443
444 #endif /* CONFIG_BLOCK */
445
446 /*
447 * This provides compatibility with legacy XFS pre-allocation ioctls
448 * which predate the fallocate syscall.
449 *
450 * Only the l_start, l_len and l_whence fields of the 'struct space_resv'
451 * are used here, rest are ignored.
452 */
ioctl_preallocate(struct file * filp,void __user * argp)453 int ioctl_preallocate(struct file *filp, void __user *argp)
454 {
455 struct inode *inode = file_inode(filp);
456 struct space_resv sr;
457
458 if (copy_from_user(&sr, argp, sizeof(sr)))
459 return -EFAULT;
460
461 switch (sr.l_whence) {
462 case SEEK_SET:
463 break;
464 case SEEK_CUR:
465 sr.l_start += filp->f_pos;
466 break;
467 case SEEK_END:
468 sr.l_start += i_size_read(inode);
469 break;
470 default:
471 return -EINVAL;
472 }
473
474 return vfs_fallocate(filp, FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE, sr.l_start, sr.l_len);
475 }
476
file_ioctl(struct file * filp,unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg)477 static int file_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd,
478 unsigned long arg)
479 {
480 struct inode *inode = file_inode(filp);
481 int __user *p = (int __user *)arg;
482
483 switch (cmd) {
484 case FIBMAP:
485 return ioctl_fibmap(filp, p);
486 case FIONREAD:
487 return put_user(i_size_read(inode) - filp->f_pos, p);
488 case FS_IOC_RESVSP:
489 case FS_IOC_RESVSP64:
490 return ioctl_preallocate(filp, p);
491 }
492
493 return vfs_ioctl(filp, cmd, arg);
494 }
495
ioctl_fionbio(struct file * filp,int __user * argp)496 static int ioctl_fionbio(struct file *filp, int __user *argp)
497 {
498 unsigned int flag;
499 int on, error;
500
501 error = get_user(on, argp);
502 if (error)
503 return error;
504 flag = O_NONBLOCK;
505 #ifdef __sparc__
506 /* SunOS compatibility item. */
507 if (O_NONBLOCK != O_NDELAY)
508 flag |= O_NDELAY;
509 #endif
510 spin_lock(&filp->f_lock);
511 if (on)
512 filp->f_flags |= flag;
513 else
514 filp->f_flags &= ~flag;
515 spin_unlock(&filp->f_lock);
516 return error;
517 }
518
ioctl_fioasync(unsigned int fd,struct file * filp,int __user * argp)519 static int ioctl_fioasync(unsigned int fd, struct file *filp,
520 int __user *argp)
521 {
522 unsigned int flag;
523 int on, error;
524
525 error = get_user(on, argp);
526 if (error)
527 return error;
528 flag = on ? FASYNC : 0;
529
530 /* Did FASYNC state change ? */
531 if ((flag ^ filp->f_flags) & FASYNC) {
532 if (filp->f_op->fasync)
533 /* fasync() adjusts filp->f_flags */
534 error = filp->f_op->fasync(fd, filp, on);
535 else
536 error = -ENOTTY;
537 }
538 return error < 0 ? error : 0;
539 }
540
ioctl_fsfreeze(struct file * filp)541 static int ioctl_fsfreeze(struct file *filp)
542 {
543 struct super_block *sb = file_inode(filp)->i_sb;
544
545 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
546 return -EPERM;
547
548 /* If filesystem doesn't support freeze feature, return. */
549 if (sb->s_op->freeze_fs == NULL && sb->s_op->freeze_super == NULL)
550 return -EOPNOTSUPP;
551
552 /* Freeze */
553 if (sb->s_op->freeze_super)
554 return sb->s_op->freeze_super(sb);
555 return freeze_super(sb);
556 }
557
ioctl_fsthaw(struct file * filp)558 static int ioctl_fsthaw(struct file *filp)
559 {
560 struct super_block *sb = file_inode(filp)->i_sb;
561
562 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
563 return -EPERM;
564
565 /* Thaw */
566 if (sb->s_op->thaw_super)
567 return sb->s_op->thaw_super(sb);
568 return thaw_super(sb);
569 }
570
ioctl_file_dedupe_range(struct file * file,void __user * arg)571 static int ioctl_file_dedupe_range(struct file *file, void __user *arg)
572 {
573 struct file_dedupe_range __user *argp = arg;
574 struct file_dedupe_range *same = NULL;
575 int ret;
576 unsigned long size;
577 u16 count;
578
579 if (get_user(count, &argp->dest_count)) {
580 ret = -EFAULT;
581 goto out;
582 }
583
584 size = offsetof(struct file_dedupe_range __user, info[count]);
585 if (size > PAGE_SIZE) {
586 ret = -ENOMEM;
587 goto out;
588 }
589
590 same = memdup_user(argp, size);
591 if (IS_ERR(same)) {
592 ret = PTR_ERR(same);
593 same = NULL;
594 goto out;
595 }
596
597 same->dest_count = count;
598 ret = vfs_dedupe_file_range(file, same);
599 if (ret)
600 goto out;
601
602 ret = copy_to_user(argp, same, size);
603 if (ret)
604 ret = -EFAULT;
605
606 out:
607 kfree(same);
608 return ret;
609 }
610
611 /*
612 * When you add any new common ioctls to the switches above and below
613 * please update compat_sys_ioctl() too.
614 *
615 * do_vfs_ioctl() is not for drivers and not intended to be EXPORT_SYMBOL()'d.
616 * It's just a simple helper for sys_ioctl and compat_sys_ioctl.
617 */
do_vfs_ioctl(struct file * filp,unsigned int fd,unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg)618 int do_vfs_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int fd, unsigned int cmd,
619 unsigned long arg)
620 {
621 int error = 0;
622 int __user *argp = (int __user *)arg;
623 struct inode *inode = file_inode(filp);
624
625 switch (cmd) {
626 case FIOCLEX:
627 set_close_on_exec(fd, 1);
628 break;
629
630 case FIONCLEX:
631 set_close_on_exec(fd, 0);
632 break;
633
634 case FIONBIO:
635 error = ioctl_fionbio(filp, argp);
636 break;
637
638 case FIOASYNC:
639 error = ioctl_fioasync(fd, filp, argp);
640 break;
641
642 case FIOQSIZE:
643 if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) ||
644 S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode)) {
645 loff_t res = inode_get_bytes(inode);
646 error = copy_to_user(argp, &res, sizeof(res)) ?
647 -EFAULT : 0;
648 } else
649 error = -ENOTTY;
650 break;
651
652 case FIFREEZE:
653 error = ioctl_fsfreeze(filp);
654 break;
655
656 case FITHAW:
657 error = ioctl_fsthaw(filp);
658 break;
659
660 case FS_IOC_FIEMAP:
661 return ioctl_fiemap(filp, arg);
662
663 case FIGETBSZ:
664 return put_user(inode->i_sb->s_blocksize, argp);
665
666 case FICLONE:
667 return ioctl_file_clone(filp, arg, 0, 0, 0);
668
669 case FICLONERANGE:
670 return ioctl_file_clone_range(filp, argp);
671
672 case FIDEDUPERANGE:
673 return ioctl_file_dedupe_range(filp, argp);
674
675 default:
676 if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
677 error = file_ioctl(filp, cmd, arg);
678 else
679 error = vfs_ioctl(filp, cmd, arg);
680 break;
681 }
682 return error;
683 }
684
SYSCALL_DEFINE3(ioctl,unsigned int,fd,unsigned int,cmd,unsigned long,arg)685 SYSCALL_DEFINE3(ioctl, unsigned int, fd, unsigned int, cmd, unsigned long, arg)
686 {
687 int error;
688 struct fd f = fdget(fd);
689
690 if (!f.file)
691 return -EBADF;
692 error = security_file_ioctl(f.file, cmd, arg);
693 if (!error)
694 error = do_vfs_ioctl(f.file, fd, cmd, arg);
695 fdput(f);
696 return error;
697 }
698