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23 ## Migration from Standard C and POSIX APIs
25 The ISO C and POSIX standards define a number of APIs for string handling and
27 initially designed before Unicode/ISO 10646 were developed, and the POSIX APIs
30 This chapter discusses C/POSIX APIs with their problems, and shows which ICU
31 APIs to use instead.
39 > :construction: This chapter is not complete yet – more POSIX APIs are expected to be discussed
57 graphic characters available in US-ASCII — can be reliably accessed via
68     US-ASCII characters, but any software that uses non-ASCII characters becomes
69     platform-dependent. It is practically impossible to provide sophisticated
75     work for non-trivial cases.
83     Unicode?](http://icu-project.org/docs/papers/unicode_wchar_t.html)
92     limited for single-character functions to only part of Unicode, or suffer
93     from reduced interoperability with most Unicode-aware software.
97 ICU always processes Unicode text. Unicode covers all languages and allows safe
102 ICU uses the 16-bit encoding form of Unicode (UTF-16) for processing, making it
103 fully interoperable with most Unicode-aware software. See [UTF-16 for
105 naturally the case because the Java language and the JDK use UTF-16.
107 ICU uses and/or provides direct access to all of the [Unicode
108 properties](strings/properties.md) which provide a much finer-grained
110 classes](https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/unicode-org/icu-docs/blob/main/design/po…
114 always encoded with the same byte values on all systems. (One set of byte values
115 for ASCII-based systems, and another such set of byte values for EBCDIC
117 [`utypes.h`](https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/main/icu4c/source/common/unicode/utypes.h)
121 algorithms, and its cross-platform availability, ICU provides for consistent,
139     context-dependent.)
143     and is language- and context-dependent.)
147 5.  There are no standard functions for title-casing strings.
149 6.  There are no standard functions for case-folding strings. (Case-folding is
150     used for case-insensitive comparisons; there are C/POSIX functions for
151     direct, case-insensitive comparisons of pairs of strings. Case-folding is
159 proper case mappings, and ICU provides APIs for them. (See the API references
192     character class data for all relevant characters. With many locales using
194     For efficiency, many UTF-8 locales define character classes only for very
195     few characters instead of for all of Unicode. For example, some de_DE.utf-8
197     the repertoire of ISO 8859-1 – in other words, for only a tiny fraction of
206 …classes](https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/unicode-org/icu-docs/blob/main/design/p…
210 ICU provides locale-independent access to all [Unicode
219 available online, facilitating industry-wide consistency in the implementation
255 ICU number formatting APIs have separate, orthogonal settings for the number