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7 systems from MMU-less microcontrollers to supercomputers. The memory
41 The physical system memory is divided into page frames, or pages. The
42 size of each page is architecture specific. Some architectures allow
43 selection of the page size from several supported values; this
47 Each physical memory page can be mapped as one or more virtual
48 pages. These mappings are described by page tables that allow
50 memory address. The page tables are organized hierarchically.
52 The tables at the lowest level of the hierarchy contain physical
55 levels. The pointer to the top level page table resides in a
57 register to access the top level page table. The high bits of the
58 virtual address are used to index an entry in the top level page
59 table. That entry is then used to access the next level in the
61 that level page table. The lowest bits in the virtual address define
62 the offset inside the actual page.
76 directly by the higher levels in the page table. For instance, on x86,
78 and the third level page tables. In Linux such pages are called
80 improves TLB hit-rate and thus improves overall system performance.
87 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst.
94 name. See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst for more details
118 Many multi-processor machines are NUMA - Non-Uniform Memory Access -
126 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst.
128 Page cache
133 data is put into the `page cache` to avoid expensive disk access on
135 is placed in the page cache and eventually gets into the backing
148 in creation of a page table entry that references a special physical
149 page filled with zeroes. When the program performs a write, a regular
150 physical page will be allocated to hold the written data. The page
152 the dirty page will be swapped out.
157 Throughout the system lifetime, a physical page can be used for storing
162 Depending on the page usage it is treated differently by the Linux
167 reclaimable pages are page cache and anonymous memory.
173 reclaimed. For instance, in-memory caches of filesystem metadata can
174 be re-read from the storage device and therefore it is possible to
189 more and reaches another threshold - min watermark - an allocation
201 buffer for DMA, or when THP allocates a huge page. Memory `compaction`