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/Documentation/firmware-guide/acpi/
Dvideo_extension.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
16 Export a sysfs interface for user space to control backlight level
26 Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-class-backlight.
32 get the brightness level the firmware thinks it is at;
36 on write, control method _BCM will run to set the requested brightness level;
70 as a "brightness level" indicator. Thus from the user space perspective
74 Notify user space about hotkey event
79 i) For some laptops, when user presses the hotkey, a scancode will be
80 generated and sent to user space through the input device created by
82 following key code will appear to user space::
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/Documentation/admin-guide/pm/
Dintel_uncore_frequency_scaling.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
8 :Copyright: |copy| 2022-2023 Intel Corporation
13 ------------
30 ---------------
45 This is a read-only attribute. If users adjust max_freq_khz,
50 This is a read-only attribute. If users adjust min_freq_khz,
63 -----------------------------------------------------------------
72 The current sysfs interface supports controls at package and die level.
74 fabric cluster level.
80 To represent controls at fabric cluster level in addition to the
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Dintel-speed-select.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
4 Intel(R) Speed Select Technology User Guide
14 - https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/speed-select-technology-artic…
15 - https://builders.intel.com/docs/networkbuilders/intel-speed-select-technology-base-frequency-enha…
19 dynamically without pre-configuring via BIOS setup options. This dynamic
29 intel-speed-select configuration tool
32 Most Linux distribution packages may include the "intel-speed-select" tool. If not,
38 # cd tools/power/x86/intel-speed-select/
43 ------------
47 # intel-speed-select --help
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/Documentation/networking/
Dnfc.rst15 - NFC adapters management;
16 - Polling for targets;
17 - Low-level data exchange;
21 responsible for providing an interface to control operations and low-level
26 The low-level data exchange interface is provided by the new socket family
29 .. code-block:: none
31 +--------------------------------------+
32 | USER SPACE |
33 +--------------------------------------+
35 | low-level | control
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/Documentation/admin-guide/
Dthunderbolt.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 some differences at the register level among other things. Connection
18 software connection manager in Linux also advertises security level
19 ``user`` which means PCIe tunneling is disabled by default. The
21 the software connection manager only supports ``user`` security level and
25 -----------------------------------
27 should be a userspace tool that handles all the low-level details, keeps
31 found in ``Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-thunderbolt``.
35 ``/etc/udev/rules.d/99-local.rules``::
44 security levels available. Intel Titan Ridge added one more security level
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/Documentation/driver-api/thermal/
Dx86_pkg_temperature_thermal.rst7 * x86: with package level thermal management
14 ---------
16 Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual (Jan, 2013):
17 Chapter 14.6: PACKAGE LEVEL THERMAL MANAGEMENT
20 -----------
22 This driver register CPU digital temperature package level sensor as a thermal
23 zone with maximum two user mode configurable trip points. Number of trip points
25 user mode can receive notification via thermal notification mechanism and can
30 --------------------
39 - trip_point_0_temp
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/Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/
D5level-paging.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
4 5-level paging
9 Original x86-64 was limited by 4-level paging to 256 TiB of virtual address
14 5-level paging. It is a straight-forward extension of the current page
20 QEMU 2.9 and later support 5-level paging.
22 Virtual memory layout for 5-level paging is described in
26 Enabling 5-level paging
30 Kernel with CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL=y still able to boot on 4-level hardware.
31 In this case additional page table level -- p4d -- will be folded at
34 User-space and large virtual address space
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Dfred.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
11 privilege level (ring transitions). The FRED architecture was
21 establishes the full user context.
33 The LKGS instruction can be used by 64-bit operating systems that do
46 framework must be implemented to facilitate the event-to-handler
48 once an event is delivered, and employs a two-level dispatch.
50 The first level dispatching is event type based, and the second level
53 Full supervisor/user context
56 FRED event delivery atomically save and restore full supervisor/user
86 event handling, and each stack level should be configured to use a
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/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/
Dsodaville.txt14 - <1st cell>: The interrupt-number that identifies the interrupt source.
15 - <2nd cell>: The level-sense information, encoded as follows:
16 4 - active high level-sensitive
17 8 - active low level-sensitive
19 Example of the GPIO device and one user:
23 #gpio-cells = <2>;
24 #interrupt-cells = <2>;
34 interrupt-controller;
35 gpio-controller;
41 /* User the 11th GPIO line as an active high triggered
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/Documentation/scsi/
Dmegaraid.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
8 --------
11 user applications in a similar way. They understand the same firmware control
14 interfaces with the applications on one side and all the low level drivers
19 i. Avoid duplicate code from the low level drivers.
20 ii. Unburden the low level drivers from having to export the
24 multiple low level drivers.
27 ioctl commands. But this module is envisioned to handle all user space level
32 -------
41 - Jeff Garzik (jgarzik@pobox.com), 02.25.2004 LKML
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/Documentation/driver-api/serial/
Dserial-rs485.rst8 EIA-485, also known as TIA/EIA-485 or RS-485, is a standard defining the
15 2. Hardware-related Considerations
18 Some CPUs/UARTs (e.g., Atmel AT91 or 16C950 UART) contain a built-in
19 half-duplex mode capable of automatically controlling line direction by
21 half-duplex hardware like an RS485 transceiver or any RS232-connected
22 half-duplex devices like some modems.
26 available at user-level to allow switching from one mode to the other, and
37 [#DT-bindings]_. The serial core fills the struct serial_rs485 from the
52 .. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/serial.h
55 4. Usage from user-level
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Dserial-iso7816.rst11 2. Hardware-related considerations
14 Some CPUs/UARTs (e.g., Microchip AT91) contain a built-in mode capable of
19 available at user-level to allow switching from one mode to the other, and
35 4. Usage from user-level
38 From user-level, ISO7816 configuration can be get/set using the previous
/Documentation/admin-guide/thermal/
Dintel_powerclamp.rst6 - Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
7 - Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com>
12 - Goals and Objectives
15 - Idle Injection
16 - Calibration
19 - Effectiveness and Limitations
20 - Power vs Performance
21 - Scalability
22 - Calibration
23 - Comparison with Alternative Techniques
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/Documentation/usb/
Dfunctionfs.rst10 the user space driver has registered by writing descriptors and
11 strings (the user space program has to provide the same information
12 that kernel level composite functions provide when they are added to
18 From user space point of view it is a file system which when
19 mounted provides an "ep0" file. User space driver need to
28 For more information about FunctionFS descriptors see :doc:`functionfs-desc`
47 where the last two are implemented via FunctionFS. On user space
48 level it would look like this::
51 $ mkdir /dev/ffs-mtp && mount -t functionfs mtp /dev/ffs-mtp
52 $ ( cd /dev/ffs-mtp && mtp-daemon ) &
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/Documentation/arch/x86/
Dpti.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
11 countermeasure against attacks on the shared user/kernel address
18 switches back to user mode, the user copy is used again.
27 This approach helps to ensure that side-channel attacks leveraging
30 time. Once enabled at compile-time, it can be disabled at boot with
31 the 'nopti' or 'pti=' kernel parameters (see kernel-parameters.txt).
41 Although _complete_, the user portion of the kernel page tables is
42 crippled by setting the NX bit in the top level. This ensures
43 that any missed kernel->user CR3 switch will immediately crash
49 each CPU's copy of the area a compile-time-fixed virtual address.
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/Documentation/ABI/testing/
Dsysfs-class-power5 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
14 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
23 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
32 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
43 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
66 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
81 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
94 read-only reporting, unless the 'online' state of the supply
106 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
124 Contact: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
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Dsysfs-driver-samsung-laptop4 Contact: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
10 will show the current performance level. Writing to the
14 - "silent"
15 - "normal"
16 - "overclock"
21 anything, other than making the user feel a bit better.
27 Description: Max battery charge level can be modified, battery cycle
29 level.
31 - 0 means normal battery mode (100% charge)
32 - 1 means battery life extender mode (80% charge)
Ddebugfs-tpmi1 What: /sys/kernel/debug/tpmi-<n>/pfs_dump
10 Users: Debugging, any user space test suite
12 What: /sys/kernel/debug/tpmi-<n>/tpmi-id-<n>/mem_dump
18 Users: Debugging, any user space test suite
20 What: /sys/kernel/debug/tpmi-<n>/tpmi-id-<n>/mem_write
26 as hardware will not allow to write at read-only memory. This write is
31 Users: Debugging, any user space test suite
33 What: /sys/kernel/debug/tpmi-<n>/plr/domain<n>/status
38 Shows the currently active Performance Limit Reasons for die level and the
/Documentation/bpf/libbpf/
Dlibbpf_overview.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 libbpf is a C-based library containing a BPF loader that takes compiled BPF
13 The following are the high-level features supported by libbpf:
15 * Provides high-level and low-level APIs for user space programs to interact
16 with BPF programs. The low-level APIs wrap all the bpf system call
17 functionality, which is useful when users need more fine-grained control
18 over the interactions between user space and BPF programs.
20 The skeleton file simplifies the process for the user space programs to access
22 * Provides BPF-side APIS, including BPF helper definitions, BPF maps support,
24 * Supports BPF CO-RE mechanism, enabling BPF developers to write portable
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/Documentation/core-api/
Dentry.rst16 exceptions`_, `NMI and NMI-like exceptions`_.
18 Non-instrumentable code - noinstr
19 ---------------------------------
33 .. code-block:: c
37 handle_entry(); // <-- must be 'noinstr' or '__always_inline'
41 handle_context(); // <-- instrumentable code
45 handle_exit(); // <-- must be 'noinstr' or '__always_inline'
51 Invoking non-instrumentable functions from instrumentable context has no
55 All non-instrumentable entry/exit code sections before and after the RCU
59 --------
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Dprintk-index.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
19 Finding these changes in the sources would require non-trivial parsers.
32 User Interface
36 named according to the binaries where the printk formats are built-in. There
44 might appear in "vmlinux" when the module is built-in.
48 $> head -1 /sys/kernel/debug/printk/index/vmlinux; shuf -n 5 vmlinux
49 # <level[,flags]> filename:line function "format"
50 <5> block/blk-settings.c:661 disk_stack_limits "%s: Warning: Device %s is misaligned\n"
54 <6> drivers/acpi/osl.c:1410 acpi_no_auto_serialize_setup "ACPI: auto-serialization disabled\n"
58 - :level: log level value: 0-7 for particular severity, -1 as default,
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/Documentation/admin-guide/media/
Dsi4713.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
14 ----------------------------
17 Basically, it has transmission and signal noise level measurement features.
29 -------------------------
34 The I2C device driver exports a v4l2-subdev interface to the kernel.
36 using the v4l2-subdev calls (g_ext_ctrls, s_ext_ctrls).
38 The platform device driver exports a v4l2 radio device interface to user land.
39 So, it uses the I2C device driver as a sub device in order to send the user
48 ----------------------
51 Here is an output from v4l2-ctl util:
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/Documentation/mm/damon/
Dindex.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
11 - *accurate* (the monitoring output is useful enough for DRAM level memory
13 - *light-weight* (the monitoring overhead is low enough to be applied online),
15 - *scalable* (the upper-bound of the overhead is in constant range regardless
19 access-aware fashion. Because the features are also exposed to the :doc:`user
20 space </admin-guide/mm/damon/index>`, users who have special information about
25 :ref:`DAMOS <damon_design_damos>` (DAMon-based Operation Schemes) in addition
26 to the monitoring. Using the feature, DAMON users in both kernel and :doc:`user
27 spaces </admin-guide/mm/damon/index>` can do access-aware system operations
36 maintainer-profile
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/Documentation/cdrom/
Dcdrom-standard.rst2 A Linux CD-ROM standard
14 Linux is probably the Unix-like operating system that supports
18 - The large list of hardware devices available for the many platforms
19 that Linux now supports (i.e., i386-PCs, Sparc Suns, etc.)
20 - The open design of the operating system, such that anybody can write a
22 - There is plenty of source code around as examples of how to write a driver.
29 This divergence of behavior has been very significant for CD-ROM
32 their drivers totally inconsistent, the writers of Linux CD-ROM
35 maintain uniform behavior across all the Linux CD-ROM drivers.
38 all the different CD-ROM device drivers for Linux. This document also
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/Documentation/arch/sparc/oradax/
Doracle-dax.rst10 and data formats. A user space library provides high level services
11 and translates these into low level commands which are then passed
17 code sufficient to write user or kernel applications that use DAX
20 The user library is open source and available at:
25 the accompanying document, dax-hv-api.txt, which is a plain text
27 Specification" version 3.0.20+15, dated 2017-09-25.
30 High Level Overview
51 done at the user level, which results in almost zero latency between
60 architecture, as there is an additional level of memory virtualization
61 present. This intermediate level is called "real" memory, and the
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