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/Documentation/core-api/
Dworkqueue.rst33 thread system-wide. A single MT wq needed to keep around the same
60 * Use per-CPU unified worker pools shared by all wq to provide
85 worker-pools.
87 The cmwq design differentiates between the user-facing workqueues that
89 which manages worker-pools and processes the queued work items.
91 There are two worker-pools, one for normal work items and the other
93 worker-pools to serve work items queued on unbound workqueues - the
98 Each per-CPU BH worker pool contains only one pseudo worker which represents
106 things like CPU locality, concurrency limits, priority and more. To
110 When a work item is queued to a workqueue, the target worker-pool is
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Drbtree.rst2 Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux
9 What are red-black trees, and what are they for?
10 ------------------------------------------------
12 Red-black trees are a type of self-balancing binary search tree, used for
16 be easily traversed in order, and must be tuned for a specific size and
19 Red-black trees are similar to AVL trees, but provide faster real-time bounded
26 There are a number of red-black trees in use in the kernel.
29 The high-resolution timer code uses an rbtree to organize outstanding
31 red-black tree. Virtual memory areas (VMAs) are tracked with red-black
38 Linux Weekly News article on red-black trees
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/Documentation/filesystems/nfs/
Dlocalio.rst26 But unlike the LOCALIO protocol, the sockaddr-based matching didn't
30 beginning, the ultimate use case this locality makes possible is the
42 - With LOCALIO:
48 - Without LOCALIO:
55 - With LOCALIO:
61 - Without LOCALIO:
93 deciding if the NFS client and server are co-located on the same
103 in shared kernel memory if they are truly co-located.
108 advantage of NFS client and server locality. Policy that initiates
115 onus on the server to somehow discover that the client is co-located
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/Documentation/networking/
Dscaling.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
13 multi-processor systems.
17 - RSS: Receive Side Scaling
18 - RPS: Receive Packet Steering
19 - RFS: Receive Flow Steering
20 - Accelerated Receive Flow Steering
21 - XPS: Transmit Packet Steering
28 (multi-queue). On reception, a NIC can send different packets to different
33 generally known as “Receive-side Scaling” (RSS). The goal of RSS and
35 Multi-queue distribution can also be used for traffic prioritization, but
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/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/interrupt-controller/
Darm,gic-v3.yaml1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ---
4 $id: http://devicetree.org/schemas/interrupt-controller/arm,gic-v3.yaml#
5 $schema: http://devicetree.org/meta-schemas/core.yaml#
10 - Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
15 Software Generated Interrupts (SGI), and Locality-specific Peripheral
19 - $ref: /schemas/interrupt-controller.yaml#
24 - items:
25 - enum:
26 - qcom,msm8996-gic-v3
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/Documentation/arch/arm64/
Darm-acpi.rst23 industry-standard Arm systems, they also apply to more than one operating
25 ACPI and Linux only, on an Arm system -- that is, what Linux expects of
30 ----------------
33 exist in Linux for describing non-enumerable hardware, after all. In this
40 - ACPI’s byte code (AML) allows the platform to encode hardware behavior,
45 - ACPI’s OSPM defines a power management model that constrains what the
46 platform is allowed to do into a specific model, while still providing
49 - In the enterprise server environment, ACPI has established bindings (such
55 - Choosing a single interface to describe the abstraction between a platform
61 - The new ACPI governance process works well and Linux is now at the same
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Dacpi_object_usage.rst16 - Required: DSDT, FADT, GTDT, MADT, MCFG, RSDP, SPCR, XSDT
18 - Recommended: BERT, EINJ, ERST, HEST, PCCT, SSDT
20 - Optional: AGDI, BGRT, CEDT, CPEP, CSRT, DBG2, DRTM, ECDT, FACS, FPDT,
24 - Not supported: AEST, APMT, BOOT, DBGP, DMAR, ETDT, HPET, IVRS, LPIT,
41 This table describes a non-maskable event, that is used by the platform
68 Optional, not currently supported, with no real use-case for an
83 time as ARM-compatible hardware is available, and the specification
151 UEFI-based; if it is UEFI-based, this table may be supplied. When this
167 the hardware reduced profile, and only 64-bit address fields will
184 filled in properly - that the PSCI_COMPLIANT flag is set and that
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/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/
Dvm.rst13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27 - admin_reserve_kbytes
28 - compact_memory
29 - compaction_proactiveness
30 - compact_unevictable_allowed
31 - dirty_background_bytes
32 - dirty_background_ratio
33 - dirty_bytes
34 - dirty_expire_centisecs
35 - dirty_ratio
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Dkernel.rst5 .. See scripts/check-sysctl-docs to keep this up to date
13 Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/index.rst.
15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
39 If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control
71 The machine hardware name, the same output as ``uname -m``
129 Ctrl-Alt-Delete). Writing a value to this file which doesn't
130 correspond to a running process will result in ``-ESRCH``.
132 See also `ctrl-alt-del`_.
236 ctrl-alt-del
239 When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and
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/Documentation/admin-guide/device-mapper/
Dvdo-design.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
4 Design of dm-vdo
7 The dm-vdo (virtual data optimizer) target provides inline deduplication,
8 compression, zero-block elimination, and thin provisioning. A dm-vdo target
12 production environments ever since. It was made open-source in 2017 after
14 dm-vdo. For usage, see vdo.rst in the same directory as this file.
25 The design of dm-vdo is based on the idea that deduplication is a two-part
27 storing multiple copies of those duplicates. Therefore, dm-vdo has two main
34 -------------------
41 design attempts to be lock-free.
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/Documentation/filesystems/
Dproc.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
24 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
36 3 Per-Process Parameters
37 3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj - Adjust the oom-killer
39 3.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
40 3.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
41 3.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
42 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
44 3.7 /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/children - Information about task children
45 3.8 /proc/<pid>/fdinfo/<fd> - Information about opened file
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Dsquashfs.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 Squashfs is a compressed read-only filesystem for Linux.
14 Squashfs is intended for general read-only filesystem use, for archival
19 Mailing list: squashfs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
23 ----------------------
39 Tail-end packing (fragments) yes no
44 32-bit uids/gids yes no
57 -----------------
59 As squashfs is a read-only filesystem, the mksquashfs program must be used to
64 The squashfs-tools development tree is now located on kernel.org
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Df2fs.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
4 WHAT IS Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS)?
7 NAND flash memory-based storage devices, such as SSD, eMMC, and SD cards, have
13 F2FS is a file system exploiting NAND flash memory-based storage devices, which
14 is based on Log-structured File System (LFS). The design has been focused on
18 Since a NAND flash memory-based storage device shows different characteristic
20 F2FS and its tools support various parameters not only for configuring on-disk
26 - git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs-tools.git
30 - linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
34 - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=File%20System&component=f2fs
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/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/riscv/
Dextensions.yaml1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 OR MIT)
3 ---
5 $schema: http://devicetree.org/meta-schemas/core.yaml#
7 title: RISC-V ISA extensions
10 - Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
11 - Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
12 - Conor Dooley <conor@kernel.org>
15 RISC-V has a large number of extensions, some of which are "standard"
16 extensions, meaning they are ratified by RISC-V International, and others
36 Identifies the specific RISC-V instruction set architecture
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/Documentation/admin-guide/
Dcgroup-v2.rst1 .. _cgroup-v2:
11 conventions of cgroup v2. It describes all userland-visible aspects
12 of cgroup including core and specific controller behaviors. All
14 v1 is available under :ref:`Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/index.rst <cgroup-v1>`.
19 1-1. Terminology
20 1-2. What is cgroup?
22 2-1. Mounting
23 2-2. Organizing Processes and Threads
24 2-2-1. Processes
25 2-2-2. Threads
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Dkernel-parameters.txt16 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
17 on -- enable ACPI but allow fallback to DT [arm64,riscv64]
18 off -- disable ACPI if default was on
19 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
20 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
22 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
23 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
24 nospcr -- disable console in ACPI SPCR table as
41 If set to vendor, prefer vendor-specific driver
73 Documentation/firmware-guide/acpi/debug.rst for more information about
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/Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/
Dmemory.rst18 we call it "memory cgroup". When you see git-log and source code, you'll
30 Memory-hungry applications can be isolated and limited to a smaller
42 Current Status: linux-2.6.34-mmotm(development version of 2010/April)
46 - accounting anonymous pages, file caches, swap caches usage and limiting them.
47 - pages are linked to per-memcg LRU exclusively, and there is no global LRU.
48 - optionally, memory+swap usage can be accounted and limited.
49 - hierarchical accounting
50 - soft limit
51 - moving (recharging) account at moving a task is selectable.
52 - usage threshold notifier
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/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/
DData-Structures.rst15 Data-Structure Relationships
25 .. kernel-figure:: BigTreeClassicRCU.svg
34 which results in a three-level ``rcu_node`` tree.
38 The purpose of this combining tree is to allow per-CPU events
39 such as quiescent states, dyntick-idle transitions,
42 Quiescent states are recorded by the per-CPU ``rcu_data`` structures,
43 and other events are recorded by the leaf-level ``rcu_node``
54 As can be seen from the diagram, on a 64-bit system
55 a two-level tree with 64 leaves can accommodate 1,024 CPUs, with a fanout
58 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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/Documentation/RCU/
DRTFP.txt4 This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by
19 with short-lived threads, such as the K42 research operating system.
20 However, Linux has long-lived tasks, so more is needed.
23 serialization, which is an RCU-like mechanism that relies on the presence
27 that these overheads were not so expensive in the mid-80s. Nonetheless,
28 passive serialization appears to be the first deferred-destruction
30 has lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.
34 In 1987, Rashid et al. described lazy TLB-flush [RichardRashid87a].
36 this paper helped inspire the update-side batching used in the later
38 a description of Argus that noted that use of out-of-date values can
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/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/
DRequirements.rst16 ------------
18 Read-copy update (RCU) is a synchronization mechanism that is often used
19 as a replacement for reader-writer locking. RCU is unusual in that
20 updaters do not block readers, which means that RCU's read-side
28 thought of as an informal, high-level specification for RCU. It is
40 #. `Fundamental Non-Requirements`_
42 #. `Quality-of-Implementation Requirements`_
44 #. `Software-Engineering Requirements`_
53 ------------------------
58 #. `Grace-Period Guarantee`_
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