xref: /third_party/node/doc/api/process.md

# Process

<!-- introduced_in=v0.10.0 -->
<!-- type=global -->

<!-- source_link=lib/process.js -->

The `process` object is a `global` that provides information about, and control
over, the current Node.js process. As a global, it is always available to
Node.js applications without using `require()`. It can also be explicitly
accessed using `require()`:

```js
const process = require('process');
```

## Process events

The `process` object is an instance of [`EventEmitter`][].

### Event: `'beforeExit'`
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The `'beforeExit'` event is emitted when Node.js empties its event loop and has
no additional work to schedule. Normally, the Node.js process will exit when
there is no work scheduled, but a listener registered on the `'beforeExit'`
event can make asynchronous calls, and thereby cause the Node.js process to
continue.

The listener callback function is invoked with the value of
[`process.exitCode`][] passed as the only argument.

The `'beforeExit'` event is *not* emitted for conditions causing explicit
termination, such as calling [`process.exit()`][] or uncaught exceptions.

The `'beforeExit'` should *not* be used as an alternative to the `'exit'` event
unless the intention is to schedule additional work.

```js
process.on('beforeExit', (code) => {
  console.log('Process beforeExit event with code: ', code);
});

process.on('exit', (code) => {
  console.log('Process exit event with code: ', code);
});

console.log('This message is displayed first.');

// Prints:
// This message is displayed first.
// Process beforeExit event with code: 0
// Process exit event with code: 0
```

### Event: `'disconnect'`
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If the Node.js process is spawned with an IPC channel (see the [Child Process][]
and [Cluster][] documentation), the `'disconnect'` event will be emitted when
the IPC channel is closed.

### Event: `'exit'`
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* `code` {integer}

The `'exit'` event is emitted when the Node.js process is about to exit as a
result of either:

* The `process.exit()` method being called explicitly;
* The Node.js event loop no longer having any additional work to perform.

There is no way to prevent the exiting of the event loop at this point, and once
all `'exit'` listeners have finished running the Node.js process will terminate.

The listener callback function is invoked with the exit code specified either
by the [`process.exitCode`][] property, or the `exitCode` argument passed to the
[`process.exit()`][] method.

```js
process.on('exit', (code) => {
  console.log(`About to exit with code: ${code}`);
});
```

Listener functions **must** only perform **synchronous** operations. The Node.js
process will exit immediately after calling the `'exit'` event listeners
causing any additional work still queued in the event loop to be abandoned.
In the following example, for instance, the timeout will never occur:

```js
process.on('exit', (code) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log('This will not run');
  }, 0);
});
```

### Event: `'message'`
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* `message` { Object | boolean | number | string | null } a parsed JSON object
  or a serializable primitive value.
* `sendHandle` {net.Server|net.Socket} a [`net.Server`][] or [`net.Socket`][]
  object, or undefined.

If the Node.js process is spawned with an IPC channel (see the [Child Process][]
and [Cluster][] documentation), the `'message'` event is emitted whenever a
message sent by a parent process using [`childprocess.send()`][] is received by
the child process.

The message goes through serialization and parsing. The resulting message might
not be the same as what is originally sent.

If the `serialization` option was set to `advanced` used when spawning the
process, the `message` argument can contain data that JSON is not able
to represent.
See [Advanced serialization for `child_process`][] for more details.

### Event: `'multipleResolves'`
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* `type` {string} The resolution type. One of `'resolve'` or `'reject'`.
* `promise` {Promise} The promise that resolved or rejected more than once.
* `value` {any} The value with which the promise was either resolved or
  rejected after the original resolve.

The `'multipleResolves'` event is emitted whenever a `Promise` has been either:

* Resolved more than once.
* Rejected more than once.
* Rejected after resolve.
* Resolved after reject.

This is useful for tracking potential errors in an application while using the
`Promise` constructor, as multiple resolutions are silently swallowed. However,
the occurrence of this event does not necessarily indicate an error. For
example, [`Promise.race()`][] can trigger a `'multipleResolves'` event.

```js
process.on('multipleResolves', (type, promise, reason) => {
  console.error(type, promise, reason);
  setImmediate(() => process.exit(1));
});

async function main() {
  try {
    return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      resolve('First call');
      resolve('Swallowed resolve');
      reject(new Error('Swallowed reject'));
    });
  } catch {
    throw new Error('Failed');
  }
}

main().then(console.log);
// resolve: Promise { 'First call' } 'Swallowed resolve'
// reject: Promise { 'First call' } Error: Swallowed reject
//     at Promise (*)
//     at new Promise (<anonymous>)
//     at main (*)
// First call
```

### Event: `'rejectionHandled'`
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* `promise` {Promise} The late handled promise.

The `'rejectionHandled'` event is emitted whenever a `Promise` has been rejected
and an error handler was attached to it (using [`promise.catch()`][], for
example) later than one turn of the Node.js event loop.

The `Promise` object would have previously been emitted in an
`'unhandledRejection'` event, but during the course of processing gained a
rejection handler.

There is no notion of a top level for a `Promise` chain at which rejections can
always be handled. Being inherently asynchronous in nature, a `Promise`
rejection can be handled at a future point in time, possibly much later than
the event loop turn it takes for the `'unhandledRejection'` event to be emitted.

Another way of stating this is that, unlike in synchronous code where there is
an ever-growing list of unhandled exceptions, with Promises there can be a
growing-and-shrinking list of unhandled rejections.

In synchronous code, the `'uncaughtException'` event is emitted when the list of
unhandled exceptions grows.

In asynchronous code, the `'unhandledRejection'` event is emitted when the list
of unhandled rejections grows, and the `'rejectionHandled'` event is emitted
when the list of unhandled rejections shrinks.

```js
const unhandledRejections = new Map();
process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason, promise) => {
  unhandledRejections.set(promise, reason);
});
process.on('rejectionHandled', (promise) => {
  unhandledRejections.delete(promise);
});
```

In this example, the `unhandledRejections` `Map` will grow and shrink over time,
reflecting rejections that start unhandled and then become handled. It is
possible to record such errors in an error log, either periodically (which is
likely best for long-running application) or upon process exit (which is likely
most convenient for scripts).

### Event: `'uncaughtException'`
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* `err` {Error} The uncaught exception.
* `origin` {string} Indicates if the exception originates from an unhandled
  rejection or from an synchronous error. Can either be `'uncaughtException'` or
  `'unhandledRejection'`. The latter is only used in conjunction with the
  [`--unhandled-rejections`][] flag set to `strict` and an unhandled rejection.

The `'uncaughtException'` event is emitted when an uncaught JavaScript
exception bubbles all the way back to the event loop. By default, Node.js
handles such exceptions by printing the stack trace to `stderr` and exiting
with code 1, overriding any previously set [`process.exitCode`][].
Adding a handler for the `'uncaughtException'` event overrides this default
behavior. Alternatively, change the [`process.exitCode`][] in the
`'uncaughtException'` handler which will result in the process exiting with the
provided exit code. Otherwise, in the presence of such handler the process will
exit with 0.

```js
process.on('uncaughtException', (err, origin) => {
  fs.writeSync(
    process.stderr.fd,
    `Caught exception: ${err}\n` +
    `Exception origin: ${origin}`
  );
});

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log('This will still run.');
}, 500);

// Intentionally cause an exception, but don't catch it.
nonexistentFunc();
console.log('This will not run.');
```

It is possible to monitor `'uncaughtException'` events without overriding the
default behavior to exit the process by installing a
`'uncaughtExceptionMonitor'` listener.

#### Warning: Using `'uncaughtException'` correctly

`'uncaughtException'` is a crude mechanism for exception handling
intended to be used only as a last resort. The event *should not* be used as
an equivalent to `On Error Resume Next`. Unhandled exceptions inherently mean
that an application is in an undefined state. Attempting to resume application
code without properly recovering from the exception can cause additional
unforeseen and unpredictable issues.

Exceptions thrown from within the event handler will not be caught. Instead the
process will exit with a non-zero exit code and the stack trace will be printed.
This is to avoid infinite recursion.

Attempting to resume normally after an uncaught exception can be similar to
pulling out the power cord when upgrading a computer. Nine out of ten
times, nothing happens. But the tenth time, the system becomes corrupted.

The correct use of `'uncaughtException'` is to perform synchronous cleanup
of allocated resources (e.g. file descriptors, handles, etc) before shutting
down the process. **It is not safe to resume normal operation after
`'uncaughtException'`.**

To restart a crashed application in a more reliable way, whether
`'uncaughtException'` is emitted or not, an external monitor should be employed
in a separate process to detect application failures and recover or restart as
needed.

### Event: `'uncaughtExceptionMonitor'`
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* `err` {Error} The uncaught exception.
* `origin` {string} Indicates if the exception originates from an unhandled
  rejection or from synchronous errors. Can either be `'uncaughtException'` or
  `'unhandledRejection'`.

The `'uncaughtExceptionMonitor'` event is emitted before an
`'uncaughtException'` event is emitted or a hook installed via
[`process.setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback()`][] is called.

Installing an `'uncaughtExceptionMonitor'` listener does not change the behavior
once an `'uncaughtException'` event is emitted. The process will
still crash if no `'uncaughtException'` listener is installed.

```js
process.on('uncaughtExceptionMonitor', (err, origin) => {
  MyMonitoringTool.logSync(err, origin);
});

// Intentionally cause an exception, but don't catch it.
nonexistentFunc();
// Still crashes Node.js
```

### Event: `'unhandledRejection'`
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added: v1.4.1
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    description: Not handling `Promise` rejections is deprecated.
  - version: v6.6.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/8223
    description: Unhandled `Promise` rejections will now emit
                 a process warning.
-->

* `reason` {Error|any} The object with which the promise was rejected
  (typically an [`Error`][] object).
* `promise` {Promise} The rejected promise.

The `'unhandledRejection'` event is emitted whenever a `Promise` is rejected and
no error handler is attached to the promise within a turn of the event loop.
When programming with Promises, exceptions are encapsulated as "rejected
promises". Rejections can be caught and handled using [`promise.catch()`][] and
are propagated through a `Promise` chain. The `'unhandledRejection'` event is
useful for detecting and keeping track of promises that were rejected whose
rejections have not yet been handled.

```js
process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason, promise) => {
  console.log('Unhandled Rejection at:', promise, 'reason:', reason);
  // Application specific logging, throwing an error, or other logic here
});

somePromise.then((res) => {
  return reportToUser(JSON.pasre(res)); // Note the typo (`pasre`)
}); // No `.catch()` or `.then()`
```

The following will also trigger the `'unhandledRejection'` event to be
emitted:

```js
function SomeResource() {
  // Initially set the loaded status to a rejected promise
  this.loaded = Promise.reject(new Error('Resource not yet loaded!'));
}

const resource = new SomeResource();
// no .catch or .then on resource.loaded for at least a turn
```

In this example case, it is possible to track the rejection as a developer error
as would typically be the case for other `'unhandledRejection'` events. To
address such failures, a non-operational
[`.catch(() => { })`][`promise.catch()`] handler may be attached to
`resource.loaded`, which would prevent the `'unhandledRejection'` event from
being emitted.

### Event: `'warning'`
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* `warning` {Error} Key properties of the warning are:
  * `name` {string} The name of the warning. **Default:** `'Warning'`.
  * `message` {string} A system-provided description of the warning.
  * `stack` {string} A stack trace to the location in the code where the warning
    was issued.

The `'warning'` event is emitted whenever Node.js emits a process warning.

A process warning is similar to an error in that it describes exceptional
conditions that are being brought to the user's attention. However, warnings
are not part of the normal Node.js and JavaScript error handling flow.
Node.js can emit warnings whenever it detects bad coding practices that could
lead to sub-optimal application performance, bugs, or security vulnerabilities.

```js
process.on('warning', (warning) => {
  console.warn(warning.name);    // Print the warning name
  console.warn(warning.message); // Print the warning message
  console.warn(warning.stack);   // Print the stack trace
});
```

By default, Node.js will print process warnings to `stderr`. The `--no-warnings`
command-line option can be used to suppress the default console output but the
`'warning'` event will still be emitted by the `process` object.

The following example illustrates the warning that is printed to `stderr` when
too many listeners have been added to an event:

```console
$ node
> events.defaultMaxListeners = 1;
> process.on('foo', () => {});
> process.on('foo', () => {});
> (node:38638) MaxListenersExceededWarning: Possible EventEmitter memory leak
detected. 2 foo listeners added. Use emitter.setMaxListeners() to increase limit
```

In contrast, the following example turns off the default warning output and
adds a custom handler to the `'warning'` event:

```console
$ node --no-warnings
> const p = process.on('warning', (warning) => console.warn('Do not do that!'));
> events.defaultMaxListeners = 1;
> process.on('foo', () => {});
> process.on('foo', () => {});
> Do not do that!
```

The `--trace-warnings` command-line option can be used to have the default
console output for warnings include the full stack trace of the warning.

Launching Node.js using the `--throw-deprecation` command line flag will
cause custom deprecation warnings to be thrown as exceptions.

Using the `--trace-deprecation` command line flag will cause the custom
deprecation to be printed to `stderr` along with the stack trace.

Using the `--no-deprecation` command line flag will suppress all reporting
of the custom deprecation.

The `*-deprecation` command line flags only affect warnings that use the name
`'DeprecationWarning'`.

#### Emitting custom warnings

See the [`process.emitWarning()`][process_emit_warning] method for issuing
custom or application-specific warnings.

### Signal events

<!--type=event-->
<!--name=SIGINT, SIGHUP, etc.-->

Signal events will be emitted when the Node.js process receives a signal. Please
refer to signal(7) for a listing of standard POSIX signal names such as
`'SIGINT'`, `'SIGHUP'`, etc.

Signals are not available on [`Worker`][] threads.

The signal handler will receive the signal's name (`'SIGINT'`,
 `'SIGTERM'`, etc.) as the first argument.

The name of each event will be the uppercase common name for the signal (e.g.
`'SIGINT'` for `SIGINT` signals).

```js
// Begin reading from stdin so the process does not exit.
process.stdin.resume();

process.on('SIGINT', () => {
  console.log('Received SIGINT. Press Control-D to exit.');
});

// Using a single function to handle multiple signals
function handle(signal) {
  console.log(`Received ${signal}`);
}

process.on('SIGINT', handle);
process.on('SIGTERM', handle);
```

* `'SIGUSR1'` is reserved by Node.js to start the [debugger][]. It's possible to
  install a listener but doing so might interfere with the debugger.
* `'SIGTERM'` and `'SIGINT'` have default handlers on non-Windows platforms that
  reset the terminal mode before exiting with code `128 + signal number`. If one
  of these signals has a listener installed, its default behavior will be
  removed (Node.js will no longer exit).
* `'SIGPIPE'` is ignored by default. It can have a listener installed.
* `'SIGHUP'` is generated on Windows when the console window is closed, and on
  other platforms under various similar conditions. See signal(7). It can have a
  listener installed, however Node.js will be unconditionally terminated by
  Windows about 10 seconds later. On non-Windows platforms, the default
  behavior of `SIGHUP` is to terminate Node.js, but once a listener has been
  installed its default behavior will be removed.
* `'SIGTERM'` is not supported on Windows, it can be listened on.
* `'SIGINT'` from the terminal is supported on all platforms, and can usually be
  generated with <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd> (though this may be configurable).
  It is not generated when [terminal raw mode][] is enabled and
  <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd> is used.
* `'SIGBREAK'` is delivered on Windows when <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Break</kbd> is
  pressed. On non-Windows platforms, it can be listened on, but there is no way
  to send or generate it.
* `'SIGWINCH'` is delivered when the console has been resized. On Windows, this
  will only happen on write to the console when the cursor is being moved, or
  when a readable tty is used in raw mode.
* `'SIGKILL'` cannot have a listener installed, it will unconditionally
  terminate Node.js on all platforms.
* `'SIGSTOP'` cannot have a listener installed.
* `'SIGBUS'`, `'SIGFPE'`, `'SIGSEGV'` and `'SIGILL'`, when not raised
   artificially using kill(2), inherently leave the process in a state from
   which it is not safe to attempt to call JS listeners. Doing so might lead to
   the process hanging in an endless loop, since listeners attached using
   `process.on()` are called asynchronously and therefore unable to correct the
   underlying problem.
* `0` can be sent to test for the existence of a process, it has no effect if
   the process exists, but will throw an error if the process does not exist.

Windows does not support signals so has no equivalent to termination by signal,
but Node.js offers some emulation with [`process.kill()`][], and
[`subprocess.kill()`][]:
* Sending `SIGINT`, `SIGTERM`, and `SIGKILL` will cause the unconditional
  termination of the target process, and afterwards, subprocess will report that
  the process was terminated by signal.
* Sending signal `0` can be used as a platform independent way to test for the
  existence of a process.

## `process.abort()`
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The `process.abort()` method causes the Node.js process to exit immediately and
generate a core file.

This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags`
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* {Set}

The `process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags` property is a special,
read-only `Set` of flags allowable within the [`NODE_OPTIONS`][]
environment variable.

`process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags` extends `Set`, but overrides
`Set.prototype.has` to recognize several different possible flag
representations. `process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags.has()` will
return `true` in the following cases:

* Flags may omit leading single (`-`) or double (`--`) dashes; e.g.,
  `inspect-brk` for `--inspect-brk`, or `r` for `-r`.
* Flags passed through to V8 (as listed in `--v8-options`) may replace
  one or more *non-leading* dashes for an underscore, or vice-versa;
  e.g., `--perf_basic_prof`, `--perf-basic-prof`, `--perf_basic-prof`,
  etc.
* Flags may contain one or more equals (`=`) characters; all
  characters after and including the first equals will be ignored;
  e.g., `--stack-trace-limit=100`.
* Flags *must* be allowable within [`NODE_OPTIONS`][].

When iterating over `process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags`, flags will
appear only *once*; each will begin with one or more dashes. Flags
passed through to V8 will contain underscores instead of non-leading
dashes:

```js
process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags.forEach((flag) => {
  // -r
  // --inspect-brk
  // --abort_on_uncaught_exception
  // ...
});
```

The methods `add()`, `clear()`, and `delete()` of
`process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags` do nothing, and will fail
silently.

If Node.js was compiled *without* [`NODE_OPTIONS`][] support (shown in
[`process.config`][]), `process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags` will
contain what *would have* been allowable.

## `process.arch`
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* {string}

The operating system CPU architecture for which the Node.js binary was compiled.
Possible values are: `'arm'`, `'arm64'`, `'ia32'`, `'mips'`,`'mipsel'`, `'ppc'`,
`'ppc64'`, `'s390'`, `'s390x'`, `'x32'`, and `'x64'`.

```js
console.log(`This processor architecture is ${process.arch}`);
```

## `process.argv`
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* {string[]}

The `process.argv` property returns an array containing the command line
arguments passed when the Node.js process was launched. The first element will
be [`process.execPath`][]. See `process.argv0` if access to the original value
of `argv[0]` is needed. The second element will be the path to the JavaScript
file being executed. The remaining elements will be any additional command line
arguments.

For example, assuming the following script for `process-args.js`:

```js
// print process.argv
process.argv.forEach((val, index) => {
  console.log(`${index}: ${val}`);
});
```

Launching the Node.js process as:

```console
$ node process-args.js one two=three four
```

Would generate the output:

```text
0: /usr/local/bin/node
1: /Users/mjr/work/node/process-args.js
2: one
3: two=three
4: four
```

## `process.argv0`
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-->

* {string}

The `process.argv0` property stores a read-only copy of the original value of
`argv[0]` passed when Node.js starts.

```console
$ bash -c 'exec -a customArgv0 ./node'
> process.argv[0]
'/Volumes/code/external/node/out/Release/node'
> process.argv0
'customArgv0'
```

## `process.channel`
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-->

* {Object}

If the Node.js process was spawned with an IPC channel (see the
[Child Process][] documentation), the `process.channel`
property is a reference to the IPC channel. If no IPC channel exists, this
property is `undefined`.

## `process.chdir(directory)`
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-->

* `directory` {string}

The `process.chdir()` method changes the current working directory of the
Node.js process or throws an exception if doing so fails (for instance, if
the specified `directory` does not exist).

```js
console.log(`Starting directory: ${process.cwd()}`);
try {
  process.chdir('/tmp');
  console.log(`New directory: ${process.cwd()}`);
} catch (err) {
  console.error(`chdir: ${err}`);
}
```

This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.config`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.7
-->

* {Object}

The `process.config` property returns an `Object` containing the JavaScript
representation of the configure options used to compile the current Node.js
executable. This is the same as the `config.gypi` file that was produced when
running the `./configure` script.

An example of the possible output looks like:

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  target_defaults:
   { cflags: [],
     default_configuration: 'Release',
     defines: [],
     include_dirs: [],
     libraries: [] },
  variables:
   {
     host_arch: 'x64',
     napi_build_version: 5,
     node_install_npm: 'true',
     node_prefix: '',
     node_shared_cares: 'false',
     node_shared_http_parser: 'false',
     node_shared_libuv: 'false',
     node_shared_zlib: 'false',
     node_use_dtrace: 'false',
     node_use_openssl: 'true',
     node_shared_openssl: 'false',
     strict_aliasing: 'true',
     target_arch: 'x64',
     v8_use_snapshot: 1
   }
}
```

The `process.config` property is **not** read-only and there are existing
modules in the ecosystem that are known to extend, modify, or entirely replace
the value of `process.config`.

## `process.connected`
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* {boolean}

If the Node.js process is spawned with an IPC channel (see the [Child Process][]
and [Cluster][] documentation), the `process.connected` property will return
`true` so long as the IPC channel is connected and will return `false` after
`process.disconnect()` is called.

Once `process.connected` is `false`, it is no longer possible to send messages
over the IPC channel using `process.send()`.

## `process.cpuUsage([previousValue])`
<!-- YAML
added: v6.1.0
-->

* `previousValue` {Object} A previous return value from calling
  `process.cpuUsage()`
* Returns: {Object}
  * `user` {integer}
  * `system` {integer}

The `process.cpuUsage()` method returns the user and system CPU time usage of
the current process, in an object with properties `user` and `system`, whose
values are microsecond values (millionth of a second). These values measure time
spent in user and system code respectively, and may end up being greater than
actual elapsed time if multiple CPU cores are performing work for this process.

The result of a previous call to `process.cpuUsage()` can be passed as the
argument to the function, to get a diff reading.

```js
const startUsage = process.cpuUsage();
// { user: 38579, system: 6986 }

// spin the CPU for 500 milliseconds
const now = Date.now();
while (Date.now() - now < 500);

console.log(process.cpuUsage(startUsage));
// { user: 514883, system: 11226 }
```

## `process.cwd()`
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-->

* Returns: {string}

The `process.cwd()` method returns the current working directory of the Node.js
process.

```js
console.log(`Current directory: ${process.cwd()}`);
```

## `process.debugPort`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.2
-->

* {number}

The port used by the Node.js debugger when enabled.

```js
process.debugPort = 5858;
```

## `process.disconnect()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.2
-->

If the Node.js process is spawned with an IPC channel (see the [Child Process][]
and [Cluster][] documentation), the `process.disconnect()` method will close the
IPC channel to the parent process, allowing the child process to exit gracefully
once there are no other connections keeping it alive.

The effect of calling `process.disconnect()` is the same as calling
[`ChildProcess.disconnect()`][] from the parent process.

If the Node.js process was not spawned with an IPC channel,
`process.disconnect()` will be `undefined`.

## `process.dlopen(module, filename[, flags])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.16
changes:
  - version: v9.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12794
    description: Added support for the `flags` argument.
-->

* `module` {Object}
* `filename` {string}
* `flags` {os.constants.dlopen} **Default:** `os.constants.dlopen.RTLD_LAZY`

The `process.dlopen()` method allows to dynamically load shared
objects. It is primarily used by `require()` to load
C++ Addons, and should not be used directly, except in special
cases. In other words, [`require()`][] should be preferred over
`process.dlopen()`, unless there are specific reasons.

The `flags` argument is an integer that allows to specify dlopen
behavior. See the [`os.constants.dlopen`][] documentation for details.

If there are specific reasons to use `process.dlopen()` (for instance,
to specify dlopen flags), it's often useful to use [`require.resolve()`][]
to look up the module's path.

An important drawback when calling `process.dlopen()` is that the `module`
instance must be passed. Functions exported by the C++ Addon will be accessible
via `module.exports`.

The example below shows how to load a C++ Addon, named as `binding`,
that exports a `foo` function. All the symbols will be loaded before
the call returns, by passing the `RTLD_NOW` constant. In this example
the constant is assumed to be available.

```js
const os = require('os');
process.dlopen(module, require.resolve('binding'),
               os.constants.dlopen.RTLD_NOW);
module.exports.foo();
```

## `process.emitWarning(warning[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.0.0
-->

* `warning` {string|Error} The warning to emit.
* `options` {Object}
  * `type` {string} When `warning` is a `String`, `type` is the name to use
    for the *type* of warning being emitted. **Default:** `'Warning'`.
  * `code` {string} A unique identifier for the warning instance being emitted.
  * `ctor` {Function} When `warning` is a `String`, `ctor` is an optional
    function used to limit the generated stack trace. **Default:**
    `process.emitWarning`.
  * `detail` {string} Additional text to include with the error.

The `process.emitWarning()` method can be used to emit custom or application
specific process warnings. These can be listened for by adding a handler to the
[`'warning'`][process_warning] event.

```js
// Emit a warning with a code and additional detail.
process.emitWarning('Something happened!', {
  code: 'MY_WARNING',
  detail: 'This is some additional information'
});
// Emits:
// (node:56338) [MY_WARNING] Warning: Something happened!
// This is some additional information
```

In this example, an `Error` object is generated internally by
`process.emitWarning()` and passed through to the
[`'warning'`][process_warning] handler.

```js
process.on('warning', (warning) => {
  console.warn(warning.name);    // 'Warning'
  console.warn(warning.message); // 'Something happened!'
  console.warn(warning.code);    // 'MY_WARNING'
  console.warn(warning.stack);   // Stack trace
  console.warn(warning.detail);  // 'This is some additional information'
});
```

If `warning` is passed as an `Error` object, the `options` argument is ignored.

## `process.emitWarning(warning[, type[, code]][, ctor])`
<!-- YAML
added: v6.0.0
-->

* `warning` {string|Error} The warning to emit.
* `type` {string} When `warning` is a `String`, `type` is the name to use
  for the *type* of warning being emitted. **Default:** `'Warning'`.
* `code` {string} A unique identifier for the warning instance being emitted.
* `ctor` {Function} When `warning` is a `String`, `ctor` is an optional
  function used to limit the generated stack trace. **Default:**
  `process.emitWarning`.

The `process.emitWarning()` method can be used to emit custom or application
specific process warnings. These can be listened for by adding a handler to the
[`'warning'`][process_warning] event.

```js
// Emit a warning using a string.
process.emitWarning('Something happened!');
// Emits: (node: 56338) Warning: Something happened!
```

```js
// Emit a warning using a string and a type.
process.emitWarning('Something Happened!', 'CustomWarning');
// Emits: (node:56338) CustomWarning: Something Happened!
```

```js
process.emitWarning('Something happened!', 'CustomWarning', 'WARN001');
// Emits: (node:56338) [WARN001] CustomWarning: Something happened!
```

In each of the previous examples, an `Error` object is generated internally by
`process.emitWarning()` and passed through to the [`'warning'`][process_warning]
handler.

```js
process.on('warning', (warning) => {
  console.warn(warning.name);
  console.warn(warning.message);
  console.warn(warning.code);
  console.warn(warning.stack);
});
```

If `warning` is passed as an `Error` object, it will be passed through to the
`'warning'` event handler unmodified (and the optional `type`,
`code` and `ctor` arguments will be ignored):

```js
// Emit a warning using an Error object.
const myWarning = new Error('Something happened!');
// Use the Error name property to specify the type name
myWarning.name = 'CustomWarning';
myWarning.code = 'WARN001';

process.emitWarning(myWarning);
// Emits: (node:56338) [WARN001] CustomWarning: Something happened!
```

A `TypeError` is thrown if `warning` is anything other than a string or `Error`
object.

While process warnings use `Error` objects, the process warning
mechanism is **not** a replacement for normal error handling mechanisms.

The following additional handling is implemented if the warning `type` is
`'DeprecationWarning'`:

* If the `--throw-deprecation` command-line flag is used, the deprecation
  warning is thrown as an exception rather than being emitted as an event.
* If the `--no-deprecation` command-line flag is used, the deprecation
  warning is suppressed.
* If the `--trace-deprecation` command-line flag is used, the deprecation
  warning is printed to `stderr` along with the full stack trace.

### Avoiding duplicate warnings

As a best practice, warnings should be emitted only once per process. To do
so, it is recommended to place the `emitWarning()` behind a simple boolean
flag as illustrated in the example below:

```js
function emitMyWarning() {
  if (!emitMyWarning.warned) {
    emitMyWarning.warned = true;
    process.emitWarning('Only warn once!');
  }
}
emitMyWarning();
// Emits: (node: 56339) Warning: Only warn once!
emitMyWarning();
// Emits nothing
```

## `process.env`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.27
changes:
  - version: v11.14.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/26544
    description: Worker threads will now use a copy of the parent thread’s
                 `process.env` by default, configurable through the `env`
                 option of the `Worker` constructor.
  - version: v10.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/18990
    description: Implicit conversion of variable value to string is deprecated.
-->

* {Object}

The `process.env` property returns an object containing the user environment.
See environ(7).

An example of this object looks like:

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  TERM: 'xterm-256color',
  SHELL: '/usr/local/bin/bash',
  USER: 'maciej',
  PATH: '~/.bin/:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin',
  PWD: '/Users/maciej',
  EDITOR: 'vim',
  SHLVL: '1',
  HOME: '/Users/maciej',
  LOGNAME: 'maciej',
  _: '/usr/local/bin/node'
}
```

It is possible to modify this object, but such modifications will not be
reflected outside the Node.js process, or (unless explicitly requested)
to other [`Worker`][] threads.
In other words, the following example would not work:

```console
$ node -e 'process.env.foo = "bar"' && echo $foo
```

While the following will:

```js
process.env.foo = 'bar';
console.log(process.env.foo);
```

Assigning a property on `process.env` will implicitly convert the value
to a string. **This behavior is deprecated.** Future versions of Node.js may
throw an error when the value is not a string, number, or boolean.

```js
process.env.test = null;
console.log(process.env.test);
// => 'null'
process.env.test = undefined;
console.log(process.env.test);
// => 'undefined'
```

Use `delete` to delete a property from `process.env`.

```js
process.env.TEST = 1;
delete process.env.TEST;
console.log(process.env.TEST);
// => undefined
```

On Windows operating systems, environment variables are case-insensitive.

```js
process.env.TEST = 1;
console.log(process.env.test);
// => 1
```

Unless explicitly specified when creating a [`Worker`][] instance,
each [`Worker`][] thread has its own copy of `process.env`, based on its
parent thread’s `process.env`, or whatever was specified as the `env` option
to the [`Worker`][] constructor. Changes to `process.env` will not be visible
across [`Worker`][] threads, and only the main thread can make changes that
are visible to the operating system or to native add-ons.

## `process.execArgv`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.7
-->

* {string[]}

The `process.execArgv` property returns the set of Node.js-specific command-line
options passed when the Node.js process was launched. These options do not
appear in the array returned by the [`process.argv`][] property, and do not
include the Node.js executable, the name of the script, or any options following
the script name. These options are useful in order to spawn child processes with
the same execution environment as the parent.

```console
$ node --harmony script.js --version
```

Results in `process.execArgv`:

<!-- eslint-disable semi -->
```js
['--harmony']
```

And `process.argv`:

<!-- eslint-disable semi -->
```js
['/usr/local/bin/node', 'script.js', '--version']
```

## `process.execPath`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.100
-->

* {string}

The `process.execPath` property returns the absolute pathname of the executable
that started the Node.js process. Symbolic links, if any, are resolved.

<!-- eslint-disable semi -->
```js
'/usr/local/bin/node'
```

## `process.exit([code])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.13
-->

* `code` {integer} The exit code. **Default:** `0`.

The `process.exit()` method instructs Node.js to terminate the process
synchronously with an exit status of `code`. If `code` is omitted, exit uses
either the 'success' code `0` or the value of `process.exitCode` if it has been
set. Node.js will not terminate until all the [`'exit'`][] event listeners are
called.

To exit with a 'failure' code:

```js
process.exit(1);
```

The shell that executed Node.js should see the exit code as `1`.

Calling `process.exit()` will force the process to exit as quickly as possible
even if there are still asynchronous operations pending that have not yet
completed fully, including I/O operations to `process.stdout` and
`process.stderr`.

In most situations, it is not actually necessary to call `process.exit()`
explicitly. The Node.js process will exit on its own *if there is no additional
work pending* in the event loop. The `process.exitCode` property can be set to
tell the process which exit code to use when the process exits gracefully.

For instance, the following example illustrates a *misuse* of the
`process.exit()` method that could lead to data printed to stdout being
truncated and lost:

```js
// This is an example of what *not* to do:
if (someConditionNotMet()) {
  printUsageToStdout();
  process.exit(1);
}
```

The reason this is problematic is because writes to `process.stdout` in Node.js
are sometimes *asynchronous* and may occur over multiple ticks of the Node.js
event loop. Calling `process.exit()`, however, forces the process to exit
*before* those additional writes to `stdout` can be performed.

Rather than calling `process.exit()` directly, the code *should* set the
`process.exitCode` and allow the process to exit naturally by avoiding
scheduling any additional work for the event loop:

```js
// How to properly set the exit code while letting
// the process exit gracefully.
if (someConditionNotMet()) {
  printUsageToStdout();
  process.exitCode = 1;
}
```

If it is necessary to terminate the Node.js process due to an error condition,
throwing an *uncaught* error and allowing the process to terminate accordingly
is safer than calling `process.exit()`.

In [`Worker`][] threads, this function stops the current thread rather
than the current process.

## `process.exitCode`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.8
-->

* {integer}

A number which will be the process exit code, when the process either
exits gracefully, or is exited via [`process.exit()`][] without specifying
a code.

Specifying a code to [`process.exit(code)`][`process.exit()`] will override any
previous setting of `process.exitCode`.

## `process.getegid()`
<!-- YAML
added: v2.0.0
-->

The `process.getegid()` method returns the numerical effective group identity
of the Node.js process. (See getegid(2).)

```js
if (process.getegid) {
  console.log(`Current gid: ${process.getegid()}`);
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).

## `process.geteuid()`
<!-- YAML
added: v2.0.0
-->

* Returns: {Object}

The `process.geteuid()` method returns the numerical effective user identity of
the process. (See geteuid(2).)

```js
if (process.geteuid) {
  console.log(`Current uid: ${process.geteuid()}`);
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).

## `process.getgid()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.31
-->

* Returns: {Object}

The `process.getgid()` method returns the numerical group identity of the
process. (See getgid(2).)

```js
if (process.getgid) {
  console.log(`Current gid: ${process.getgid()}`);
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).

## `process.getgroups()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.9.4
-->

* Returns: {integer[]}

The `process.getgroups()` method returns an array with the supplementary group
IDs. POSIX leaves it unspecified if the effective group ID is included but
Node.js ensures it always is.

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).

## `process.getuid()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.28
-->

* Returns: {integer}

The `process.getuid()` method returns the numeric user identity of the process.
(See getuid(2).)

```js
if (process.getuid) {
  console.log(`Current uid: ${process.getuid()}`);
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).

## `process.hasUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback()`
<!-- YAML
added: v9.3.0
-->

* Returns: {boolean}

Indicates whether a callback has been set using
[`process.setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback()`][].

## `process.hrtime([time])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.6
-->

* `time` {integer[]} The result of a previous call to `process.hrtime()`
* Returns: {integer[]}

This is the legacy version of [`process.hrtime.bigint()`][]
before `bigint` was introduced in JavaScript.

The `process.hrtime()` method returns the current high-resolution real time
in a `[seconds, nanoseconds]` tuple `Array`, where `nanoseconds` is the
remaining part of the real time that can't be represented in second precision.

`time` is an optional parameter that must be the result of a previous
`process.hrtime()` call to diff with the current time. If the parameter
passed in is not a tuple `Array`, a `TypeError` will be thrown. Passing in a
user-defined array instead of the result of a previous call to
`process.hrtime()` will lead to undefined behavior.

These times are relative to an arbitrary time in the
past, and not related to the time of day and therefore not subject to clock
drift. The primary use is for measuring performance between intervals:

```js
const NS_PER_SEC = 1e9;
const time = process.hrtime();
// [ 1800216, 25 ]

setTimeout(() => {
  const diff = process.hrtime(time);
  // [ 1, 552 ]

  console.log(`Benchmark took ${diff[0] * NS_PER_SEC + diff[1]} nanoseconds`);
  // Benchmark took 1000000552 nanoseconds
}, 1000);
```

## `process.hrtime.bigint()`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.7.0
-->

* Returns: {bigint}

The `bigint` version of the [`process.hrtime()`][] method returning the
current high-resolution real time in nanoseconds as a `bigint`.

Unlike [`process.hrtime()`][], it does not support an additional `time`
argument since the difference can just be computed directly
by subtraction of the two `bigint`s.

```js
const start = process.hrtime.bigint();
// 191051479007711n

setTimeout(() => {
  const end = process.hrtime.bigint();
  // 191052633396993n

  console.log(`Benchmark took ${end - start} nanoseconds`);
  // Benchmark took 1154389282 nanoseconds
}, 1000);
```

## `process.initgroups(user, extraGroup)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.9.4
-->

* `user` {string|number} The user name or numeric identifier.
* `extraGroup` {string|number} A group name or numeric identifier.

The `process.initgroups()` method reads the `/etc/group` file and initializes
the group access list, using all groups of which the user is a member. This is
a privileged operation that requires that the Node.js process either have `root`
access or the `CAP_SETGID` capability.

Use care when dropping privileges:

```js
console.log(process.getgroups());         // [ 0 ]
process.initgroups('nodeuser', 1000);     // switch user
console.log(process.getgroups());         // [ 27, 30, 46, 1000, 0 ]
process.setgid(1000);                     // drop root gid
console.log(process.getgroups());         // [ 27, 30, 46, 1000 ]
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).
This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.kill(pid[, signal])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.0.6
-->

* `pid` {number} A process ID
* `signal` {string|number} The signal to send, either as a string or number.
  **Default:** `'SIGTERM'`.

The `process.kill()` method sends the `signal` to the process identified by
`pid`.

Signal names are strings such as `'SIGINT'` or `'SIGHUP'`. See [Signal Events][]
and kill(2) for more information.

This method will throw an error if the target `pid` does not exist. As a special
case, a signal of `0` can be used to test for the existence of a process.
Windows platforms will throw an error if the `pid` is used to kill a process
group.

Even though the name of this function is `process.kill()`, it is really just a
signal sender, like the `kill` system call. The signal sent may do something
other than kill the target process.

```js
process.on('SIGHUP', () => {
  console.log('Got SIGHUP signal.');
});

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log('Exiting.');
  process.exit(0);
}, 100);

process.kill(process.pid, 'SIGHUP');
```

When `SIGUSR1` is received by a Node.js process, Node.js will start the
debugger. See [Signal Events][].

## `process.mainModule`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.17
-->

* {Object}

The `process.mainModule` property provides an alternative way of retrieving
[`require.main`][]. The difference is that if the main module changes at
runtime, [`require.main`][] may still refer to the original main module in
modules that were required before the change occurred. Generally, it's
safe to assume that the two refer to the same module.

As with [`require.main`][], `process.mainModule` will be `undefined` if there
is no entry script.

## `process.memoryUsage()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.16
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31550
    description: Added `arrayBuffers` to the returned object.
  - version: v7.2.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/9587
    description: Added `external` to the returned object.
-->

* Returns: {Object}
  * `rss` {integer}
  * `heapTotal` {integer}
  * `heapUsed` {integer}
  * `external` {integer}
  * `arrayBuffers` {integer}

The `process.memoryUsage()` method returns an object describing the memory usage
of the Node.js process measured in bytes.

For example, the code:

```js
console.log(process.memoryUsage());
```

Will generate:

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  rss: 4935680,
  heapTotal: 1826816,
  heapUsed: 650472,
  external: 49879,
  arrayBuffers: 9386
}
```

* `heapTotal` and `heapUsed` refer to V8's memory usage.
* `external` refers to the memory usage of C++ objects bound to JavaScript
  objects managed by V8.
* `rss`, Resident Set Size, is the amount of space occupied in the main
  memory device (that is a subset of the total allocated memory) for the
  process, including all C++ and JavaScript objects and code.
* `arrayBuffers` refers to memory allocated for `ArrayBuffer`s and
  `SharedArrayBuffer`s, including all Node.js [`Buffer`][]s.
  This is also included in the `external` value. When Node.js is used as an
  embedded library, this value may be `0` because allocations for `ArrayBuffer`s
  may not be tracked in that case.

When using [`Worker`][] threads, `rss` will be a value that is valid for the
entire process, while the other fields will only refer to the current thread.

## `process.nextTick(callback[, ...args])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.26
changes:
  - version: v1.8.1
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1077
    description: Additional arguments after `callback` are now supported.
-->

* `callback` {Function}
* `...args` {any} Additional arguments to pass when invoking the `callback`

`process.nextTick()` adds `callback` to the "next tick queue". This queue is
fully drained after the current operation on the JavaScript stack runs to
completion and before the event loop is allowed to continue. It's possible to
create an infinite loop if one were to recursively call `process.nextTick()`.
See the [Event Loop][] guide for more background.

```js
console.log('start');
process.nextTick(() => {
  console.log('nextTick callback');
});
console.log('scheduled');
// Output:
// start
// scheduled
// nextTick callback
```

This is important when developing APIs in order to give users the opportunity
to assign event handlers *after* an object has been constructed but before any
I/O has occurred:

```js
function MyThing(options) {
  this.setupOptions(options);

  process.nextTick(() => {
    this.startDoingStuff();
  });
}

const thing = new MyThing();
thing.getReadyForStuff();

// thing.startDoingStuff() gets called now, not before.
```

It is very important for APIs to be either 100% synchronous or 100%
asynchronous. Consider this example:

```js
// WARNING!  DO NOT USE!  BAD UNSAFE HAZARD!
function maybeSync(arg, cb) {
  if (arg) {
    cb();
    return;
  }

  fs.stat('file', cb);
}
```

This API is hazardous because in the following case:

```js
const maybeTrue = Math.random() > 0.5;

maybeSync(maybeTrue, () => {
  foo();
});

bar();
```

It is not clear whether `foo()` or `bar()` will be called first.

The following approach is much better:

```js
function definitelyAsync(arg, cb) {
  if (arg) {
    process.nextTick(cb);
    return;
  }

  fs.stat('file', cb);
}
```

## `process.noDeprecation`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.8.0
-->

* {boolean}

The `process.noDeprecation` property indicates whether the `--no-deprecation`
flag is set on the current Node.js process. See the documentation for
the [`'warning'` event][process_warning] and the
[`emitWarning()` method][process_emit_warning] for more information about this
flag's behavior.

## `process.pid`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.15
-->

* {integer}

The `process.pid` property returns the PID of the process.

```js
console.log(`This process is pid ${process.pid}`);
```

## `process.platform`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.16
-->

* {string}

The `process.platform` property returns a string identifying the operating
system platform on which the Node.js process is running.

Currently possible values are:

* `'aix'`
* `'darwin'`
* `'freebsd'`
* `'linux'`
* `'openbsd'`
* `'sunos'`
* `'win32'`

```js
console.log(`This platform is ${process.platform}`);
```

The value `'android'` may also be returned if the Node.js is built on the
Android operating system. However, Android support in Node.js
[is experimental][Android building].

## `process.ppid`
<!-- YAML
added:
  - v9.2.0
  - v8.10.0
  - v6.13.0
-->

* {integer}

The `process.ppid` property returns the PID of the parent of the
current process.

```js
console.log(`The parent process is pid ${process.ppid}`);
```

## `process.release`
<!-- YAML
added: v3.0.0
changes:
  - version: v4.2.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/3212
    description: The `lts` property is now supported.
-->

* {Object}

The `process.release` property returns an `Object` containing metadata related
to the current release, including URLs for the source tarball and headers-only
tarball.

`process.release` contains the following properties:

* `name` {string} A value that will always be `'node'` for Node.js. For
  legacy io.js releases, this will be `'io.js'`.
* `sourceUrl` {string} an absolute URL pointing to a _`.tar.gz`_ file containing
  the source code of the current release.
* `headersUrl`{string} an absolute URL pointing to a _`.tar.gz`_ file containing
  only the source header files for the current release. This file is
  significantly smaller than the full source file and can be used for compiling
  Node.js native add-ons.
* `libUrl` {string} an absolute URL pointing to a _`node.lib`_ file matching the
  architecture and version of the current release. This file is used for
  compiling Node.js native add-ons. _This property is only present on Windows
  builds of Node.js and will be missing on all other platforms._
* `lts` {string} a string label identifying the [LTS][] label for this release.
  This property only exists for LTS releases and is `undefined` for all other
  release types, including _Current_ releases.
  Valid values include the LTS Release Codenames (including those
  that are no longer supported). A non-exhaustive example of
  these codenames includes:
  * `'Dubnium'` for the 10.x LTS line beginning with 10.13.0.
  * `'Erbium'` for the 12.x LTS line beginning with 12.13.0.
  For other LTS Release Codenames, see [Node.js Changelog Archive](https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_ARCHIVE.md)

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  name: 'node',
  lts: 'Erbium',
  sourceUrl: 'https://nodejs.org/download/release/v12.18.1/node-v12.18.1.tar.gz',
  headersUrl: 'https://nodejs.org/download/release/v12.18.1/node-v12.18.1-headers.tar.gz',
  libUrl: 'https://nodejs.org/download/release/v12.18.1/win-x64/node.lib'
}
```

In custom builds from non-release versions of the source tree, only the
`name` property may be present. The additional properties should not be
relied upon to exist.

## `process.report`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.8.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* {Object}

`process.report` is an object whose methods are used to generate diagnostic
reports for the current process. Additional documentation is available in the
[report documentation][].

### `process.report.compact`
<!-- YAML
added: v12.17.0
-->

* {boolean}

Write reports in a compact format, single-line JSON, more easily consumable
by log processing systems than the default multi-line format designed for
human consumption.

```js
console.log(`Reports are compact? ${process.report.compact}`);
```

### `process.report.directory`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.12.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* {string}

Directory where the report is written. The default value is the empty string,
indicating that reports are written to the current working directory of the
Node.js process.

```js
console.log(`Report directory is ${process.report.directory}`);
```

### `process.report.filename`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.12.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* {string}

Filename where the report is written. If set to the empty string, the output
filename will be comprised of a timestamp, PID, and sequence number. The default
value is the empty string.

```js
console.log(`Report filename is ${process.report.filename}`);
```

### `process.report.getReport([err])`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.8.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* `err` {Error} A custom error used for reporting the JavaScript stack.
* Returns: {Object}

Returns a JavaScript Object representation of a diagnostic report for the
running process. The report's JavaScript stack trace is taken from `err`, if
present.

```js
const data = process.report.getReport();
console.log(data.header.nodeJsVersion);

// Similar to process.report.writeReport()
const fs = require('fs');
fs.writeFileSync(util.inspect(data), 'my-report.log', 'utf8');
```

Additional documentation is available in the [report documentation][].

### `process.report.reportOnFatalError`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.12.0
-->

> Stability: 1 - Experimental

* {boolean}

If `true`, a diagnostic report is generated on fatal errors, such as out of
memory errors or failed C++ assertions.

```js
console.log(`Report on fatal error: ${process.report.reportOnFatalError}`);
```

### `process.report.reportOnSignal`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.12.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* {boolean}

If `true`, a diagnostic report is generated when the process receives the
signal specified by `process.report.signal`.

```js
console.log(`Report on signal: ${process.report.reportOnSignal}`);
```

### `process.report.reportOnUncaughtException`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.12.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* {boolean}

If `true`, a diagnostic report is generated on uncaught exception.

```js
console.log(`Report on exception: ${process.report.reportOnUncaughtException}`);
```

### `process.report.signal`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.12.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* {string}

The signal used to trigger the creation of a diagnostic report. Defaults to
`'SIGUSR2'`.

```js
console.log(`Report signal: ${process.report.signal}`);
```

### `process.report.writeReport([filename][, err])`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.8.0
changes:
  - version: v12.17.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32242
    description: This API is no longer experimental.
-->

* `filename` {string} Name of the file where the report is written. This
  should be a relative path, that will be appended to the directory specified in
  `process.report.directory`, or the current working directory of the Node.js
  process, if unspecified.
* `err` {Error} A custom error used for reporting the JavaScript stack.

* Returns: {string} Returns the filename of the generated report.

Writes a diagnostic report to a file. If `filename` is not provided, the default
filename includes the date, time, PID, and a sequence number. The report's
JavaScript stack trace is taken from `err`, if present.

```js
process.report.writeReport();
```

Additional documentation is available in the [report documentation][].

## `process.resourceUsage()`
<!-- YAML
added: v12.6.0
-->

* Returns: {Object} the resource usage for the current process. All of these
  values come from the `uv_getrusage` call which returns
  a [`uv_rusage_t` struct][uv_rusage_t].
  * `userCPUTime` {integer} maps to `ru_utime` computed in microseconds.
    It is the same value as [`process.cpuUsage().user`][process.cpuUsage].
  * `systemCPUTime` {integer} maps to `ru_stime` computed in microseconds.
    It is the same value as [`process.cpuUsage().system`][process.cpuUsage].
  * `maxRSS` {integer} maps to `ru_maxrss` which is the maximum resident set
    size used in kilobytes.
  * `sharedMemorySize` {integer} maps to `ru_ixrss` but is not supported by
    any platform.
  * `unsharedDataSize` {integer} maps to `ru_idrss` but is not supported by
    any platform.
  * `unsharedStackSize` {integer} maps to `ru_isrss` but is not supported by
    any platform.
  * `minorPageFault` {integer} maps to `ru_minflt` which is the number of
    minor page faults for the process, see
    [this article for more details][wikipedia_minor_fault].
  * `majorPageFault` {integer} maps to `ru_majflt` which is the number of
    major page faults for the process, see
    [this article for more details][wikipedia_major_fault]. This field is not
    supported on Windows.
  * `swappedOut` {integer} maps to `ru_nswap` but is not supported by any
    platform.
  * `fsRead` {integer} maps to `ru_inblock` which is the number of times the
    file system had to perform input.
  * `fsWrite` {integer} maps to `ru_oublock` which is the number of times the
    file system had to perform output.
  * `ipcSent` {integer} maps to `ru_msgsnd` but is not supported by any
    platform.
  * `ipcReceived` {integer} maps to `ru_msgrcv` but is not supported by any
    platform.
  * `signalsCount` {integer} maps to `ru_nsignals` but is not supported by any
    platform.
  * `voluntaryContextSwitches` {integer} maps to `ru_nvcsw` which is the
    number of times a CPU context switch resulted due to a process voluntarily
    giving up the processor before its time slice was completed (usually to
    await availability of a resource). This field is not supported on Windows.
  * `involuntaryContextSwitches` {integer} maps to `ru_nivcsw` which is the
    number of times a CPU context switch resulted due to a higher priority
    process becoming runnable or because the current process exceeded its
    time slice. This field is not supported on Windows.

```js
console.log(process.resourceUsage());
/*
  Will output:
  {
    userCPUTime: 82872,
    systemCPUTime: 4143,
    maxRSS: 33164,
    sharedMemorySize: 0,
    unsharedDataSize: 0,
    unsharedStackSize: 0,
    minorPageFault: 2469,
    majorPageFault: 0,
    swappedOut: 0,
    fsRead: 0,
    fsWrite: 8,
    ipcSent: 0,
    ipcReceived: 0,
    signalsCount: 0,
    voluntaryContextSwitches: 79,
    involuntaryContextSwitches: 1
  }
*/
```

## `process.send(message[, sendHandle[, options]][, callback])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.9
-->

* `message` {Object}
* `sendHandle` {net.Server|net.Socket}
* `options` {Object} used to parameterize the sending of certain types of
  handles.`options` supports the following properties:
  * `keepOpen` {boolean} A value that can be used when passing instances of
    `net.Socket`. When `true`, the socket is kept open in the sending process.
    **Default:** `false`.
* `callback` {Function}
* Returns: {boolean}

If Node.js is spawned with an IPC channel, the `process.send()` method can be
used to send messages to the parent process. Messages will be received as a
[`'message'`][] event on the parent's [`ChildProcess`][] object.

If Node.js was not spawned with an IPC channel, `process.send` will be
`undefined`.

The message goes through serialization and parsing. The resulting message might
not be the same as what is originally sent.

## `process.setegid(id)`
<!-- YAML
added: v2.0.0
-->

* `id` {string|number} A group name or ID

The `process.setegid()` method sets the effective group identity of the process.
(See setegid(2).) The `id` can be passed as either a numeric ID or a group
name string. If a group name is specified, this method blocks while resolving
the associated a numeric ID.

```js
if (process.getegid && process.setegid) {
  console.log(`Current gid: ${process.getegid()}`);
  try {
    process.setegid(501);
    console.log(`New gid: ${process.getegid()}`);
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(`Failed to set gid: ${err}`);
  }
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).
This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.seteuid(id)`
<!-- YAML
added: v2.0.0
-->

* `id` {string|number} A user name or ID

The `process.seteuid()` method sets the effective user identity of the process.
(See seteuid(2).) The `id` can be passed as either a numeric ID or a username
string. If a username is specified, the method blocks while resolving the
associated numeric ID.

```js
if (process.geteuid && process.seteuid) {
  console.log(`Current uid: ${process.geteuid()}`);
  try {
    process.seteuid(501);
    console.log(`New uid: ${process.geteuid()}`);
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(`Failed to set uid: ${err}`);
  }
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).
This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.setgid(id)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.31
-->

* `id` {string|number} The group name or ID

The `process.setgid()` method sets the group identity of the process. (See
setgid(2).) The `id` can be passed as either a numeric ID or a group name
string. If a group name is specified, this method blocks while resolving the
associated numeric ID.

```js
if (process.getgid && process.setgid) {
  console.log(`Current gid: ${process.getgid()}`);
  try {
    process.setgid(501);
    console.log(`New gid: ${process.getgid()}`);
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(`Failed to set gid: ${err}`);
  }
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).
This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.setgroups(groups)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.9.4
-->

* `groups` {integer[]}

The `process.setgroups()` method sets the supplementary group IDs for the
Node.js process. This is a privileged operation that requires the Node.js
process to have `root` or the `CAP_SETGID` capability.

The `groups` array can contain numeric group IDs, group names or both.

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).
This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.setuid(id)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.28
-->

* `id` {integer | string}

The `process.setuid(id)` method sets the user identity of the process. (See
setuid(2).) The `id` can be passed as either a numeric ID or a username string.
If a username is specified, the method blocks while resolving the associated
numeric ID.

```js
if (process.getuid && process.setuid) {
  console.log(`Current uid: ${process.getuid()}`);
  try {
    process.setuid(501);
    console.log(`New uid: ${process.getuid()}`);
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(`Failed to set uid: ${err}`);
  }
}
```

This function is only available on POSIX platforms (i.e. not Windows or
Android).
This feature is not available in [`Worker`][] threads.

## `process.setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback(fn)`
<!-- YAML
added: v9.3.0
-->

* `fn` {Function|null}

The `process.setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback()` function sets a function
that will be invoked when an uncaught exception occurs, which will receive the
exception value itself as its first argument.

If such a function is set, the [`'uncaughtException'`][] event will
not be emitted. If `--abort-on-uncaught-exception` was passed from the
command line or set through [`v8.setFlagsFromString()`][], the process will
not abort.

To unset the capture function,
`process.setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback(null)` may be used. Calling this
method with a non-`null` argument while another capture function is set will
throw an error.

Using this function is mutually exclusive with using the deprecated
[`domain`][] built-in module.

## `process.stderr`

* {Stream}

The `process.stderr` property returns a stream connected to
`stderr` (fd `2`). It is a [`net.Socket`][] (which is a [Duplex][]
stream) unless fd `2` refers to a file, in which case it is
a [Writable][] stream.

`process.stderr` differs from other Node.js streams in important ways. See
[note on process I/O][] for more information.

### `process.stderr.fd`

* {number}

This property refers to the value of underlying file descriptor of
`process.stderr`. The value is fixed at `2`. In [`Worker`][] threads,
this field does not exist.

## `process.stdin`

* {Stream}

The `process.stdin` property returns a stream connected to
`stdin` (fd `0`). It is a [`net.Socket`][] (which is a [Duplex][]
stream) unless fd `0` refers to a file, in which case it is
a [Readable][] stream.

For details of how to read from `stdin` see [`readable.read()`][].

As a [Duplex][] stream, `process.stdin` can also be used in "old" mode that
is compatible with scripts written for Node.js prior to v0.10.
For more information see [Stream compatibility][].

In "old" streams mode the `stdin` stream is paused by default, so one
must call `process.stdin.resume()` to read from it. Note also that calling
`process.stdin.resume()` itself would switch stream to "old" mode.

### `process.stdin.fd`

* {number}

This property refers to the value of underlying file descriptor of
`process.stdin`. The value is fixed at `0`. In [`Worker`][] threads,
this field does not exist.

## `process.stdout`

* {Stream}

The `process.stdout` property returns a stream connected to
`stdout` (fd `1`). It is a [`net.Socket`][] (which is a [Duplex][]
stream) unless fd `1` refers to a file, in which case it is
a [Writable][] stream.

For example, to copy `process.stdin` to `process.stdout`:

```js
process.stdin.pipe(process.stdout);
```

`process.stdout` differs from other Node.js streams in important ways. See
[note on process I/O][] for more information.

### `process.stdout.fd`

* {number}

This property refers to the value of underlying file descriptor of
`process.stdout`. The value is fixed at `1`. In [`Worker`][] threads,
this field does not exist.

### A note on process I/O

`process.stdout` and `process.stderr` differ from other Node.js streams in
important ways:

1. They are used internally by [`console.log()`][] and [`console.error()`][],
   respectively.
2. Writes may be synchronous depending on what the stream is connected to
   and whether the system is Windows or POSIX:
   * Files: *synchronous* on Windows and POSIX
   * TTYs (Terminals): *asynchronous* on Windows, *synchronous* on POSIX
   * Pipes (and sockets): *synchronous* on Windows, *asynchronous* on POSIX

These behaviors are partly for historical reasons, as changing them would
create backward incompatibility, but they are also expected by some users.

Synchronous writes avoid problems such as output written with `console.log()` or
`console.error()` being unexpectedly interleaved, or not written at all if
`process.exit()` is called before an asynchronous write completes. See
[`process.exit()`][] for more information.

***Warning***: Synchronous writes block the event loop until the write has
completed. This can be near instantaneous in the case of output to a file, but
under high system load, pipes that are not being read at the receiving end, or
with slow terminals or file systems, its possible for the event loop to be
blocked often enough and long enough to have severe negative performance
impacts. This may not be a problem when writing to an interactive terminal
session, but consider this particularly careful when doing production logging to
the process output streams.

To check if a stream is connected to a [TTY][] context, check the `isTTY`
property.

For instance:

```console
$ node -p "Boolean(process.stdin.isTTY)"
true
$ echo "foo" | node -p "Boolean(process.stdin.isTTY)"
false
$ node -p "Boolean(process.stdout.isTTY)"
true
$ node -p "Boolean(process.stdout.isTTY)" | cat
false
```

See the [TTY][] documentation for more information.

## `process.throwDeprecation`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.9.12
-->

* {boolean}

The initial value of `process.throwDeprecation` indicates whether the
`--throw-deprecation` flag is set on the current Node.js process.
`process.throwDeprecation` is mutable, so whether or not deprecation
warnings result in errors may be altered at runtime. See the
documentation for the [`'warning'` event][process_warning] and the
[`emitWarning()` method][process_emit_warning] for more information.

```console
$ node --throw-deprecation -p "process.throwDeprecation"
true
$ node -p "process.throwDeprecation"
undefined
$ node
> process.emitWarning('test', 'DeprecationWarning');
undefined
> (node:26598) DeprecationWarning: test
> process.throwDeprecation = true;
true
> process.emitWarning('test', 'DeprecationWarning');
Thrown:
[DeprecationWarning: test] { name: 'DeprecationWarning' }
```

## `process.title`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.104
-->

* {string}

The `process.title` property returns the current process title (i.e. returns
the current value of `ps`). Assigning a new value to `process.title` modifies
the current value of `ps`.

When a new value is assigned, different platforms will impose different maximum
length restrictions on the title. Usually such restrictions are quite limited.
For instance, on Linux and macOS, `process.title` is limited to the size of the
binary name plus the length of the command line arguments because setting the
`process.title` overwrites the `argv` memory of the process. Node.js v0.8
allowed for longer process title strings by also overwriting the `environ`
memory but that was potentially insecure and confusing in some (rather obscure)
cases.

Assigning a value to `process.title` might not result in an accurate label
within process manager applications such as macOS Activity Monitor or Windows
Services Manager.

## `process.traceDeprecation`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.8.0
-->

* {boolean}

The `process.traceDeprecation` property indicates whether the
`--trace-deprecation` flag is set on the current Node.js process. See the
documentation for the [`'warning'` event][process_warning] and the
[`emitWarning()` method][process_emit_warning] for more information about this
flag's behavior.

## `process.umask()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.19
changes:
  - version:
    - v12.19.0
    - v14.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32499
    description: Calling `process.umask()` with no arguments is deprecated.

-->

> Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Calling `process.umask()` with no argument causes
> the process-wide umask to be written twice. This introduces a race condition
> between threads, and is a potential security vulnerability. There is no safe,
> cross-platform alternative API.

`process.umask()` returns the Node.js process's file mode creation mask. Child
processes inherit the mask from the parent process.

## `process.umask(mask)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.19
-->

* `mask` {string|integer}

`process.umask(mask)` sets the Node.js process's file mode creation mask. Child
processes inherit the mask from the parent process. Returns the previous mask.

```js
const newmask = 0o022;
const oldmask = process.umask(newmask);
console.log(
  `Changed umask from ${oldmask.toString(8)} to ${newmask.toString(8)}`
);
```

In [`Worker`][] threads, `process.umask(mask)` will throw an exception.

## `process.uptime()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.0
-->

* Returns: {number}

The `process.uptime()` method returns the number of seconds the current Node.js
process has been running.

The return value includes fractions of a second. Use `Math.floor()` to get whole
seconds.

## `process.version`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.3
-->

* {string}

The `process.version` property contains the Node.js version string.

```js
console.log(`Version: ${process.version}`);
// Version: v14.8.0
```

To get the version string without the prepended _v_, use
`process.versions.node`.

## `process.versions`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.2.0
changes:
  - version: v4.2.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/3102
    description: The `icu` property is now supported.
  - version: v9.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/15785
    description: The `v8` property now includes a Node.js specific suffix.
-->

* {Object}

The `process.versions` property returns an object listing the version strings of
Node.js and its dependencies. `process.versions.modules` indicates the current
ABI version, which is increased whenever a C++ API changes. Node.js will refuse
to load modules that were compiled against a different module ABI version.

```js
console.log(process.versions);
```

Will generate an object similar to:

```console
{ node: '11.13.0',
  v8: '7.0.276.38-node.18',
  uv: '1.27.0',
  zlib: '1.2.11',
  brotli: '1.0.7',
  ares: '1.15.0',
  modules: '67',
  nghttp2: '1.34.0',
  napi: '4',
  llhttp: '1.1.1',
  http_parser: '2.8.0',
  openssl: '1.1.1b',
  cldr: '34.0',
  icu: '63.1',
  tz: '2018e',
  unicode: '11.0' }
```

## Exit codes

Node.js will normally exit with a `0` status code when no more async
operations are pending. The following status codes are used in other
cases:

* `1` **Uncaught Fatal Exception**: There was an uncaught exception,
  and it was not handled by a domain or an [`'uncaughtException'`][] event
  handler.
* `2`: Unused (reserved by Bash for builtin misuse)
* `3` **Internal JavaScript Parse Error**: The JavaScript source code
  internal in the Node.js bootstrapping process caused a parse error. This
  is extremely rare, and generally can only happen during development
  of Node.js itself.
* `4` **Internal JavaScript Evaluation Failure**: The JavaScript
  source code internal in the Node.js bootstrapping process failed to
  return a function value when evaluated. This is extremely rare, and
  generally can only happen during development of Node.js itself.
* `5` **Fatal Error**: There was a fatal unrecoverable error in V8.
  Typically a message will be printed to stderr with the prefix `FATAL
  ERROR`.
* `6` **Non-function Internal Exception Handler**: There was an
  uncaught exception, but the internal fatal exception handler
  function was somehow set to a non-function, and could not be called.
* `7` **Internal Exception Handler Run-Time Failure**: There was an
  uncaught exception, and the internal fatal exception handler
  function itself threw an error while attempting to handle it. This
  can happen, for example, if an [`'uncaughtException'`][] or
  `domain.on('error')` handler throws an error.
* `8`: Unused. In previous versions of Node.js, exit code 8 sometimes
  indicated an uncaught exception.
* `9` **Invalid Argument**: Either an unknown option was specified,
  or an option requiring a value was provided without a value.
* `10` **Internal JavaScript Run-Time Failure**: The JavaScript
  source code internal in the Node.js bootstrapping process threw an error
  when the bootstrapping function was called. This is extremely rare,
  and generally can only happen during development of Node.js itself.
* `12` **Invalid Debug Argument**: The `--inspect` and/or `--inspect-brk`
  options were set, but the port number chosen was invalid or unavailable.
* `>128` **Signal Exits**: If Node.js receives a fatal signal such as
  `SIGKILL` or `SIGHUP`, then its exit code will be `128` plus the
  value of the signal code. This is a standard POSIX practice, since
  exit codes are defined to be 7-bit integers, and signal exits set
  the high-order bit, and then contain the value of the signal code.
  For example, signal `SIGABRT` has value `6`, so the expected exit
  code will be `128` + `6`, or `134`.

[`'exit'`]: #process_event_exit
[`'message'`]: child_process.html#child_process_event_message
[`'uncaughtException'`]: #process_event_uncaughtexception
[`--unhandled-rejections`]: cli.html#cli_unhandled_rejections_mode
[`Buffer`]: buffer.html
[`ChildProcess.disconnect()`]: child_process.html#child_process_subprocess_disconnect
[`ChildProcess.send()`]: child_process.html#child_process_subprocess_send_message_sendhandle_options_callback
[`ChildProcess`]: child_process.html#child_process_class_childprocess
[`Error`]: errors.html#errors_class_error
[`EventEmitter`]: events.html#events_class_eventemitter
[`NODE_OPTIONS`]: cli.html#cli_node_options_options
[`Worker`]: worker_threads.html#worker_threads_class_worker
[`console.error()`]: console.html#console_console_error_data_args
[`console.log()`]: console.html#console_console_log_data_args
[`domain`]: domain.html
[`net.Server`]: net.html#net_class_net_server
[`net.Socket`]: net.html#net_class_net_socket
[`os.constants.dlopen`]: os.html#os_dlopen_constants
[`process.argv`]: #process_process_argv
[`process.config`]: #process_process_config
[`process.execPath`]: #process_process_execpath
[`process.exit()`]: #process_process_exit_code
[`process.exitCode`]: #process_process_exitcode
[`process.hrtime()`]: #process_process_hrtime_time
[`process.hrtime.bigint()`]: #process_process_hrtime_bigint
[`process.kill()`]: #process_process_kill_pid_signal
[`process.setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback()`]: process.html#process_process_setuncaughtexceptioncapturecallback_fn
[`promise.catch()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/catch
[`Promise.race()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/race
[`require()`]: globals.html#globals_require
[`require.main`]: modules.html#modules_accessing_the_main_module
[`require.resolve()`]: modules.html#modules_require_resolve_request_options
[`subprocess.kill()`]: child_process.html#child_process_subprocess_kill_signal
[`v8.setFlagsFromString()`]: v8.html#v8_v8_setflagsfromstring_flags
[Advanced serialization for `child_process`]: child_process.html#child_process_advanced_serialization
[Android building]: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/BUILDING.md#androidandroid-based-devices-eg-firefox-os
[Child Process]: child_process.html
[Cluster]: cluster.html
[Duplex]: stream.html#stream_duplex_and_transform_streams
[Event Loop]: https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/event-loop-timers-and-nexttick/#process-nexttick
[LTS]: https://github.com/nodejs/Release
[Readable]: stream.html#stream_readable_streams
[`readable.read()`]: stream.html#stream_readable_read_size
[Signal Events]: #process_signal_events
[Stream compatibility]: stream.html#stream_compatibility_with_older_node_js_versions
[TTY]: tty.html#tty_tty
[Writable]: stream.html#stream_writable_streams
[debugger]: debugger.html
[note on process I/O]: process.html#process_a_note_on_process_i_o
[process.cpuUsage]: #process_process_cpuusage_previousvalue
[process_emit_warning]: #process_process_emitwarning_warning_type_code_ctor
[process_warning]: #process_event_warning
[report documentation]: report.html
[terminal raw mode]: tty.html#tty_readstream_setrawmode_mode
[uv_rusage_t]: https://docs.libuv.org/en/v1.x/misc.html#c.uv_rusage_t
[wikipedia_minor_fault]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault#Minor
[wikipedia_major_fault]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault#Major