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137      <details id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul>
138<li><a href="#intl_internationalization_support">Internationalization support</a>
139<ul>
140<li><a href="#intl_options_for_building_node_js">Options for building Node.js</a>
141<ul>
142<li><a href="#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none">Disable all internationalization features (<code>none</code>)</a></li>
143<li><a href="#intl_build_with_a_pre_installed_icu_system_icu">Build with a pre-installed ICU (<code>system-icu</code>)</a></li>
144<li><a href="#intl_embed_a_limited_set_of_icu_data_small_icu">Embed a limited set of ICU data (<code>small-icu</code>)</a>
145<ul>
146<li><a href="#intl_providing_icu_data_at_runtime">Providing ICU data at runtime</a></li>
147</ul>
148</li>
149<li><a href="#intl_embed_the_entire_icu_full_icu">Embed the entire ICU (<code>full-icu</code>)</a></li>
150</ul>
151</li>
152<li><a href="#intl_detecting_internationalization_support">Detecting internationalization support</a></li>
153</ul>
154</li>
155</ul></details>
156
157      <div id="apicontent">
158        <h2>Internationalization support<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_internationalization_support" id="intl_internationalization_support">#</a></span></h2>
159
160
161<p>Node.js has many features that make it easier to write internationalized
162programs. Some of them are:</p>
163<ul>
164<li>Locale-sensitive or Unicode-aware functions in the <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/">ECMAScript Language
165Specification</a>:
166<ul>
167<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a></li>
168<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toLowerCase"><code>String.prototype.toLowerCase()</code></a></li>
169<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toUpperCase"><code>String.prototype.toUpperCase()</code></a></li>
170</ul>
171</li>
172<li>All functionality described in the <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma402/">ECMAScript Internationalization API
173Specification</a> (aka ECMA-402):
174<ul>
175<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl"><code>Intl</code></a> object</li>
176<li>Locale-sensitive methods like <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/localeCompare"><code>String.prototype.localeCompare()</code></a> and
177<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date/toLocaleString"><code>Date.prototype.toLocaleString()</code></a></li>
178</ul>
179</li>
180<li>The <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL parser</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name">internationalized domain names</a> (IDNs) support</li>
181<li><a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer_transcode_source_fromenc_toenc"><code>require('buffer').transcode()</code></a></li>
182<li>More accurate <a href="repl.html#repl_repl">REPL</a> line editing</li>
183<li><a href="util.html#util_class_util_textdecoder"><code>require('util').TextDecoder</code></a></li>
184<li><a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-regexp-unicode-property-escapes"><code>RegExp</code> Unicode Property Escapes</a></li>
185</ul>
186<p>Node.js and the underlying V8 engine use
187<a href="http://site.icu-project.org/">International Components for Unicode (ICU)</a> to implement these features
188in native C/C++ code. The full ICU data set is provided by Node.js by default.
189However, due to the size of the ICU data file, several
190options are provided for customizing the ICU data set either when
191building or running Node.js.</p>
192<section><h3>Options for building Node.js<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_options_for_building_node_js" id="intl_options_for_building_node_js">#</a></span></h3>
193<p>To control how ICU is used in Node.js, four <code>configure</code> options are available
194during compilation. Additional details on how to compile Node.js are documented
195in <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/HEAD/BUILDING.md">BUILDING.md</a>.</p>
196<ul>
197<li><code>--with-intl=none</code>/<code>--without-intl</code></li>
198<li><code>--with-intl=system-icu</code></li>
199<li><code>--with-intl=small-icu</code></li>
200<li><code>--with-intl=full-icu</code> (default)</li>
201</ul>
202<p>An overview of available Node.js and JavaScript features for each <code>configure</code>
203option:</p>
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300<table><thead><tr><th>Feature</th><th><code>none</code></th><th><code>system-icu</code></th><th><code>small-icu</code></th><th><code>full-icu</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a></td><td>none (function is no-op)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><code>String.prototype.to*Case()</code></td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl"><code>Intl</code></a></td><td>none (object does not exist)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (English-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/localeCompare"><code>String.prototype.localeCompare()</code></a></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><code>String.prototype.toLocale*Case()</code></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/toLocaleString"><code>Number.prototype.toLocaleString()</code></a></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (English-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><code>Date.prototype.toLocale*String()</code></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (English-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL Parser</a></td><td>partial (no IDN support)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer_transcode_source_fromenc_toenc"><code>require('buffer').transcode()</code></a></td><td>none (function does not exist)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="repl.html#repl_repl">REPL</a></td><td>partial (inaccurate line editing)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="util.html#util_class_util_textdecoder"><code>require('util').TextDecoder</code></a></td><td>partial (basic encodings support)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (Unicode-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-regexp-unicode-property-escapes"><code>RegExp</code> Unicode Property Escapes</a></td><td>none (invalid <code>RegExp</code> error)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr></tbody></table>
301<p>The "(not locale-aware)" designation denotes that the function carries out its
302operation just like the non-<code>Locale</code> version of the function, if one
303exists. For example, under <code>none</code> mode, <code>Date.prototype.toLocaleString()</code>'s
304operation is identical to that of <code>Date.prototype.toString()</code>.</p>
305<h4>Disable all internationalization features (<code>none</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none" id="intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none">#</a></span></h4>
306<p>If this option is chosen, ICU is disabled and most internationalization
307features mentioned above will be <strong>unavailable</strong> in the resulting <code>node</code> binary.</p>
308<h4>Build with a pre-installed ICU (<code>system-icu</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_build_with_a_pre_installed_icu_system_icu" id="intl_build_with_a_pre_installed_icu_system_icu">#</a></span></h4>
309<p>Node.js can link against an ICU build already installed on the system. In fact,
310most Linux distributions already come with ICU installed, and this option would
311make it possible to reuse the same set of data used by other components in the
312OS.</p>
313<p>Functionalities that only require the ICU library itself, such as
314<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a> and the <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL parser</a>, are fully
315supported under <code>system-icu</code>. Features that require ICU locale data in
316addition, such as <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a> <em>may</em> be fully or partially
317supported, depending on the completeness of the ICU data installed on the
318system.</p>
319<h4>Embed a limited set of ICU data (<code>small-icu</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_embed_a_limited_set_of_icu_data_small_icu" id="intl_embed_a_limited_set_of_icu_data_small_icu">#</a></span></h4>
320<p>This option makes the resulting binary link against the ICU library statically,
321and includes a subset of ICU data (typically only the English locale) within
322the <code>node</code> executable.</p>
323<p>Functionalities that only require the ICU library itself, such as
324<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a> and the <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL parser</a>, are fully
325supported under <code>small-icu</code>. Features that require ICU locale data in addition,
326such as <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a>, generally only work with the English locale:</p>
327<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> january = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Date</span>(<span class="hljs-number">9e8</span>);
328<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> english = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Intl</span>.<span class="hljs-title class_">DateTimeFormat</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'en'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">month</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'long'</span> });
329<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spanish = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Intl</span>.<span class="hljs-title class_">DateTimeFormat</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'es'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">month</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'long'</span> });
330
331<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(english.<span class="hljs-title function_">format</span>(january));
332<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints "January"</span>
333<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(spanish.<span class="hljs-title function_">format</span>(january));
334<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints "M01" on small-icu</span>
335<span class="hljs-comment">// Should print "enero"</span></code></pre>
336<p>This mode provides a balance between features and binary size.</p>
337<h5>Providing ICU data at runtime<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_providing_icu_data_at_runtime" id="intl_providing_icu_data_at_runtime">#</a></span></h5>
338<p>If the <code>small-icu</code> option is used, one can still provide additional locale data
339at runtime so that the JS methods would work for all ICU locales. Assuming the
340data file is stored at <code>/some/directory</code>, it can be made available to ICU
341through either:</p>
342<ul>
343<li>
344<p>The <a href="cli.html#cli_node_icu_data_file"><code>NODE_ICU_DATA</code></a> environment variable:</p>
345<pre><code class="language-bash">env NODE_ICU_DATA=/some/directory node</code></pre>
346</li>
347<li>
348<p>The <a href="cli.html#cli_icu_data_dir_file"><code>--icu-data-dir</code></a> CLI parameter:</p>
349<pre><code class="language-bash">node --icu-data-dir=/some/directory</code></pre>
350</li>
351</ul>
352<p>(If both are specified, the <code>--icu-data-dir</code> CLI parameter takes precedence.)</p>
353<p>ICU is able to automatically find and load a variety of data formats, but the
354data must be appropriate for the ICU version, and the file correctly named.
355The most common name for the data file is <code>icudt6X[bl].dat</code>, where <code>6X</code> denotes
356the intended ICU version, and <code>b</code> or <code>l</code> indicates the system's endianness.
357Check <a href="http://userguide.icu-project.org/icudata">"ICU Data"</a> article in the ICU User Guide for other supported formats
358and more details on ICU data in general.</p>
359<p>The <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/full-icu">full-icu</a> npm module can greatly simplify ICU data installation by
360detecting the ICU version of the running <code>node</code> executable and downloading the
361appropriate data file. After installing the module through <code>npm i full-icu</code>,
362the data file will be available at <code>./node_modules/full-icu</code>. This path can be
363then passed either to <code>NODE_ICU_DATA</code> or <code>--icu-data-dir</code> as shown above to
364enable full <code>Intl</code> support.</p>
365<h4>Embed the entire ICU (<code>full-icu</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_embed_the_entire_icu_full_icu" id="intl_embed_the_entire_icu_full_icu">#</a></span></h4>
366<p>This option makes the resulting binary link against ICU statically and include
367a full set of ICU data. A binary created this way has no further external
368dependencies and supports all locales, but might be rather large. This is
369the default behavior if no <code>--with-intl</code> flag is passed. The official binaries
370are also built in this mode.</p>
371</section><section><h3>Detecting internationalization support<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_detecting_internationalization_support" id="intl_detecting_internationalization_support">#</a></span></h3>
372<p>To verify that ICU is enabled at all (<code>system-icu</code>, <code>small-icu</code>, or
373<code>full-icu</code>), simply checking the existence of <code>Intl</code> should suffice:</p>
374<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hasICU = <span class="hljs-keyword">typeof</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Intl</span> === <span class="hljs-string">'object'</span>;</code></pre>
375<p>Alternatively, checking for <code>process.versions.icu</code>, a property defined only
376when ICU is enabled, works too:</p>
377<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hasICU = <span class="hljs-keyword">typeof</span> process.<span class="hljs-property">versions</span>.<span class="hljs-property">icu</span> === <span class="hljs-string">'string'</span>;</code></pre>
378<p>To check for support for a non-English locale (i.e. <code>full-icu</code> or
379<code>system-icu</code>), <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a> can be a good distinguishing factor:</p>
380<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hasFullICU = (<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
381  <span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
382    <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> january = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Date</span>(<span class="hljs-number">9e8</span>);
383    <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spanish = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Intl</span>.<span class="hljs-title class_">DateTimeFormat</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'es'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">month</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'long'</span> });
384    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> spanish.<span class="hljs-title function_">format</span>(january) === <span class="hljs-string">'enero'</span>;
385  } <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (err) {
386    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>;
387  }
388})();</code></pre>
389<p>For more verbose tests for <code>Intl</code> support, the following resources may be found
390to be helpful:</p>
391<ul>
392<li><a href="https://github.com/srl295/btest402">btest402</a>: Generally used to check whether Node.js with <code>Intl</code> support is
393built correctly.</li>
394<li><a href="https://github.com/tc39/test262/tree/HEAD/test/intl402">Test262</a>: ECMAScript's official conformance test suite includes a section
395dedicated to ECMA-402.</li>
396</ul></section>
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