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in a web browser maybe</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-doctor">npm doctor<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Check your environments</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-edit">npm edit<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Edit an installed package</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-fund">npm fund<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Retrieve funding information</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-help">npm help<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Get help on npm</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" 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bNiGAM">Run arbitrary package scripts</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-search">npm search<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Search for packages</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-shrinkwrap">npm shrinkwrap<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Lock down dependency versions for publication</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-star">npm star<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Mark your favorite packages</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-stars">npm stars<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">View packages marked as favorites</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a 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href="../../cli-commands/npm-view">npm view<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">View registry info</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-whoami">npm whoami<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Display npm username</span></a></div></div></div><div><button class="Accordion__SectionButton-i8yhwx-0 dsecBh">configuring-npm</button><div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/folders">folders<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Folder Structures Used by npm</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/install">install<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Download and install node and npm</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/npmrc">npmrc<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">The npm config files</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/package-lock-json">package-lock.json<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">A manifestation of the manifest</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/package-locks">package-locks<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">An explanation of npm lockfiles</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/package-json">package.json<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Specifics of npm's package.json handling</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/shrinkwrap-json">shrinkwrap.json<span 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bNiGAM">Working with Teams & Orgs</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/registry">registry<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">The JavaScript Package Registry</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/removal">removal<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Cleaning the Slate</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/scope">scope<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Scoped packages</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/scripts">scripts<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">How npm handles the "scripts" field</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/semver">semver<span 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href="#install-a-package" aria-label="install a package permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Install a package</h2> 79<h3 id="synopsis" style="position:relative;"><a href="#synopsis" aria-label="synopsis permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Synopsis</h3> 80<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>with no args, <span class="token keyword">in</span> package <span class="token function">dir</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> 81<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator"><</span>@scope<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator"><</span>name<span class="token operator">></span> 82<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator"><</span>@scope<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator"><</span>name<span class="token operator">></span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>tag<span class="token operator">></span> 83<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator"><</span>@scope<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator"><</span>name<span class="token operator">></span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>version<span class="token operator">></span> 84<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator"><</span>@scope<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator"><</span>name<span class="token operator">></span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>version range<span class="token operator">></span> 85<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>alias<span class="token operator">></span>@npm:<span class="token operator"><</span>name<span class="token operator">></span> 86<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>git-host<span class="token operator">></span>:<span class="token operator"><</span>git-user<span class="token operator">></span>/<span class="token operator"><</span>repo-name<span class="token operator">></span> 87<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>git repo url<span class="token operator">></span> 88<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>tarball file<span class="token operator">></span> 89<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>tarball url<span class="token operator">></span> 90<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>folder<span class="token operator">></span> 91 92aliases: <span class="token function">npm</span> i, <span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">add</span> 93common options: <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-P<span class="token operator">|</span>--save-prod<span class="token operator">|</span>-D<span class="token operator">|</span>--save-dev<span class="token operator">|</span>-O<span class="token operator">|</span>--save-optional<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-E<span class="token operator">|</span>--save-exact<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-B<span class="token operator">|</span>--save-bundle<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--no-save<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--dry-run<span class="token punctuation">]</span></code></pre></div> 94<h3 id="description" style="position:relative;"><a href="#description" aria-label="description permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Description</h3> 95<p>This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on. If the 96package has a package-lock or shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies 97will be driven by that, with an <code class="language-text">npm-shrinkwrap.json</code> taking precedence if both 98files exist. See <a href="../../configuring-npm/package-lock-json">package-lock.json</a> and <a href="../../cli-commands/npm-shrinkwrap"><code class="language-text">npm shrinkwrap</code></a>.</p> 99<p>A <code class="language-text">package</code> is:</p> 100<ul> 101<li>a) a folder containing a program described by a <a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json"><code class="language-text">package.json</code></a> file</li> 102<li>b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)</li> 103<li>c) a url that resolves to (b)</li> 104<li>d) a <code class="language-text"><name>@<version></code> that is published on the registry (see <a href="../../using-npm/registry"><code class="language-text">registry</code></a>) with (c)</li> 105<li>e) a <code class="language-text"><name>@<tag></code> (see <a href="../../cli-commands/npm-dist-tag"><code class="language-text">npm dist-tag</code></a>) that points to (d)</li> 106<li>f) a <code class="language-text"><name></code> that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)</li> 107<li>g) a <code class="language-text"><git remote url></code> that resolves to (a)</li> 108</ul> 109<p>Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of 110benefits of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and 111perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere 112after packing it up into a tarball (b).</p> 113<ul> 114<li> 115<p><code class="language-text">npm install</code> (in package directory, no arguments):</p> 116<p>Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder.</p> 117<p>In global mode (ie, with <code class="language-text">-g</code> or <code class="language-text">--global</code> appended to the command), 118it installs the current package context (ie, the current working 119directory) as a global package.</p> 120<p>By default, <code class="language-text">npm install</code> will install all modules listed as dependencies 121in <a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json"><code class="language-text">package.json</code></a>.</p> 122<p>With the <code class="language-text">--production</code> flag (or when the <code class="language-text">NODE_ENV</code> environment variable 123is set to <code class="language-text">production</code>), npm will not install modules listed in 124<code class="language-text">devDependencies</code>. To install all modules listed in both <code class="language-text">dependencies</code> 125and <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> when <code class="language-text">NODE_ENV</code> environment variable is set to <code class="language-text">production</code>, 126you can use <code class="language-text">--production=false</code>.</p> 127<blockquote> 128<p>NOTE: The <code class="language-text">--production</code> flag has no particular meaning when adding a 129dependency to a project.</p> 130</blockquote> 131</li> 132<li> 133<p><code class="language-text">npm install <folder></code>:</p> 134<p>Install the package in the directory as a symlink in the current project. 135Its dependencies will be installed before it's linked. If <code class="language-text"><folder></code> sits 136inside the root of your project, its dependencies may be hoisted to the 137toplevel <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> as they would for other types of dependencies.</p> 138</li> 139<li> 140<p><code class="language-text">npm install <tarball file></code>:</p> 141<p>Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem. Note: if you just want 142to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more easily by 143using <code class="language-text">npm link</code>.</p> 144<p>Tarball requirements:</p> 145<ul> 146<li>The filename <em>must</em> use <code class="language-text">.tar</code>, <code class="language-text">.tar.gz</code>, or <code class="language-text">.tgz</code> as 147the extension.</li> 148<li>The package contents should reside in a subfolder inside the tarball (usually it is called <code class="language-text">package/</code>). npm strips one directory layer when installing the package (an equivalent of <code class="language-text">tar x --strip-components=1</code> is run).</li> 149<li>The package must contain a <code class="language-text">package.json</code> file with <code class="language-text">name</code> and <code class="language-text">version</code> properties.</li> 150</ul> 151<p>Example:</p> 152<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text"> npm install ./package.tgz</code></pre></div> 153</li> 154<li> 155<p><code class="language-text">npm install <tarball url></code>:</p> 156<p>Fetch the tarball url, and then install it. In order to distinguish between 157this and other options, the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"</p> 158<p>Example:</p> 159<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text"> npm install https://github.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0.5.6</code></pre></div> 160</li> 161<li> 162<p><code class="language-text">npm install [<@scope>/]<name></code>:</p> 163<p>Do a <code class="language-text"><name>@<tag></code> install, where <code class="language-text"><tag></code> is the "tag" config. (See 164<a href="../../using-npm/config"><code class="language-text">config</code></a>. The config's default value is <code class="language-text">latest</code>.)</p> 165<p>In most cases, this will install the version of the modules tagged as 166<code class="language-text">latest</code> on the npm registry.</p> 167<p>Example:</p> 168<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text"> npm install sax</code></pre></div> 169</li> 170<li> 171<p><code class="language-text">npm install <alias>@npm:<name></code>:</p> 172<p>Install a package under a custom alias. Allows multiple versions of 173a same-name package side-by-side, more convenient import names for 174packages with otherwise long ones and using git forks replacements 175or forked npm packages as replacements. Aliasing works only on your 176project and does not rename packages in transitive dependencies. 177Aliases should follow the naming conventions stated in 178<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/validate-npm-package-name#naming-rules"><code class="language-text">validate-npm-package-name</code></a>.</p> 179<p>Examples:</p> 180<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text"> npm install my-react@npm:react 181 npm install jquery2@npm:jquery@2 182 npm install jquery3@npm:jquery@3 183 npm install npa@npm:npm-package-arg</code></pre></div> 184<p><code class="language-text">npm install</code> saves any specified packages into <code class="language-text">dependencies</code> by default. 185Additionally, you can control where and how they get saved with some 186additional flags:</p> 187<ul> 188<li><code class="language-text">-P, --save-prod</code>: Package will appear in your <code class="language-text">dependencies</code>. This is the 189default unless <code class="language-text">-D</code> or <code class="language-text">-O</code> are present.</li> 190<li><code class="language-text">-D, --save-dev</code>: Package will appear in your <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code>.</li> 191<li><code class="language-text">-O, --save-optional</code>: Package will appear in your <code class="language-text">optionalDependencies</code>.</li> 192<li><code class="language-text">--no-save</code>: Prevents saving to <code class="language-text">dependencies</code>.</li> 193</ul> 194<p>When using any of the above options to save dependencies to your 195package.json, there are two additional, optional flags:</p> 196<ul> 197<li><code class="language-text">-E, --save-exact</code>: Saved dependencies will be configured with an 198exact version rather than using npm's default semver range 199operator.</li> 200<li><code class="language-text">-B, --save-bundle</code>: Saved dependencies will also be added to your <code class="language-text">bundleDependencies</code> list.</li> 201</ul> 202<p>Further, if you have an <code class="language-text">npm-shrinkwrap.json</code> or <code class="language-text">package-lock.json</code> then it 203will be updated as well.</p> 204<p><code class="language-text"><scope></code> is optional. The package will be downloaded from the registry 205associated with the specified scope. If no registry is associated with 206the given scope the default registry is assumed. See <a href="../../using-npm/scope"><code class="language-text">scope</code></a>.</p> 207<p>Note: if you do not include the @-symbol on your scope name, npm will 208interpret this as a GitHub repository instead, see below. Scopes names 209must also be followed by a slash.</p> 210<p>Examples:</p> 211<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> sax 212<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> githubname/reponame 213<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> @myorg/privatepackage 214<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> node-tap --save-dev 215<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> dtrace-provider --save-optional 216<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> readable-stream --save-exact 217<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> ansi-regex --save-bundle</code></pre></div> 218<p><strong>Note</strong>: If there is a file or folder named <code class="language-text"><name></code> in the current 219working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to 220fetch the package by name if it is not valid.</p> 221</li> 222<li> 223<p><code class="language-text">npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag></code>:</p> 224<p>Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag. 225If the tag does not exist in the registry data for that package, then this 226will fail.</p> 227<p>Example:</p> 228<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> sax@latest 229<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> @myorg/mypackage@latest</code></pre></div> 230</li> 231<li> 232<p><code class="language-text">npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version></code>:</p> 233<p>Install the specified version of the package. This will fail if the 234version has not been published to the registry.</p> 235<p>Example:</p> 236<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> sax@0.1.1 237<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> @myorg/privatepackage@1.5.0</code></pre></div> 238</li> 239<li> 240<p><code class="language-text">npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range></code>:</p> 241<p>Install a version of the package matching the specified version range. This 242will follow the same rules for resolving dependencies described in <a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json"><code class="language-text">package.json</code></a>.</p> 243<p>Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell will 244treat it as a single argument.</p> 245<p>Example:</p> 246<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> sax@<span class="token string">">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"</span> 247<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> @myorg/privatepackage@<span class="token string">">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"</span></code></pre></div> 248</li> 249<li> 250<p><code class="language-text">npm install <git remote url></code>:</p> 251<p>Installs the package from the hosted git provider, cloning it with <code class="language-text">git</code>. 252For a full git remote url, only that URL will be attempted.</p> 253<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"> <span class="token operator"><</span>protocol<span class="token operator">></span>://<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator"><</span>user<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>:<span class="token operator"><</span>password<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>@<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator"><</span>hostname<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>:<span class="token operator"><</span>port<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>:<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>/<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator"><</span>path<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token comment">#<commit-ish> | #semver:<semver>]</span></code></pre></div> 254<p><code class="language-text"><protocol></code> is one of <code class="language-text">git</code>, <code class="language-text">git+ssh</code>, <code class="language-text">git+http</code>, <code class="language-text">git+https</code>, or 255<code class="language-text">git+file</code>.</p> 256<p>If <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that 257commit. If the commit-ish has the format <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code>, <code class="language-text"><semver></code> can 258be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags 259or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a 260registry dependency. If neither <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> or <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code> is 261specified, then the default branch of the repository is used.</p> 262<p>If the repository makes use of submodules, those submodules will be cloned 263as well.</p> 264<p>If the package being installed contains a <code class="language-text">prepare</code> script, its 265<code class="language-text">dependencies</code> and <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> will be installed, and the prepare 266script will be run, before the package is packaged and installed.</p> 267<p>The following git environment variables are recognized by npm and will be 268added to the environment when running git:</p> 269<ul> 270<li><code class="language-text">GIT_ASKPASS</code></li> 271<li><code class="language-text">GIT_EXEC_PATH</code></li> 272<li><code class="language-text">GIT_PROXY_COMMAND</code></li> 273<li><code class="language-text">GIT_SSH</code></li> 274<li><code class="language-text">GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code></li> 275<li><code class="language-text">GIT_SSL_CAINFO</code></li> 276<li><code class="language-text">GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code></li> 277</ul> 278<p>See the git man page for details.</p> 279<p>Examples:</p> 280<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli.git<span class="token comment">#v1.0.27</span> 281<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli<span class="token comment">#semver:^5.0</span> 282<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> git+https://isaacs@github.com/npm/cli.git 283<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> git://github.com/npm/cli.git<span class="token comment">#v1.0.27</span> 284<span class="token assign-left variable">GIT_SSH_COMMAND</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'ssh -i ~/.ssh/custom_ident'</span> <span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli.git</code></pre></div> 285</li> 286<li><code class="language-text">npm install <githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</li> 287<li> 288<p><code class="language-text">npm install github:<githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p> 289<p>Install the package at <code class="language-text">https://github.com/githubname/githubrepo</code> by 290attempting to clone it using <code class="language-text">git</code>.</p> 291<p>If <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that 292commit. If the commit-ish has the format <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code>, <code class="language-text"><semver></code> can 293be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags 294or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a 295registry dependency. If neither <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> or <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code> is 296specified, then <code class="language-text">master</code> is used.</p> 297<p>As with regular git dependencies, <code class="language-text">dependencies</code> and <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> will 298be installed if the package has a <code class="language-text">prepare</code> script, before the package is 299done installing.</p> 300<p>Examples:</p> 301<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> mygithubuser/myproject 302<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> github:mygithubuser/myproject</code></pre></div> 303</li> 304<li> 305<p><code class="language-text">npm install gist:[<githubname>/]<gistID>[#<commit-ish>|#semver:<semver>]</code>:</p> 306<p>Install the package at <code class="language-text">https://gist.github.com/gistID</code> by attempting to 307clone it using <code class="language-text">git</code>. The GitHub username associated with the gist is 308optional and will not be saved in <code class="language-text">package.json</code>.</p> 309<p>As with regular git dependencies, <code class="language-text">dependencies</code> and <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> will 310be installed if the package has a <code class="language-text">prepare</code> script, before the package is 311done installing.</p> 312<p>Example:</p> 313<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> gist:101a11beef</code></pre></div> 314</li> 315<li> 316<p><code class="language-text">npm install bitbucket:<bitbucketname>/<bitbucketrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p> 317<p>Install the package at <code class="language-text">https://bitbucket.org/bitbucketname/bitbucketrepo</code> 318by attempting to clone it using <code class="language-text">git</code>.</p> 319<p>If <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that 320commit. If the commit-ish has the format <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code>, <code class="language-text"><semver></code> can 321be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags 322or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a 323registry dependency. If neither <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> or <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code> is 324specified, then <code class="language-text">master</code> is used.</p> 325<p>As with regular git dependencies, <code class="language-text">dependencies</code> and <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> will 326be installed if the package has a <code class="language-text">prepare</code> script, before the package is 327done installing.</p> 328<p>Example:</p> 329<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> bitbucket:mybitbucketuser/myproject</code></pre></div> 330</li> 331<li> 332<p><code class="language-text">npm install gitlab:<gitlabname>/<gitlabrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p> 333<p>Install the package at <code class="language-text">https://gitlab.com/gitlabname/gitlabrepo</code> 334by attempting to clone it using <code class="language-text">git</code>.</p> 335<p>If <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that 336commit. If the commit-ish has the format <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code>, <code class="language-text"><semver></code> can 337be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags 338or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a 339registry dependency. If neither <code class="language-text">#<commit-ish></code> or <code class="language-text">#semver:<semver></code> is 340specified, then <code class="language-text">master</code> is used.</p> 341<p>As with regular git dependencies, <code class="language-text">dependencies</code> and <code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> will 342be installed if the package has a <code class="language-text">prepare</code> script, before the package is 343done installing.</p> 344<p>Example:</p> 345<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> gitlab:mygitlabuser/myproject 346<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> gitlab:myusr/myproj<span class="token comment">#semver:^5.0</span></code></pre></div> 347</li> 348</ul> 349<p>You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments. 350For example:</p> 351<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> sax@<span class="token string">">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"</span> bench supervisor</code></pre></div> 352<p>The <code class="language-text">--tag</code> argument will apply to all of the specified install targets. If a 353tag with the given name exists, the tagged version is preferred over newer 354versions.</p> 355<p>The <code class="language-text">--dry-run</code> argument will report in the usual way what the install would 356have done without actually installing anything.</p> 357<p>The <code class="language-text">--package-lock-only</code> argument will only update the <code class="language-text">package-lock.json</code>, 358instead of checking <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> and downloading dependencies.</p> 359<p>The <code class="language-text">-f</code> or <code class="language-text">--force</code> argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a 360local copy exists on disk.</p> 361<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> sax --force</code></pre></div> 362<p>The <code class="language-text">--no-fund</code> argument will hide the message displayed at the end of each 363install that acknowledges the number of dependencies looking for funding. 364See <code class="language-text">npm-fund(1)</code></p> 365<p>The <code class="language-text">-g</code> or <code class="language-text">--global</code> argument will cause npm to install the package globally 366rather than locally. See <a href="../../configuring-npm/folders">folders</a>.</p> 367<p>The <code class="language-text">--global-style</code> argument will cause npm to install the package into 368your local <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder with the same layout it uses with the 369global <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder. Only your direct dependencies will show in 370<code class="language-text">node_modules</code> and everything they depend on will be flattened in their 371<code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folders. This obviously will eliminate some deduping.</p> 372<p>The <code class="language-text">--ignore-scripts</code> argument will cause npm to not execute any 373scripts defined in the package.json. See <a href="../../using-npm/scripts"><code class="language-text">scripts</code></a>.</p> 374<p>The <code class="language-text">--legacy-bundling</code> argument will cause npm to install the package such 375that versions of npm prior to 1.4, such as the one included with node 0.8, 376can install the package. This eliminates all automatic deduping.</p> 377<p>The <code class="language-text">--link</code> argument will cause npm to link global installs into the 378local space in some cases.</p> 379<p>The <code class="language-text">--no-bin-links</code> argument will prevent npm from creating symlinks for 380any binaries the package might contain.</p> 381<p>The <code class="language-text">--no-optional</code> argument will prevent optional dependencies from 382being installed.</p> 383<p>The <code class="language-text">--no-shrinkwrap</code> argument, which will ignore an available 384package lock or shrinkwrap file and use the package.json instead.</p> 385<p>The <code class="language-text">--no-package-lock</code> argument will prevent npm from creating a 386<code class="language-text">package-lock.json</code> file. When running with package-lock's disabled npm 387will not automatically prune your node modules when installing.</p> 388<p>The <code class="language-text">--nodedir=/path/to/node/source</code> argument will allow npm to find the 389node source code so that npm can compile native modules.</p> 390<p>The <code class="language-text">--only={prod[uction]|dev[elopment]}</code> argument will cause either only 391<code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> or only non-<code class="language-text">devDependencies</code> to be installed regardless of the <code class="language-text">NODE_ENV</code>.</p> 392<p>The <code class="language-text">--no-audit</code> argument can be used to disable sending of audit reports to 393the configured registries. See <a href="npm-audit"><code class="language-text">npm-audit</code></a> for details on what is sent.</p> 394<p>See <a href="../../using-npm/config"><code class="language-text">config</code></a>. Many of the configuration params have some 395effect on installation, since that's most of what npm does.</p> 396<h4 id="algorithm" style="position:relative;"><a href="#algorithm" aria-label="algorithm permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Algorithm</h4> 397<p>To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:</p> 398<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">load the existing node_modules tree from disk 399clone the tree 400fetch the package.json and assorted metadata and <span class="token function">add</span> it to the clone 401walk the clone and <span class="token function">add</span> any missing dependencies 402 dependencies will be added as close to the <span class="token function">top</span> as is possible 403 without breaking any other modules 404compare the original tree with the cloned tree and <span class="token function">make</span> a list of 405actions to take to convert one to the other 406execute all of the actions, deepest first 407 kinds of actions are install, update, remove and move</code></pre></div> 408<p>For this <code class="language-text">package{dep}</code> structure: <code class="language-text">A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}</code>, 409this algorithm produces:</p> 410<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">A 411+-- B 412+-- C 413+-- D</code></pre></div> 414<p>That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A 415already caused C to be installed at a higher level. D is still installed 416at the top level because nothing conflicts with it.</p> 417<p>For <code class="language-text">A{B,C}, B{C,D@1}, C{D@2}</code>, this algorithm produces:</p> 418<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">A 419+-- B 420+-- C 421 `-- D@2 422+-- D@1</code></pre></div> 423<p>Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top level, C now has to install D@2 424privately for itself. This algorithm is deterministic, but different trees may 425be produced if two dependencies are requested for installation in a different 426order.</p> 427<p>See <a href="../../configuring-npm/folders">folders</a> for a more detailed description of the specific folder structures that npm creates.</p> 428<h3 id="limitations-of-npms-install-algorithm" style="position:relative;"><a href="#limitations-of-npms-install-algorithm" aria-label="limitations of npms install algorithm permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Limitations of npm's Install Algorithm</h3> 429<p>npm will refuse to install any package with an identical name to the 430current package. This can be overridden with the <code class="language-text">--force</code> flag, but in 431most cases can simply be addressed by changing the local package name.</p> 432<p>There are some very rare and pathological edge-cases where a cycle can 433cause npm to try to install a never-ending tree of packages. Here is 434the simplest case:</p> 435<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">A -<span class="token operator">></span> B -<span class="token operator">></span> A<span class="token string">' -> B'</span> -<span class="token operator">></span> A -<span class="token operator">></span> B -<span class="token operator">></span> A<span class="token string">' -> B'</span> -<span class="token operator">></span> A -<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.</code></pre></div> 436<p>where <code class="language-text">A</code> is some version of a package, and <code class="language-text">A'</code> is a different version 437of the same package. Because <code class="language-text">B</code> depends on a different version of <code class="language-text">A</code> 438than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate 439copy. The same is true of <code class="language-text">A'</code>, which must install <code class="language-text">B'</code>. Because <code class="language-text">B'</code> 440depends on the original version of <code class="language-text">A</code>, which has been overridden, the 441cycle falls into infinite regress.</p> 442<p>To avoid this situation, npm flat-out refuses to install any 443<code class="language-text">name@version</code> that is already present anywhere in the tree of package 444folder ancestors. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be 445to symlink the existing version into the new location. If this ever 446affects a real use-case, it will be investigated.</p> 447<h3 id="see-also" style="position:relative;"><a href="#see-also" aria-label="see also permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>See Also</h3> 448<ul> 449<li><a href="../../configuring-npm/folders">npm folders</a></li> 450<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-update">npm update</a></li> 451<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-audit">npm audit</a></li> 452<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-fund">npm fund</a></li> 453<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-link">npm link</a></li> 454<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-rebuild">npm rebuild</a></li> 455<li><a href="../../using-npm/scripts">npm scripts</a></li> 456<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-build">npm build</a></li> 457<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-config">npm config</a></li> 458<li><a href="../../configuring-npm/npmrc">npmrc</a></li> 459<li><a href="../../using-npm/registry">npm registry</a></li> 460<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-dist-tag">npm dist-tag</a></li> 461<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-uninstall">npm uninstall</a></li> 462<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-shrinkwrap">npm shrinkwrap</a></li> 463<li><a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json">package.json</a></li> 464</ul></div><div class="FoundTypo__Container-sc-1e373sc-0 fMOzaj"><p><span role="img" aria-label="eyes-emoji">��</span> Found a typo? <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/">Let us know!</a></p><p>The current stable version of npm is <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/">here</a>. To upgrade, run: <code class="language-text">npm install npm@latest -g</code></p><p>To report bugs or submit feature requests for the docs, please post <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/issues">here</a>. Submit npm issues <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/issues">here.</a></p></div><script> 465 var anchors = document.querySelectorAll(".sidebar a, .documentation a") 466 Array.prototype.slice.call(anchors).map(function(el) { 467 if (el.href.match(/file:\/\//)) { 468 el.href = el.href + "/index.html" 469 } 470 }) 471 </script></div></div></div></div></div><script id="gatsby-script-loader">/*<![CDATA[*/window.pagePath="/cli-commands/npm-install";/*]]>*/</script><script id="gatsby-chunk-mapping">/*<![CDATA[*/window.___chunkMapping={"app":["/app-f19f1d7f30af98d21899.js"],"component---src-templates-page-js":["/component---src-templates-page-js-4e7e861bc681ee3dfaa8.js"],"component---src-pages-404-js":["/component---src-pages-404-js-6c8c4e2e908a7101a231.js"],"component---src-pages-index-js":["/component---src-pages-index-js-6b93f80c513be8d7330c.js"]};/*]]>*/</script><script src="../../component---src-templates-page-js-4e7e861bc681ee3dfaa8.js" async=""></script><script src="../../app-f19f1d7f30af98d21899.js" async=""></script><script src="../../commons-4df35f6dbd2fdc25d817.js" async=""></script><script src="../../styles-de5e304580bcba768a01.js" async=""></script><script src="../../webpack-runtime-e00205099b1bddfaee91.js" async=""></script></body></html>
