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It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN’s <a href="/about/accelerators">accelerator complex</a>. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way.</p> 144 145<p>Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at <a href="/about/engineering/vacuum-empty-interplanetary-space">ultrahigh vacuum</a>. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by <a href="/about/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">superconducting electromagnets</a>. The electromagnets are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to ‑271.3°C – <a href="/about/engineering/cryogenics-low-temperatures-high-performance">a temperature colder than outer space</a>. For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.</p> 146 147<figure><img alt="" src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/lhc_long_1.jpg" /><figcaption>The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator (Image: CERN)</figcaption></figure> 148 149<p>Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets 15 metres in length which bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 5–7 metres long, which focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to "squeeze" the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two needles 10 kilometres apart with such precision that they meet halfway.</p> 150 151<p>All the controls for the accelerator, its services and technical infrastructure are housed under one roof at the CERN Control Centre. From here, the beams inside the LHC are made to collide at four locations around the accelerator ring, corresponding to the positions of four <a href="/about/how-detector-works">particle detectors</a> – <a href="/about/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/about/experiments/cms">CMS</a>, <a href="/about/experiments/alice">ALICE</a> and <a href="/about/experiments/lhcb">LHCb.</a></p> 152 153 154<p></p> 155 156 157<p></p> 158 159 160<section class="blurb"> 161<p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1165534/files/CERN-Brochure-2009-003-Eng.pdf"><img alt="Technicians get around the tunnel on bicycles" src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/tunnel-transport.jpg" /></a></p> 162<h1><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1165534/files/CERN-Brochure-2009-003-Eng.pdf">Facts and Figures [PDF]</a></h1> 163<p>How many kilometres of cables are there on the LHC? How lowis the pressure in the beam pipe? Discover facts and figures about the in the handy LHC guide</p> 164<h3><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1165534/files/CERN-Brochure-2009-003-Eng.pdf">Download the LHC guide [PDF]</a></h3> 165</section> 166 167<section class="blurb"> 168<p><a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc"><img alt="CERN firefighters during their daily safety training" event"="" src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/fire_safety.jpg" /></a></p> 169<h1><a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc">Safety of the LHC</a></h1> 170<p>CERN takes safety very seriously. Thisreport by the LHC Safety Assessment Group (LSAG) confirms that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern</p> 171<h3><a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc">Read about the safety of the LHC</a></h3> 172</section> 173 </div> 174 175 <em> 176 </em> 177 178 <!-- 179 180 <p class="submitted meta"> 181 </p> 182 183 184 --> 185 186 187 188 189 190 191<!-- /node.tpl from cern_public ends --> 192<div id="block-views-topics-block-1" class="block block-views"> 193 194 <h2>Featured updates on this topic</h2> 195 196 <div class="view view-topics view-id-topics view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-af80a1ffaab63120de0d2c155687f60b"> 197 198 199 200 <div class="view-content"> 201 <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> 202 203 <a href="/about/updates/2014/02/pictures-access-last-lhc-splice"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://home.web.cern.ch/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/styles/400/public/image/update-for_the_public/2014/02/smacc_finish_line.jpg?itok=JG-kbObj" width="400" height="267" alt="" /></a> 204 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/02/pictures-access-last-lhc-splice">In pictures: Access to the last LHC splice</a></h3> </div> 205 <p><span class="meta date">11 Feb 2014 –</span> A team composed of CERN staff, industrial support and mechanics from Pakistan have given access to the last LHC splice for inspection</p> </div> 206 <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even views-row-last"> 207 208 209 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2013/11/x-ray-tests-night-collider">X-ray tests: Night at the collider</a></h3> </div> 210 <p><span class="meta date">25 Nov 2013 –</span> When night falls over CERN, a team of X-ray experts go underground to perform tests on the Large Hadron Collider</p> </div> 211 </div> 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219</div> 220</div> 221<div id="block-views-topics-block-3" class="block block-views"> 222 223 <h2>Updates</h2> 224 225 <div class="view view-topics view-id-topics view-display-id-block_3 topics-all-updates view-dom-id-44a0a80e9d3cdb609b378c40d12ebc4a"> 226 227 228 229 <div class="view-content"> 230 <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> 231 232 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/08/technical-troubleshooting-cern-control-centre">Technical troubleshooting at the CERN Control Centre</a></h3> </div> 233 <p><span class="meta date">4 Aug 2014 –</span> A team is on call 24 hours a day to monitor technical systems and quickly respond to alerts across CERN's accelerator complex</p> </div> 234 <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> 235 236 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/cosmic-rays-tune-atlas-particle-symphony">Cosmic rays tune ATLAS for a particle symphony</a></h3> </div> 237 <p><span class="meta date">27 Jun 2014 –</span> In preparation for the LHC's next run, physicists are calibrating the ATLAS experiment - with high-energy rays from outer space</p> </div> 238 <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> 239 240 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/cern-announces-lhc-restart-schedule">CERN announces LHC restart schedule</a></h3> </div> 241 <p><span class="meta date">23 Jun 2014 –</span> Cool down of the Large Hadron Collider has already begun in preparation for research to resume early in 2015</p> </div> 242 <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> 243 244 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/cern-experiments-report-new-higgs-boson-measurements">CERN experiments report new Higgs boson measurements</a></h3> </div> 245 <p><span class="meta date">23 Jun 2014 –</span> Results reported by ATLAS and CMS discuss the decay of Higgs bosons directly to fermions, the particles that make up matter</p> </div> 246 <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd"> 247 248 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/06/how-universal-lepton-universality">How universal is (lepton) universality?</a></h3> </div> 249 <p><span class="meta date">3 Jun 2014 –</span> New results from LHCb suggest that B+mesons decay to muons about 25% less often than they decay to electrons</p> </div> 250 <div class="views-row views-row-6 views-row-even"> 251 252 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/05/tour-continues-large-hadron-collider">The tour continues for the Large Hadron Collider</a></h3> </div> 253 <p><span class="meta date">23 May 2014 –</span> Today the Collider exhibition, which began life at London’s Science Museum, launches in Manchester, UK, ahead of an international tour</p> </div> 254 <div class="views-row views-row-7 views-row-odd"> 255 256 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/05/lhc-consolidations-27000-shunts-now-place">LHC consolidations: 27,000 shunts now in place</a></h3> </div> 257 <p><span class="meta date">5 May 2014 –</span> Some 27,000 electrical shunts have been added to connections between magnets on the LHC</p> </div> 258 <div class="views-row views-row-8 views-row-even"> 259 260 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/04/tracking-particles-faster-lhc">Tracking particles faster at the LHC</a></h3> </div> 261 <p><span class="meta date">22 Apr 2014 –</span> A new trigger system will expand what ATLAS scientists can look for during high-energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider</p> </div> 262 <div class="views-row views-row-9 views-row-odd"> 263 264 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2014/03/microelectronics-cern-infancy-maturity">Microelectronics at CERN: from infancy to maturity</a></h3> </div> 265 <p><span class="meta date">4 Mar 2014 –</span> The start of the LAA project in 1986 propelled electronics at CERN into the era of microelectronics</p> </div> 266 <div class="views-row views-row-10 views-row-even views-row-last"> 267 268 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <h3 class="field-content"><a href="/about/updates/2013/12/highlights-cern-2013">Highlights from CERN in 2013</a></h3> </div> 269 <p><span class="meta date">19 Dec 2013 –</span> Higgs boson decays, a Nobel prize for Higgs and Englert and a huge Open Days event were among the big stories at CERN this year</p> </div> 270 </div> 271 272 273 274 275<div class="more-link"> 276 <a href="/about/updates/tagged/LHC"> 277 more </a> 278</div> 279 280 281 282 283 284</div> 285</div> 286 287 <!-- Only print content-meta if it has content to display --> 288 289 </div><!-- /.highwonder-content-on-white --> 290 </div><!-- /.highwonder-content-background --> 291 292 293 </article> 294 295 </div><!-- /#content --> 296 297 <aside class="region region-sidebar" id="sidebar"> 298 <section id="block-views-topics-block-4" class="block block-views"> 299 300 <h2>Learn about this topic</h2> 301 302 <div class="view view-topics view-id-topics view-display-id-block_4 view-dom-id-cc85b914901e0c5c1a092871b7d9b698"> 303 304 305 306 <div class="view-content"> 307 <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> 308 309 <div> <a href="/about/engineering/cryogenics-low-temperatures-high-performance">Cryogenics: Low temperatures, high performance </a> </div> </div> 310 <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> 311 312 <div> <a href="/about/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">Pulling together: Superconducting electromagnets</a> </div> </div> 313 <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> 314 315 <div> <a href="/about/engineering/powering-cern">Powering CERN</a> </div> </div> 316 <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> 317 318 <div> <a href="/about/engineering/vacuum-empty-interplanetary-space">A vacuum as empty as interplanetary space</a> </div> </div> 319 <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last"> 320 321 <div> <a href="/about/engineering/radiofrequency-cavities">Radiofrequency cavities</a> </div> </div> 322 </div> 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330</div> 331</section> 332<section id="block-views-topics-block-5" class="block block-views"> 333 334 <h2>Images</h2> 335 336 <div class="view view-topics view-id-topics view-display-id-block_5 view-dom-id-c032217a00224204b1433b2fef1fce01"> 337 338 339 340 <div class="view-content"> 341 <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> 342 343 <a href="/images/2014/06/safety-training"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://home.web.cern.ch/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/featured/2014/06/170619_safety_training.jpg" width="1440" height="958" alt="" /></a> </div> 344 <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> 345 346 <a href="/images/2014/03/brazing-past-finish-line"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://home.web.cern.ch/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/featured/2014/03/resoldering.jpg" width="1440" height="958" alt="CERN engineers and technicians in hard hats pose for a photo in the LHC tunnel. The blue tube of the accelerator is on the right" title="CERN engineers and technicians in the LHC tunnel" /></a> </div> 347 <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd views-row-last"> 348 349 <a href="/images/2014/02/nice-splice"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://home.web.cern.ch/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/featured/2014/02/splice.jpg" width="2000" height="1333" alt="" /></a> </div> 350 </div> 351 352 353 354 355<div class="more-link"> 356 <a href="/images/tagged/LHC"> 357 more </a> 358</div> 359 360 361 362 363 364</div> 365</section> 366<section id="block-views-topics-block-6" class="block block-views"> 367 368 <h2>Opinions on this Topic</h2> 369 370 <div class="view view-topics view-id-topics view-display-id-block_6 view-dom-id-8211917e4225b944b66bb832a4d4ba9b"> 371 372 373 374 <div class="view-content"> 375 <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> 376 377 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/cern-people/opinion/2014/07/strength-worldwide-collaboration">The strength of worldwide collaboration</a></span> </div> 378 <div> <p class="meta"><span>Peter Jenni</span>, <span class="date">30 Jul 2014</span></p> </div> </div> 379 <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> 380 381 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/cern-people/opinion/2013/11/towards-next-chapter">Towards the next chapter</a></span> </div> 382 <div> <p class="meta"><span>Rolf Heuer</span>, <span class="date">25 Nov 2013</span></p> </div> </div> 383 <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd views-row-last"> 384 385 <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/cern-people/opinion/2013/06/ls1-safety-quality-schedule">LS1: "Safety, quality, schedule"</a></span> </div> 386 <div> <p class="meta"><span>Rolf Heuer</span>, <span class="date">28 Jun 2013</span></p> </div> </div> 387 </div> 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395</div> 396</section> 397<section id="block-views-accelerators-block" class="block block-views block-links"> 398 399 <h2>Accelerators</h2> 400 401 <div class="view view-accelerators view-id-accelerators view-display-id-block view-dom-id-81ea82cc06d758edd3712684cde9ecec"> 402 403 404 405 <div class="view-content"> 406 <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> 407 <a href="/about/accelerators/antiproton-decelerator">The Antiproton Decelerator</a> </li> 408 <li class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> 409 <a href="/about/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">The Large Hadron Collider</a> </li> 410 <li class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> 411 <a href="/about/accelerators/proton-synchrotron">The Proton Synchrotron</a> </li> 412 <li class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> 413 <a href="/about/accelerators/super-proton-synchrotron">The Super Proton Synchrotron</a> </li> 414 <li class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last"> 415 <a href="/about/accelerators/cern-neutrinos-gran-sasso">CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso</a> </li> 416 </ul></div> </div> 417 418 419 420 421<div class="more-link"> 422 <a href="/about/accelerators-topics"> 423 more </a> 424</div> 425 426 427 428 429 430</div> 431</section> 432<section id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"> 433 434 435 <form class="search-form" action="/topics/large-hadron-collider" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> 436 <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> 437 <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> 438 <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search this site </label> 439 <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="custom-search-box form-text" placeholder="" onblur="if (this.value == "") {this.value = "Search this site";}" onfocus="if (this.value == "Search this site") {this.value = "";}" 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