ptr_container/doc/reference.html

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<body>
<div class="document" id="boost-pointer-container-library">
<h1 class="title"><img alt="Boost" src="boost.png" /> Pointer Container Library</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle" id="reference">Reference</h2>
<p>The documentation is divided into an explanation for
each container. When containers have the same interface, that common interface is explained only once,
but links are always provided to more relevant information.
Please make sure you understand
the <a class="reference" href="reference.html#the-Clonable-concept">Clonable</a> concept and
the <a class="reference" href="reference.html#the-clone-allocator-concept">Clone Allocator</a> concept.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="conventions.html">Conventions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-clonable-concept">The Clonable concept</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-clone-allocator-concept">The Clone Allocator concept</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a>:<ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="reversible_ptr_container.html">reversible_ptr_container</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_sequence_adapter.html">ptr_sequence_adapter</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_vector.html">ptr_vector</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_list.html">ptr_list</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_deque.html">ptr_deque</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_array.html">ptr_array</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="associative_ptr_container.html">associative_ptr_container</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_set_adapter.html">ptr_set_adapter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multiset_adapter.html">ptr_multiset_adapter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_map_adapter.html">ptr_map_adapter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multimap_adapter.html">ptr_multi_map_adapter</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_set.html">ptr_set</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multiset.html">ptr_multi_set</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_map.html">ptr_map</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multimap.html">ptr_multimap</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#serialization">Serialization</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="indirect_fun.html">Indirected functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_inserter.html">Insert iterators</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#class-nullable">Class nullable</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#exception-classes">Exception classes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#disabling-the-use-of-exceptions">Disabling the use of exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- - Class `reversible_ptr_container <reversible_ptr_container.html>`_
- Class `associative_ptr_container <associative_ptr_container.html>`_
- `Pointer container adapters`_

  - `ptr_sequence_adapter <ptr_sequence_adapter.html>`_
  - `ptr_set_adapter <ptr_set_adapter.html>`_
  - `ptr_multiset_adapter <ptr_multiset_adapter.html>`_
  - `ptr_map_adapter <ptr_map_adapter.html>`_
  - `ptr_multimap_adapter <ptr_multimap_adapter.html>`_
- `Sequence containers`_

  - `ptr_vector <ptr_vector.html>`_
  - `ptr_deque <ptr_deque.html>`_
  - `ptr_list <ptr_list.html>`_
  - `ptr_array <ptr_array.html>`_
- `Associative containers`_

  - `ptr_set <ptr_set.html>`_
  - `ptr_multiset <ptr_multiset.html>`_
  - `ptr_map <ptr_map.html>`_
  - `ptr_multimap <ptr_multimap.html>`_ -->
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="the-clonable-concept" name="the-clonable-concept">The Clonable concept</a></h1>
<p><strong>Refinement of</strong></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Heap Allocable</li>
<li>Heap Deallocable</li>
</ul>
<p>The Clonable concept is introduced to formalize the requirements for
copying heap-allocated objects.  A type <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></tt> might be Clonable even though it
is not Assignable or Copy Constructible.  Notice that many operations on
the containers do not even require the stored type to be Clonable.</p>
<p><strong>Notation</strong></p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="21%" />
<col width="41%" />
<col width="18%" />
<col width="20%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td><strong>Object</strong> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const</span></tt> or non-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const</span></tt>)</td>
<td><strong>Pointer</strong></td>
<td><strong>Describes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr</span></tt></td>
<td>A Clonable type</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Valid expressions</strong></p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="19%" />
<col width="14%" />
<col width="46%" />
<col width="20%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><strong>Expression</strong></td>
<td><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td><strong>Semantics</strong></td>
<td><strong>Postcondition</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_clone(a);</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T*</span></tt></td>
<td>Allocate a new object that can be considered equivalent to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt> object</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typeid(*new_clone(a))</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">typeid(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_clone(ptr);</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">void</span></tt></td>
<td>Deallocate an object previously allocated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">allocate_clone()</span></tt>. Must not throw</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="section">
<h2><a id="default-implementation" name="default-implementation">Default implementation</a></h2>
<p>In the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;boost/ptr_container/clone_allocator.hpp&gt;</span></tt> header a default implementation
of the two functions is given:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
namespace boost
{
    template&lt; class T &gt;
    inline T* new_clone( const T&amp; t )
    {
        return new T( t );
    }

    template&lt; class T &gt;
    void delete_clone( const T* t )
    {
        checked_delete( t );
    }
}
</pre>
<p>Notice that this implementation  makes normal Copy Constructible classes automatically
Clonable unless <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span> <span class="pre">new()</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span> <span class="pre">delete()</span></tt> are hidden.</p>
<p>The two functions represent a layer of indirection which is necessary to support
classes that are not Copy Constructible by default.  Notice that the implementation
relies on argument-dependent lookup (ADL) to find the right version of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_clone()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_clone()</span></tt>. This means that one does not need to overload or specialize
the function in the boost namespace, but it can be placed together with
the rest of the interface of the class.  If you are implementing a class
inline in headers, remember to forward declare the functions.</p>
<p><strong>Warning: We are considering the removal of default implementation above. Therefore always make sure that you overload the functions for your types and do not rely on the defaults in any way.</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="the-clone-allocator-concept" name="the-clone-allocator-concept">The Clone Allocator concept</a></h1>
<p>The Clone Allocator concept is introduced to formalize the way
pointer containers control memory of
the stored objects (and not the pointers to the stored objects).
The clone allocator allows
users to apply custom allocators/deallocators for the cloned objects.</p>
<p>More information can be found below:</p>
<div class="contents local topic">
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="#clone-allocator-requirements" id="id19" name="id19">Clone Allocator requirements</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#class-heap-clone-allocator" id="id20" name="id20">Class <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heap_clone_allocator</span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#class-view-clone-allocator" id="id21" name="id21">Class <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view_clone_allocator</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19" id="clone-allocator-requirements" name="clone-allocator-requirements">Clone Allocator requirements</a></h2>
<p><strong>Notation</strong></p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="18%" />
<col width="39%" />
<col width="43%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td><strong>Object</strong> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const</span></tt> or non-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const</span></tt>)</td>
<td><strong>Describes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td>A type</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T*</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr</span></tt></td>
<td>A pointer to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></tt></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Valid expressions</strong></p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="23%" />
<col width="7%" />
<col width="39%" />
<col width="31%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><strong>Expression</strong></td>
<td><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td><strong>Semantics</strong></td>
<td><strong>Postcondition</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CloneAllocator::allocate_clone(a);</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T*</span></tt></td>
<td>Allocate a new object that can be considered equivalent to the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt> object</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typeid(*CloneAllocator::allocate_clone(a))</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">typeid(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CloneAllocator::deallocate_clone(ptr);</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">void</span></tt></td>
<td>Deallocate an object previously allocated with
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CloneAllocator::allocate_clone()</span></tt> or a compatible allocator.
Must not throw.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The library comes with two predefined clone allocators.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20" id="class-heap-clone-allocator" name="class-heap-clone-allocator">Class <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">heap_clone_allocator</span></tt></a></h2>
<p>This is the default clone allocator used by all pointer containers. For most
purposes you will never have to change this default.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>
<pre class="literal-block">
namespace boost
{
    struct heap_clone_allocator
    {
        template&lt; class U &gt;
        static U* allocate_clone( const U&amp; r )
        {
            return new_clone( r );
        }

        template&lt; class U &gt;
        static void deallocate_clone( const U* r )
        {
            delete_clone( r );
        }
    };
}
</pre>
<p>Notice that the above definition allows you to support custom allocation
schemes by relying on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_clone()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_clone()</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21" id="class-view-clone-allocator" name="class-view-clone-allocator">Class <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">view_clone_allocator</span></tt></a></h2>
<p>This class provides a way to remove ownership properties of the
pointer containers. As its name implies, this means that you can
instead use the pointer containers as a view into an existing
container.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>
<pre class="literal-block">
namespace boost
{
    struct view_clone_allocator
    {
        template&lt; class U &gt;
        static U* allocate_clone( const U&amp; r )
        {
            return const_cast&lt;U*&gt;(&amp;r);
        }

        template&lt; class U &gt;
        static void deallocate_clone( const U* )
        {
            // empty
        }
    };
}
</pre>
<!-- **See also**

- `Changing the clone allocator <examples.html#changing-the-clone-allocator>`_ -->
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="class-hierarchy" name="class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a></h1>
<p>The library consists of the following types of classes:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Pointer container adapters</li>
</ol>
<!--  -->
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li>Pointer containers</li>
</ol>
<p>The pointer container adapters are used when you
want to make a pointer container starting from
your own &quot;normal&quot; container. For example, you
might have a map class that extends <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::map</span></tt>
in some way; the adapter class then allows you
to use your map class as a basis for a new
pointer container.</p>
<p>The library provides an adapter for each type
of standard container highlighted as links below:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reversible_ptr_container</span></tt><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_sequence_adapter.html">ptr_sequence_adapter</a><ul>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_vector</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_list</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_deque</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_array</span></tt></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">associative_ptr_container</span></tt><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_set_adapter.html">ptr_set_adapter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multiset_adapter.html">ptr_multiset_adapter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_map_adapter.html">ptr_map_adapter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multimap_adapter.html">ptr_multi_map_adapter</a><ul>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_set</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_multi_set</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_map</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_multimap</span></tt></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The pointer containers of this library are all built using
the adapters. There is a pointer container
for each type of &quot;normal&quot; standard container highlighted as links below.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reversible_ptr_container</span></tt><ul>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_sequence_adapter</span></tt><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_vector.html">ptr_vector</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_list.html">ptr_list</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_deque.html">ptr_deque</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_array.html">ptr_array</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">associative_ptr_container</span></tt><ul>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_set_adapter</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_multiset_adapter</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_map_adapter</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_multi_map_adapter</span></tt><ul>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_set.html">ptr_set</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multiset.html">ptr_multi_set</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_map.html">ptr_map</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="ptr_multimap.html">ptr_multimap</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="serialization" name="serialization">Serialization</a></h1>
<p>As of version 1.34.0 of Boost, the library supports
serialization via <a class="reference" href="../../serialization/index.html">Boost.Serialization</a>.</p>
<p>Of course, for serialization to work it is required
that the stored type itself is serializable. For maps, both
the key type and the mapped type must be serializable.</p>
<p>When dealing with serialization (and serialization of polymophic objects in particular),
pay special attention to these parts of Boost.Serialization:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Output/saving requires a const-reference:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
//
// serialization helper: we can't save a non-const object
//
template&lt; class T &gt;
inline T const&amp; as_const( T const&amp; r )
{
    return r;
}
...
Container cont;

std::ofstream ofs(&quot;filename&quot;);
boost::archive::text_oarchive oa(ofs);
oa &lt;&lt; as_const(cont);
</pre>
<p>See <a class="reference" href="../../serialization/doc/rationale.html#trap">Compile time trap when saving a non-const value</a> for
details.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<ol class="arabic" start="2">
<li><p class="first">Derived classes need to call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_object()</span></tt> function:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
struct Derived : Base
{
    template&lt; class Archive &gt;
    void serialize( Archive&amp; ar, const unsigned int version )
    {
        ar &amp; boost::serialization::base_object&lt;Base&gt;( *this );
        ...
    }
};
</pre>
<p>For details, see <a class="reference" href="../../serialization/doc/tutorial.html#derivedclasses">Derived Classes</a>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<ol class="arabic" start="3">
<li><p class="first">You need to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_CLASS_EXPORT</span></tt> to register the
derived classes in your class hierarchy:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
BOOST_CLASS_EXPORT( Derived )
</pre>
<p>See <a class="reference" href="../../serialization/doc/traits.html#export">Export Key</a> and <a class="reference" href="../../serialization/doc/special.html">Object Tracking</a>
for details.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Remember these three issues and it might save you some trouble.</p>
<!-- Map iterator operations
+++++++++++++++++++++++

The map iterators are a bit different compared to the normal ones.  The
reason is that it is a bit clumsy to access the key and the mapped object
through i->first and i->second, and one tends to forget what is what.
Moreover, and more importantly, we also want to hide the pointer as much as possibble.
The new style can be illustrated with a small example::

    typedef ptr_map<string,int> map_t;
    map_t  m;
    m[ "foo" ] = 4; // insert pair
    m[ "bar" ] = 5; // ditto
    ...
    for( map_t::iterator i = m.begin(); i != m.end(); ++i )
    {
             *i += 42; // add 42 to each value
             cout << "value=" << *i << ", key=" << i.key() << "n";
    }

So the difference from the normal map iterator is that

- ``operator*()`` returns a reference to the mapped object (normally it returns a reference to a ``std::pair``, and
- that the key can be accessed through the ``key()`` function.  -->
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="class-nullable" name="class-nullable">Class <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nullable</span></tt></a></h1>
<p>The purpose of the class is simply to tell the containers
that null values should be allowed. Its definition is
trivial:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
namespace boost
{
    template&lt; class T &gt;
    struct nullable
    {
        typedef T type;
    };
}
</pre>
<p>Please notice that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nullable</span></tt> has no effect on the containers
interface (except for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_null()</span></tt> functions). For example, it
does not make sense to do</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
boost::ptr_vector&lt; boost::nullable&lt;T&gt; &gt; vec;
vec.push_back( 0 );                      // ok
vec.push_back( new boost::nullable&lt;T&gt; ); // no no!
boost::nullable&lt;T&gt;&amp; ref = vec[0];        // also no no!
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="exception-classes" name="exception-classes">Exception classes</a></h1>
<p>There are three exceptions that are thrown by this library.  The exception
hierarchy looks as follows:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
namespace boost
{
    class bad_ptr_container_operation : public std::exception
    {
    public:
        bad_ptr_container_operation( const char* what );
    };

    class bad_index : public bad_ptr_container_operation
    {
    public:
        bad_index( const char* what );
    };

    class bad_pointer : public bad_ptr_container_operation
    {
    public:
        bad_pointer();
        bad_pointer( const char* what );
    };
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="disabling-the-use-of-exceptions" name="disabling-the-use-of-exceptions">Disabling the use of exceptions</a></h1>
<p>As of version 1.34.0 of Boost, the library allows you to disable exceptions
completely. This means the library is more fit for domains where exceptions
are not used. Furthermore, it also speeds up a operations a little. Instead
of throwing an exception, the library simply calls <a class="reference" href="../../utility/assert.html">BOOST_ASSERT</a>.</p>
<p>To disable exceptions, simply define this macro before including any header:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
#define BOOST_PTR_CONTAINER_NO_EXCEPTIONS 1
#include &lt;boost/ptr_container/ptr_vector.hpp&gt;
</pre>
<p>It is, however, recommended that you define the macro on the command-line, so
you are absolutely certain that all headers are compiled the same way. Otherwise
you might end up breaking the One Definition Rule.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS</span></tt> is defined, then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_PTR_CONTAINER_NO_EXCEPTIONS</span></tt>
is also defined.</p>
<hr><p><strong>Navigate:</strong></p>
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<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Copyright:</th><td class="field-body">Thorsten Ottosen 2004-2007. Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0 (see <a class="reference" href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>).</td>
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