fs/fsstress/fsstress.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000 Silicon Graphics, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it would be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * Further, this software is distributed without any warranty that it is
 * free of the rightful claim of any third person regarding infringement
 * or the like.  Any license provided herein, whether implied or
 * otherwise, applies only to this software file.  Patent licenses, if
 * any, provided herein do not apply to combinations of this program with
 * other software, or any other product whatsoever.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Contact information: Silicon Graphics, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy,
 * Mountain View, CA  94043, or:
 *
 * http://www.sgi.com
 *
 * For further information regarding this notice, see:
 *
 * http://oss.sgi.com/projects/GenInfo/SGIGPLNoticeExplan/
 */

#include "config.h"
#include "global.h"
#include <tst_common.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
# include <sys/prctl.h>
#endif
#include <limits.h>

#define XFS_ERRTAG_MAX		17

typedef enum {
#ifndef NO_XFS
	OP_ALLOCSP,
	OP_ATTR_REMOVE,
	OP_ATTR_SET,
	OP_BULKSTAT,
	OP_BULKSTAT1,
#endif
	OP_CHOWN,
	OP_CREAT,
	OP_DREAD,
	OP_DWRITE,
	OP_FDATASYNC,
#ifndef NO_XFS
	OP_FREESP,
#endif
	OP_FSYNC,
	OP_GETDENTS,
	OP_LINK,
	OP_MKDIR,
	OP_MKNOD,
	OP_READ,
	OP_READLINK,
	OP_RENAME,
#ifndef NO_XFS
	OP_RESVSP,
#endif
	OP_RMDIR,
	OP_STAT,
	OP_SYMLINK,
	OP_SYNC,
	OP_TRUNCATE,
	OP_UNLINK,
#ifndef NO_XFS
	OP_UNRESVSP,
#endif
	OP_WRITE,
	OP_LAST
} opty_t;

typedef void (*opfnc_t) (int, long);

typedef struct opdesc {
	opty_t op;
	char *name;
	opfnc_t func;
	int freq;
	int iswrite;
	int isxfs;
} opdesc_t;

typedef struct fent {
	int id;
	int parent;
} fent_t;

typedef struct flist {
	int nfiles;
	int nslots;
	int tag;
	fent_t *fents;
} flist_t;

typedef struct pathname {
	int len;
	char *path;
} pathname_t;

#define	FT_DIR	0
#define	FT_DIRm	(1 << FT_DIR)
#define	FT_REG	1
#define	FT_REGm	(1 << FT_REG)
#define	FT_SYM	2
#define	FT_SYMm	(1 << FT_SYM)
#define	FT_DEV	3
#define	FT_DEVm	(1 << FT_DEV)
#define	FT_RTF	4
#define	FT_RTFm	(1 << FT_RTF)
#define	FT_nft	5
#define	FT_ANYm	((1 << FT_nft) - 1)
#define	FT_REGFILE	(FT_REGm | FT_RTFm)
#define	FT_NOTDIR	(FT_ANYm & ~FT_DIRm)

#define	FLIST_SLOT_INCR	16
#define	NDCACHE	64

#define	MAXFSIZE	((1ULL << 63) - 1ULL)
#define	MAXFSIZE32	((1ULL << 40) - 1ULL)

void allocsp_f(int, long);
void attr_remove_f(int, long);
void attr_set_f(int, long);
void bulkstat_f(int, long);
void bulkstat1_f(int, long);
void chown_f(int, long);
void creat_f(int, long);
void dread_f(int, long);
void dwrite_f(int, long);
void fdatasync_f(int, long);
void freesp_f(int, long);
void fsync_f(int, long);
void getdents_f(int, long);
void link_f(int, long);
void mkdir_f(int, long);
void mknod_f(int, long);
void read_f(int, long);
void readlink_f(int, long);
void rename_f(int, long);
void resvsp_f(int, long);
void rmdir_f(int, long);
void stat_f(int, long);
void symlink_f(int, long);
void sync_f(int, long);
void truncate_f(int, long);
void unlink_f(int, long);
void unresvsp_f(int, long);
void write_f(int, long);

opdesc_t ops[] = {
#ifndef NO_XFS
	{OP_ALLOCSP, "allocsp", allocsp_f, 1, 1, 1},
	{OP_ATTR_REMOVE, "attr_remove", attr_remove_f, /* 1 */ 0, 1, 1},
	{OP_ATTR_SET, "attr_set", attr_set_f, /* 2 */ 0, 1, 1},
	{OP_BULKSTAT, "bulkstat", bulkstat_f, 1, 0, 1},
	{OP_BULKSTAT1, "bulkstat1", bulkstat1_f, 1, 0, 1},
#endif
	{OP_CHOWN, "chown", chown_f, 3, 1, 0},
	{OP_CREAT, "creat", creat_f, 4, 1, 0},
	{OP_DREAD, "dread", dread_f, 4, 0, 0},
	{OP_DWRITE, "dwrite", dwrite_f, 4, 1, 0},
	{OP_FDATASYNC, "fdatasync", fdatasync_f, 1, 1, 0},
#ifndef NO_XFS
	{OP_FREESP, "freesp", freesp_f, 1, 1, 1},
#endif
	{OP_FSYNC, "fsync", fsync_f, 1, 1, 0},
	{OP_GETDENTS, "getdents", getdents_f, 1, 0, 0},
	{OP_LINK, "link", link_f, 1, 1, 0},
	{OP_MKDIR, "mkdir", mkdir_f, 2, 1, 0},
	{OP_MKNOD, "mknod", mknod_f, 2, 1, 0},
	{OP_READ, "read", read_f, 1, 0, 0},
	{OP_READLINK, "readlink", readlink_f, 1, 0, 0},
	{OP_RENAME, "rename", rename_f, 2, 1, 0},
#ifndef NO_XFS
	{OP_RESVSP, "resvsp", resvsp_f, 1, 1, 1},
#endif
	{OP_RMDIR, "rmdir", rmdir_f, 1, 1, 0},
	{OP_STAT, "stat", stat_f, 1, 0, 0},
	{OP_SYMLINK, "symlink", symlink_f, 2, 1, 0},
	{OP_SYNC, "sync", sync_f, 1, 0, 0},
	{OP_TRUNCATE, "truncate", truncate_f, 2, 1, 0},
	{OP_UNLINK, "unlink", unlink_f, 1, 1, 0},
#ifndef NO_XFS
	{OP_UNRESVSP, "unresvsp", unresvsp_f, 1, 1, 1},
#endif
	{OP_WRITE, "write", write_f, 4, 1, 0},
}, *ops_end;

flist_t flist[FT_nft] = {
	{0, 0, 'd', NULL},
	{0, 0, 'f', NULL},
	{0, 0, 'l', NULL},
	{0, 0, 'c', NULL},
	{0, 0, 'r', NULL},
};

int dcache[NDCACHE];
int errrange;
int errtag;
opty_t *freq_table;
int freq_table_size;
#ifndef NO_XFS
xfs_fsop_geom_t geom;
#endif
char *homedir;
int *ilist;
int ilistlen;
off64_t maxfsize;
char *myprog;
int namerand;
int nameseq;
int nops;
int nproc = 1;
int operations = 1;
int procid;
int rtpct;
unsigned long seed = 0;
ino_t top_ino;
int verbose = 0;
#ifndef NO_XFS
int no_xfs = 0;
#else
int no_xfs = 1;
#endif
sig_atomic_t should_stop = 0;

void add_to_flist(int, int, int);
void append_pathname(pathname_t *, char *);
#ifndef NO_XFS
int attr_list_path(pathname_t *, char *, const int, int, attrlist_cursor_t *);
int attr_remove_path(pathname_t *, const char *, int);
int attr_set_path(pathname_t *, const char *, const char *, const int, int);
#endif
void check_cwd(void);
int creat_path(pathname_t *, mode_t);
void dcache_enter(int, int);
void dcache_init(void);
fent_t *dcache_lookup(int);
void dcache_purge(int);
void del_from_flist(int, int);
int dirid_to_name(char *, int);
void doproc(void);
void fent_to_name(pathname_t *, flist_t *, fent_t *);
void fix_parent(int, int);
void free_pathname(pathname_t *);
int generate_fname(fent_t *, int, pathname_t *, int *, int *);
int get_fname(int, long, pathname_t *, flist_t **, fent_t **, int *);
void init_pathname(pathname_t *);
int lchown_path(pathname_t *, uid_t, gid_t);
int link_path(pathname_t *, pathname_t *);
int lstat64_path(pathname_t *, struct stat64 *);
void make_freq_table(void);
int mkdir_path(pathname_t *, mode_t);
int mknod_path(pathname_t *, mode_t, dev_t);
void namerandpad(int, char *, int);
int open_path(pathname_t *, int);
DIR *opendir_path(pathname_t *);
void process_freq(char *);
int readlink_path(pathname_t *, char *, size_t);
int rename_path(pathname_t *, pathname_t *);
int rmdir_path(pathname_t *);
void separate_pathname(pathname_t *, char *, pathname_t *);
void show_ops(int, char *);
int stat64_path(pathname_t *, struct stat64 *);
int symlink_path(const char *, pathname_t *);
int truncate64_path(pathname_t *, off64_t);
int unlink_path(pathname_t *);
void usage(void);
void write_freq(void);
void zero_freq(void);

void sg_handler(int signum __attribute__((unused)))
{
	should_stop = 1;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	char buf[10];
	int c;
	char *dirname = NULL;
	int fd;
	int i;
	int cleanup = 0;
	int loops = 1;
	int loopcntr = 1;
	char cmd[256];
#ifndef NO_XFS
	int j;
#endif
	char *p;
	int stat;
	struct timeval t;
#ifndef NO_XFS
	ptrdiff_t srval;
#endif
	int nousage = 0;
#ifndef NO_XFS
	xfs_error_injection_t err_inj;
#endif
	struct sigaction action;

	errrange = errtag = 0;
	umask(0);
	nops = ARRAY_SIZE(ops);
	ops_end = &ops[nops];
	myprog = argv[0];
	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "cd:e:f:i:l:n:p:rs:vwzHSX")) != -1) {
		switch (c) {
		case 'c':
			/*Don't cleanup */
			cleanup = 1;
			break;
		case 'd':
			dirname = optarg;
			break;
		case 'e':
			sscanf(optarg, "%d", &errtag);
			if (errtag < 0) {
				errtag = -errtag;
				errrange = 1;
			} else if (errtag == 0)
				errtag = -1;
			if (errtag >= XFS_ERRTAG_MAX) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					"error tag %d too large (max %d)\n",
					errtag, XFS_ERRTAG_MAX - 1);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'f':
			process_freq(optarg);
			break;
		case 'i':
			ilist = realloc(ilist, ++ilistlen * sizeof(*ilist));
			ilist[ilistlen - 1] = strtol(optarg, &p, 16);
			break;
		case 'l':
			loops = atoi(optarg);
			break;
		case 'n':
			operations = atoi(optarg);
			break;
		case 'p':
			nproc = atoi(optarg);
			break;
		case 'r':
			namerand = 1;
			break;
		case 's':
			seed = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
			break;
		case 'v':
			verbose = 1;
			break;
		case 'w':
			write_freq();
			break;
		case 'z':
			zero_freq();
			break;
		case 'S':
			show_ops(0, NULL);
			printf("\n");
			nousage = 1;
			break;
		case '?':
			fprintf(stderr, "%s - invalid parameters\n", myprog);
			/* fall through */
		case 'H':
			usage();
			exit(1);
		case 'X':
			no_xfs = 1;
			break;
		}
	}

	if (no_xfs && errtag) {
		fprintf(stderr, "error injection only works on XFS\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	if (no_xfs) {
		int i;
		for (i = 0; ops + i < ops_end; ++i) {
			if (ops[i].isxfs)
				ops[i].freq = 0;
		}
	}

	make_freq_table();

	while (((loopcntr <= loops) || (loops == 0)) && !should_stop) {
		if (!dirname) {
			/* no directory specified */
			if (!nousage)
				usage();
			exit(1);
		}

		(void)mkdir(dirname, 0777);
		if (chdir(dirname) < 0) {
			perror(dirname);
			exit(1);
		}
		sprintf(buf, "fss%x", getpid());
		fd = creat(buf, 0666);
		if (lseek64(fd, (off64_t) (MAXFSIZE32 + 1ULL), SEEK_SET) < 0)
			maxfsize = (off64_t) MAXFSIZE32;
		else
			maxfsize = (off64_t) MAXFSIZE;
		dcache_init();
		setlinebuf(stdout);
		if (!seed) {
			gettimeofday(&t, NULL);
			seed = (int)t.tv_sec ^ (int)t.tv_usec;
			printf("seed = %ld\n", seed);
		}
#ifndef NO_XFS
		if (!no_xfs) {
			memset(&geom, 0, sizeof(geom));
			i = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_FSGEOMETRY, &geom);
			if (i >= 0 && geom.rtblocks)
				rtpct = MIN(MAX(geom.rtblocks * 100 /
						(geom.rtblocks +
						 geom.datablocks), 1), 99);
			else
				rtpct = 0;
		}
		if (errtag != 0) {
			if (errrange == 0) {
				if (errtag <= 0) {
					srandom(seed);
					j = random() % 100;

					for (i = 0; i < j; i++)
						(void)random();

					errtag =
					    (random() % (XFS_ERRTAG_MAX - 1)) +
					    1;
				}
			} else {
				srandom(seed);
				j = random() % 100;

				for (i = 0; i < j; i++)
					(void)random();

				errtag +=
				    (random() % (XFS_ERRTAG_MAX - errtag));
			}
			printf("Injecting failure on tag #%d\n", errtag);
			memset(&err_inj, 0, sizeof(err_inj));
			err_inj.errtag = errtag;
			err_inj.fd = fd;
			srval = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_ERROR_INJECTION, &err_inj);
			if (srval < -1) {
				perror
				    ("fsstress - XFS_SYSSGI error injection call");
				close(fd);
				unlink(buf);
				exit(1);
			}
		} else
#endif
			close(fd);
		unlink(buf);


		if (nproc == 1) {
			procid = 0;
			doproc();
		} else {
			setpgid(0, 0);
			action.sa_handler = sg_handler;
			sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask);
			action.sa_flags = 0;
			if (sigaction(SIGTERM, &action, 0)) {
				perror("sigaction failed");
				exit(1);
			}

			for (i = 0; i < nproc; i++) {
				if (fork() == 0) {

					action.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
					sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask);
					if (sigaction(SIGTERM, &action, 0))
						return 1;
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
					prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL);
					if (getppid() == 1) /* parent died already? */
						return 0;
#endif
					procid = i;
					doproc();
					return 0;
				}
			}
			while (wait(&stat) > 0 && !should_stop) {
				continue;
			}
			if (should_stop) {
				action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
				sigaction(SIGTERM, &action, 0);
				kill(-getpid(), SIGTERM);
				while (wait(&stat) > 0)
					continue;
			}
		}
#ifndef NO_XFS
		if (errtag != 0) {
			memset(&err_inj, 0, sizeof(err_inj));
			err_inj.errtag = 0;
			err_inj.fd = fd;
			if ((srval =
			     ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_ERROR_CLEARALL,
				   &err_inj)) != 0) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Bad ej clear on %d (%d).\n",
					fd, errno);
				perror
				    ("fsstress - XFS_SYSSGI clear error injection call");
				close(fd);
				exit(1);
			}
			close(fd);
		}
#endif
		if (cleanup == 0) {
			sprintf(cmd, "rm -rf %s/*", dirname);
			system(cmd);
			for (i = 0; i < FT_nft; i++) {
				flist[i].nslots = 0;
				flist[i].nfiles = 0;
				free(flist[i].fents);
				flist[i].fents = NULL;
			}
		}
		loopcntr++;
	}
	return 0;
}

void add_to_flist(int ft, int id, int parent)
{
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *ftp;

	ftp = &flist[ft];
	if (ftp->nfiles == ftp->nslots) {
		ftp->nslots += FLIST_SLOT_INCR;
		ftp->fents = realloc(ftp->fents, ftp->nslots * sizeof(fent_t));
	}
	fep = &ftp->fents[ftp->nfiles++];
	fep->id = id;
	fep->parent = parent;
}

void append_pathname(pathname_t * name, char *str)
{
	int len;

	len = strlen(str);
#ifdef DEBUG
	if (len && *str == '/' && name->len == 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: append_pathname failure\n");
		chdir(homedir);
		abort();

	}
#endif
	name->path = realloc(name->path, name->len + 1 + len);
	strcpy(&name->path[name->len], str);
	name->len += len;
}

#ifndef NO_XFS
int
attr_list_path(pathname_t * name, char *buffer, const int buffersize, int flags,
	       attrlist_cursor_t * cursor)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = attr_list(name->path, buffer, buffersize, flags, cursor);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = attr_list_path(&newname, buffer, buffersize, flags,
				      cursor);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int attr_remove_path(pathname_t * name, const char *attrname, int flags)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = attr_remove(name->path, attrname, flags);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = attr_remove_path(&newname, attrname, flags);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
attr_set_path(pathname_t * name, const char *attrname, const char *attrvalue,
	      const int valuelength, int flags)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = attr_set(name->path, attrname, attrvalue, valuelength, flags);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = attr_set_path(&newname, attrname, attrvalue, valuelength,
				     flags);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}
#endif

void check_cwd(void)
{
#ifdef DEBUG
	struct stat64 statbuf;

	if (stat64(".", &statbuf) == 0 && statbuf.st_ino == top_ino)
		return;
	chdir(homedir);
	fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: check_cwd failure\n");
	abort();

#endif
}

int creat_path(pathname_t * name, mode_t mode)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = creat(name->path, mode);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = creat_path(&newname, mode);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void dcache_enter(int dirid, int slot)
{
	dcache[dirid % NDCACHE] = slot;
}

void dcache_init(void)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < NDCACHE; i++)
		dcache[i] = -1;
}

fent_t *dcache_lookup(int dirid)
{
	fent_t *fep;
	int i;

	i = dcache[dirid % NDCACHE];
	if (i >= 0 && (fep = &flist[FT_DIR].fents[i])->id == dirid)
		return fep;
	return NULL;
}

void dcache_purge(int dirid)
{
	int *dcp;

	dcp = &dcache[dirid % NDCACHE];
	if (*dcp >= 0 && flist[FT_DIR].fents[*dcp].id == dirid)
		*dcp = -1;
}

void del_from_flist(int ft, int slot)
{
	flist_t *ftp;

	ftp = &flist[ft];
	if (ft == FT_DIR)
		dcache_purge(ftp->fents[slot].id);
	if (slot != ftp->nfiles - 1) {
		if (ft == FT_DIR)
			dcache_purge(ftp->fents[ftp->nfiles - 1].id);
		ftp->fents[slot] = ftp->fents[--ftp->nfiles];
	} else
		ftp->nfiles--;
}

fent_t *dirid_to_fent(int dirid)
{
	fent_t *efep;
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *flp;

	if ((fep = dcache_lookup(dirid)))
		return fep;
	flp = &flist[FT_DIR];
	for (fep = flp->fents, efep = &fep[flp->nfiles]; fep < efep; fep++) {
		if (fep->id == dirid) {
			dcache_enter(dirid, fep - flp->fents);
			return fep;
		}
	}
	return NULL;
}

void doproc(void)
{
	struct stat64 statbuf;
	char buf[10];
	int opno;
	int rval;
	opdesc_t *p;

	sprintf(buf, "p%x", procid);
	(void)mkdir(buf, 0777);
	if (chdir(buf) < 0 || stat64(".", &statbuf) < 0) {
		perror(buf);
		_exit(1);
	}
	top_ino = statbuf.st_ino;
	homedir = getcwd(NULL, -1);
	seed += procid;
	srandom(seed);
	if (namerand)
		namerand = random();
	for (opno = 0; opno < operations; opno++) {
		p = &ops[freq_table[random() % freq_table_size]];
		if ((unsigned long)p->func < 4096)
			abort();

		p->func(opno, random());
		/*
		 * test for forced shutdown by stat'ing the test
		 * directory.  If this stat returns EIO, assume
		 * the forced shutdown happened.
		 */
		if (errtag != 0 && opno % 100 == 0) {
			rval = stat64(".", &statbuf);
			if (rval == EIO) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Detected EIO\n");
				return;
			}
		}
	}
}

void fent_to_name(pathname_t * name, flist_t * flp, fent_t * fep)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	int i;
	fent_t *pfep;

	if (fep == NULL)
		return;
	if (fep->parent != -1) {
		pfep = dirid_to_fent(fep->parent);
		fent_to_name(name, &flist[FT_DIR], pfep);
		append_pathname(name, "/");
	}
	i = sprintf(buf, "%c%x", flp->tag, fep->id);
	namerandpad(fep->id, buf, i);
	append_pathname(name, buf);
}

void fix_parent(int oldid, int newid)
{
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *flp;
	int i;
	int j;

	for (i = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		for (j = 0, fep = flp->fents; j < flp->nfiles; j++, fep++) {
			if (fep->parent == oldid)
				fep->parent = newid;
		}
	}
}

void free_pathname(pathname_t * name)
{
	if (name->path) {
		free(name->path);
		name->path = NULL;
		name->len = 0;
	}
}

int generate_fname(fent_t * fep, int ft, pathname_t * name, int *idp, int *v)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	flist_t *flp;
	int id;
	int j;
	int len;

	flp = &flist[ft];
	len = sprintf(buf, "%c%x", flp->tag, id = nameseq++);
	namerandpad(id, buf, len);
	if (fep) {
		fent_to_name(name, &flist[FT_DIR], fep);
		append_pathname(name, "/");
	}
	append_pathname(name, buf);
	*idp = id;
	*v = verbose;
	for (j = 0; !*v && j < ilistlen; j++) {
		if (ilist[j] == id) {
			*v = 1;
			break;
		}
	}
	return 1;
}

int
get_fname(int which, long r, pathname_t * name, flist_t ** flpp, fent_t ** fepp,
	  int *v)
{
	int c;
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *flp;
	int i;
	int j;
	int x;

	for (i = 0, c = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		if (which & (1 << i))
			c += flp->nfiles;
	}
	if (c == 0) {
		if (flpp)
			*flpp = NULL;
		if (fepp)
			*fepp = NULL;
		*v = verbose;
		return 0;
	}
	x = (int)(r % c);
	for (i = 0, c = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		if (which & (1 << i)) {
			if (x < c + flp->nfiles) {
				fep = &flp->fents[x - c];
				if (name)
					fent_to_name(name, flp, fep);
				if (flpp)
					*flpp = flp;
				if (fepp)
					*fepp = fep;
				*v = verbose;
				for (j = 0; !*v && j < ilistlen; j++) {
					if (ilist[j] == fep->id) {
						*v = 1;
						break;
					}
				}
				return 1;
			}
			c += flp->nfiles;
		}
	}
#ifdef DEBUG
	fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: get_fname failure\n");
	abort();
#endif
	return -1;

}

void init_pathname(pathname_t * name)
{
	name->len = 0;
	name->path = NULL;
}

int lchown_path(pathname_t * name, uid_t owner, gid_t group)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = lchown(name->path, owner, group);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = lchown_path(&newname, owner, group);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int link_path(pathname_t * name1, pathname_t * name2)
{
	char buf1[MAXNAMELEN];
	char buf2[MAXNAMELEN];
	int down1;
	pathname_t newname1;
	pathname_t newname2;
	int rval;

	rval = link(name1->path, name2->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name1, buf1, &newname1);
	separate_pathname(name2, buf2, &newname2);
	if (strcmp(buf1, buf2) == 0) {
		if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
			rval = link_path(&newname1, &newname2);
			chdir("..");
		}
	} else {
		if (strcmp(buf1, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strcmp(buf2, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else if (strlen(buf1) == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strlen(buf2) == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else
			down1 = MAX(newname1.len, 3 + name2->len) <=
			    MAX(3 + name1->len, newname2.len);
		if (down1) {
			free_pathname(&newname2);
			append_pathname(&newname2, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname2, name2->path);
			if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
				rval = link_path(&newname1, &newname2);
				chdir("..");
			}
		} else {
			free_pathname(&newname1);
			append_pathname(&newname1, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname1, name1->path);
			if (chdir(buf2) == 0) {
				rval = link_path(&newname1, &newname2);
				chdir("..");
			}
		}
	}
	free_pathname(&newname1);
	free_pathname(&newname2);
	return rval;
}

int lstat64_path(pathname_t * name, struct stat64 *sbuf)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = lstat64(name->path, sbuf);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = lstat64_path(&newname, sbuf);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void make_freq_table(void)
{
	int f;
	int i;
	opdesc_t *p;

	for (p = ops, f = 0; p < ops_end; p++)
		f += p->freq;
	freq_table = malloc(f * sizeof(*freq_table));
	freq_table_size = f;
	for (p = ops, i = 0; p < ops_end; p++) {
		for (f = 0; f < p->freq; f++, i++)
			freq_table[i] = p->op;
	}
}

int mkdir_path(pathname_t * name, mode_t mode)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = mkdir(name->path, mode);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = mkdir_path(&newname, mode);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int mknod_path(pathname_t * name, mode_t mode, dev_t dev)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = mknod(name->path, mode, dev);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = mknod_path(&newname, mode, dev);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void namerandpad(int id, char *buf, int i)
{
	int bucket;
	static int buckets[] = { 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, MAXNAMELEN - 1 };
	int padlen;
	int padmod;

	if (namerand == 0)
		return;
	bucket = (id ^ namerand) % ARRAY_SIZE(buckets);
	padmod = buckets[bucket] + 1 - i;
	if (padmod <= 0)
		return;
	padlen = (id ^ namerand) % padmod;
	if (padlen) {
		memset(&buf[i], 'X', padlen);
		buf[i + padlen] = '\0';
	}
}

int open_path(pathname_t * name, int oflag)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = open(name->path, oflag);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = open_path(&newname, oflag);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

DIR *opendir_path(pathname_t * name)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	DIR *rval;

	rval = opendir(name->path);
	if (rval || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = opendir_path(&newname);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void process_freq(char *arg)
{
	opdesc_t *p;
	char *s;

	s = strchr(arg, '=');
	if (s == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "bad argument '%s'\n", arg);
		exit(1);
	}
	*s++ = '\0';
	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
		if (strcmp(arg, p->name) == 0) {
			p->freq = atoi(s);
			return;
		}
	}
	fprintf(stderr, "can't find op type %s for -f\n", arg);
	exit(1);
}

int readlink_path(pathname_t * name, char *lbuf, size_t lbufsiz)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = readlink(name->path, lbuf, lbufsiz-1);
	if (rval >= 0)
		lbuf[rval] = '\0';
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = readlink_path(&newname, lbuf, lbufsiz);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int rename_path(pathname_t * name1, pathname_t * name2)
{
	char buf1[MAXNAMELEN];
	char buf2[MAXNAMELEN];
	int down1;
	pathname_t newname1;
	pathname_t newname2;
	int rval;

	rval = rename(name1->path, name2->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name1, buf1, &newname1);
	separate_pathname(name2, buf2, &newname2);
	if (strcmp(buf1, buf2) == 0) {
		if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
			rval = rename_path(&newname1, &newname2);
			chdir("..");
		}
	} else {
		if (strcmp(buf1, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strcmp(buf2, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else if (strlen(buf1) == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strlen(buf2) == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else
			down1 = MAX(newname1.len, 3 + name2->len) <=
			    MAX(3 + name1->len, newname2.len);
		if (down1) {
			free_pathname(&newname2);
			append_pathname(&newname2, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname2, name2->path);
			if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
				rval = rename_path(&newname1, &newname2);
				chdir("..");
			}
		} else {
			free_pathname(&newname1);
			append_pathname(&newname1, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname1, name1->path);
			if (chdir(buf2) == 0) {
				rval = rename_path(&newname1, &newname2);
				chdir("..");
			}
		}
	}
	free_pathname(&newname1);
	free_pathname(&newname2);
	return rval;
}

int rmdir_path(pathname_t * name)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = rmdir(name->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = rmdir_path(&newname);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void separate_pathname(pathname_t * name, char *buf, pathname_t * newname)
{
	char *slash;

	init_pathname(newname);
	slash = strchr(name->path, '/');
	if (slash == NULL) {
		buf[0] = '\0';
		return;
	}
	*slash = '\0';
	strcpy(buf, name->path);
	*slash = '/';
	append_pathname(newname, slash + 1);
}

#define WIDTH 80

void show_ops(int flag, char *lead_str)
{
	opdesc_t *p;

	if (flag < 0) {
		/* print in list form */
		int x = WIDTH;

		for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
			if (lead_str != NULL
			    && x + strlen(p->name) >= WIDTH - 5)
				x = printf("%s%s", (p == ops) ? "" : "\n",
					   lead_str);
			x += printf("%s ", p->name);
		}
		printf("\n");
	} else {
		int f;
		for (f = 0, p = ops; p < ops_end; p++)
			f += p->freq;

		if (f == 0)
			flag = 1;

		for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
			if (flag != 0 || p->freq > 0) {
				if (lead_str != NULL)
					printf("%s", lead_str);
				printf("%20s %d/%d %s\n",
				       p->name, p->freq, f,
				       (p->iswrite == 0) ? " " : "write op");
			}
		}
	}
}

int stat64_path(pathname_t * name, struct stat64 *sbuf)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = stat64(name->path, sbuf);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = stat64_path(&newname, sbuf);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int symlink_path(const char *name1, pathname_t * name)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	if (!strcmp(name1, name->path)) {
		printf("yikes! %s %s\n", name1, name->path);
		return 0;
	}

	rval = symlink(name1, name->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = symlink_path(name1, &newname);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int truncate64_path(pathname_t * name, off64_t length)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = truncate64(name->path, length);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = truncate64_path(&newname, length);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int unlink_path(pathname_t * name)
{
	char buf[MAXNAMELEN];
	pathname_t newname;
	int rval;

	rval = unlink(name->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = unlink_path(&newname);
		chdir("..");
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void usage(void)
{
	printf("Usage: %s -H   or\n", myprog);
	printf
	    ("       %s [-c][-d dir][-e errtg][-f op_name=freq][-l loops][-n nops]\n",
	     myprog);
	printf("          [-p nproc][-r len][-s seed][-v][-w][-z][-S]\n");
	printf("where\n");
	printf
	    ("   -c               specifies not to remove files(cleanup) after execution\n");
	printf
	    ("   -d dir           specifies the base directory for operations\n");
	printf("   -e errtg         specifies error injection stuff\n");
	printf
	    ("   -f op_name=freq  changes the frequency of option name to freq\n");
	printf("                    the valid operation names are:\n");
	show_ops(-1, "                        ");
	printf
	    ("   -l loops         specifies the no. of times the testrun should loop.\n");
	printf("                     *use 0 for infinite (default 1)\n");
	printf
	    ("   -n nops          specifies the no. of operations per process (default 1)\n");
	printf
	    ("   -p nproc         specifies the no. of processes (default 1)\n");
	printf("   -r               specifies random name padding\n");
	printf
	    ("   -s seed          specifies the seed for the random generator (default random)\n");
	printf("   -v               specifies verbose mode\n");
	printf
	    ("   -w               zeros frequencies of non-write operations\n");
	printf("   -z               zeros frequencies of all operations\n");
	printf
	    ("   -S               prints the table of operations (omitting zero frequency)\n");
	printf("   -H               prints usage and exits\n");
	printf
	    ("   -X               don't do anything XFS specific (default with -DNO_XFS)\n");
}

void write_freq(void)
{
	opdesc_t *p;

	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
		if (!p->iswrite)
			p->freq = 0;
	}
}

void zero_freq(void)
{
	opdesc_t *p;

	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++)
		p->freq = 0;
}

#ifndef NO_XFS

void allocsp_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	struct xfs_flock64 fl;
	__s64 lr;
	__s64 off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: allocsp - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: allocsp - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: allocsp - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((__s64) random() << 32) + random();
	off = lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE);
	off %= maxfsize;
	memset(&fl, 0, sizeof(fl));
	fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
	fl.l_start = off;
	fl.l_len = 0;
	e = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_ALLOCSP64, &fl) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: ioctl(XFS_IOC_ALLOCSP64) %s %lld 0 %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void attr_remove_f(int opno, long r)
{
	attrlist_ent_t *aep;
	attrlist_t *alist;
	char *aname;
	char buf[4096];
	attrlist_cursor_t cursor;
	int e;
	int ent;
	pathname_t f;
	int total;
	int v;
	int which;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	total = 0;
	memset(&cursor, 0x00, sizeof(cursor));
	do {
		e = attr_list_path(&f, buf, sizeof(buf), ATTR_DONTFOLLOW,
				   &cursor);
		check_cwd();
		if (e)
			break;
		alist = (attrlist_t *) buf;
		total += alist->al_count;
	} while (alist->al_more);
	if (total == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: attr_remove - no attrs for %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	which = (int)(random() % total);
	memset(&cursor, 0x00, sizeof(cursor));
	ent = 0;
	aname = NULL;
	do {
		e = attr_list_path(&f, buf, sizeof(buf), ATTR_DONTFOLLOW,
				   &cursor);
		check_cwd();
		if (e)
			break;
		alist = (attrlist_t *) buf;
		if (which < ent + alist->al_count) {
			aep = (attrlist_ent_t *)
			    & buf[alist->al_offset[which - ent]];
			aname = aep->a_name;
			break;
		}
		ent += alist->al_count;
	} while (alist->al_more);
	if (aname == NULL) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: attr_remove - name %d not found at %s\n",
			       procid, opno, which, f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = attr_remove_path(&f, aname, ATTR_DONTFOLLOW) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: attr_remove %s %s %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, aname, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void attr_set_f(int opno, long r)
{
	char aname[10];
	char *aval;
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int len;
	static int lengths[] = { 10, 100, 1000, 10000 };
	int li;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	sprintf(aname, "a%x", nameseq++);
	li = (int)(random() % ARRAY_SIZE(lengths));
	len = (int)(random() % lengths[li]);
	if (len == 0)
		len = 1;
	aval = malloc(len);
	memset(aval, nameseq & 0xff, len);
	e = attr_set_path(&f, aname, aval, len, ATTR_DONTFOLLOW) < 0 ?
	    errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	free(aval);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: attr_set %s %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
		       aname, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void bulkstat_f(int opno, long r)
{
	__s32 count;
	int fd;
	__u64 last;
	__s32 nent;
	xfs_bstat_t *t;
	int64_t total;
	xfs_fsop_bulkreq_t bsr;

	last = 0;
	nent = (r % 999) + 2;
	t = malloc(nent * sizeof(*t));
	fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
	total = 0;

	memset(&bsr, 0, sizeof(bsr));
	bsr.lastip = &last;
	bsr.icount = nent;
	bsr.ubuffer = t;
	bsr.ocount = &count;

	while (ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_FSBULKSTAT, &bsr) == 0 && count > 0)
		total += count;
	free(t);
	if (verbose)
		printf("%d/%d: bulkstat nent %d total %lld\n",
		       procid, opno, (int)nent, (long long)total);
	close(fd);
}

void bulkstat1_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	int good;
	__u64 ino;
	struct stat64 s;
	xfs_bstat_t t;
	int v;
	xfs_fsop_bulkreq_t bsr;

	good = random() & 1;
	if (good) {
		/* use an inode we know exists */
		init_pathname(&f);
		if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
			append_pathname(&f, ".");
		ino = stat64_path(&f, &s) < 0 ? (ino64_t) r : s.st_ino;
		check_cwd();
		free_pathname(&f);
	} else {
		/*
		 * pick a random inode
		 *
		 * note this can generate kernel warning messages
		 * since bulkstat_one will read the disk block that
		 * would contain a given inode even if that disk
		 * block doesn't contain inodes.
		 *
		 * this is detected later, but not until after the
		 * warning is displayed.
		 *
		 * "XFS: device 0x825- bad inode magic/vsn daddr 0x0 #0"
		 *
		 */
		ino = (ino64_t) r;
		v = verbose;
	}
	fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);

	memset(&bsr, 0, sizeof(bsr));
	bsr.lastip = &ino;
	bsr.icount = 1;
	bsr.ubuffer = &t;
	bsr.ocount = NULL;

	e = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_FSBULKSTAT_SINGLE, &bsr) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: bulkstat1 %s ino %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, good ? "real" : "random",
		       (long long)ino, e);
	close(fd);
}

#endif

void chown_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int nbits;
	uid_t u;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	u = (uid_t) random();
	nbits = (int)(random() % 32);
	u &= (1 << nbits) - 1;
	e = lchown_path(&f, u, -1) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: chown %s %d %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, u, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void creat_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	int e1;
	int extsize;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	fent_t *fep;
	int id;
	int parid;
	int type;
	int v;
	int v1;
	int esz = 0;

	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v1))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	type = rtpct ? ((random() % 100) > rtpct ? FT_REG : FT_RTF) : FT_REG;
	if (type == FT_RTF)
		extsize = (random() % 10) + 1;
	else
		extsize = 0;
	e = generate_fname(fep, type, &f, &id, &v);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			fent_to_name(&f, &flist[FT_DIR], fep);
			printf("%d/%d: creat - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = creat_path(&f, 0666);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	e1 = 0;
	check_cwd();
	esz = 0;
	if (fd >= 0) {
#ifndef NO_XFS
		struct fsxattr a;
		memset(&a, 0, sizeof(a));
		if (extsize && ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_FSGETXATTR, &a) >= 0) {
			a.fsx_xflags |= XFS_XFLAG_REALTIME;
			a.fsx_extsize =
			    geom.rtextsize * geom.blocksize * extsize;
			if (ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_FSSETXATTR, &a) < 0)
				e1 = errno;
			esz = a.fsx_extsize;

		}
#endif
		add_to_flist(type, id, parid);
		close(fd);
	}
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: creat %s x:%d %d %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
		       esz, e, e1);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

int setdirect(int fd)
{
	static int no_direct;
	int flags;

	if (no_direct)
		return 0;

	flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0);
	if (flags < 0)
		return 0;

	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_DIRECT) < 0) {
		if (no_xfs) {
			no_direct = 1;
			return 0;
		}
		printf("cannot set O_DIRECT: %s\n", strerror(errno));
		return 0;
	}

	return 1;
}

void dread_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int64_t align;
	char *buf = NULL;
	struct dioattr diob;
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	size_t len;
	int64_t lr;
	off64_t off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dread - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDONLY);

	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dread - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}

	if (!setdirect(fd)) {
		close(fd);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}

	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dread - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	if (stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dread - %s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}

	memset(&diob, 0, sizeof(diob));
	if (no_xfs) {
		diob.d_miniosz = stb.st_blksize;
		diob.d_maxiosz = stb.st_blksize * 256;	/* good number ? */
		diob.d_mem = stb.st_blksize;
	}
#ifndef NO_XFS
	else if (ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO, &diob) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf
			    ("%d/%d: dread - ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO) %s failed %d\n",
			     procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
#endif
	align = (int64_t) diob.d_miniosz;
	lr = ((int64_t) random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t) (lr % stb.st_size);
	off -= (off % align);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % (getpagesize() * 32)) + 1;
	len -= (len % align);
	if (len <= 0)
		len = align;
	else if (len > diob.d_maxiosz)
		len = diob.d_maxiosz;
	if ((e = posix_memalign((void **)&buf, diob.d_mem, len)) != 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "posix_memalign: %s\n", strerror(e));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (buf == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "posix_memalign: buf is NULL\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	e = read(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: dread %s [%lld,%ld] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long int)off, (long)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void dwrite_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int64_t align;
	char *buf = NULL;
	struct dioattr diob;
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	size_t len;
	int64_t lr;
	off64_t off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dwrite - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dwrite - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}

	if (!setdirect(fd)) {
		close(fd);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: dwrite - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	memset(&diob, 0, sizeof(diob));
	if (no_xfs) {
		diob.d_miniosz = stb.st_blksize;
		diob.d_maxiosz = stb.st_blksize * 256;	/* good number ? */
		diob.d_mem = stb.st_blksize;
	}
#ifndef NO_XFS
	else if (ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO, &diob) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf
			    ("%d/%d: dwrite - ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO) %s failed %d\n",
			     procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
#endif
	align = (int64_t) diob.d_miniosz;
	lr = ((int64_t) random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t) (lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off -= (off % align);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % (getpagesize() * 32)) + 1;
	len -= (len % align);
	if (len <= 0)
		len = align;
	else if (len > diob.d_maxiosz)
		len = diob.d_maxiosz;
	if ((e = posix_memalign((void **)&buf, diob.d_mem, len)) != 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "posix_memalign: %s\n", strerror(e));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (buf == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "posix_memalign: buf is NULL\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	off %= maxfsize;
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);
	e = write(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: dwrite %s [%lld,%ld] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off, (long int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void fdatasync_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: fdatasync - no filename\n",
			       procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: fdatasync - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = fdatasync(fd) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: fdatasync %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

#ifndef NO_XFS
void freesp_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	struct xfs_flock64 fl;
	__s64 lr;
	__s64 off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: freesp - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: freesp - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: freesp - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((__s64) random() << 32) + random();
	off = lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE);
	off %= maxfsize;
	memset(&fl, 0, sizeof(fl));
	fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
	fl.l_start = off;
	fl.l_len = 0;
	e = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_FREESP64, &fl) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: ioctl(XFS_IOC_FREESP64) %s %lld 0 %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

#endif

void fsync_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: fsync - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: fsync - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = fsync(fd) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: fsync %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void getdents_f(int opno, long r)
{
	DIR *dir;
	pathname_t f;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	dir = opendir_path(&f);
	check_cwd();
	if (dir == NULL) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: getdents - can't open %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	while (readdir64(dir) != NULL)
		continue;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: getdents %s 0\n", procid, opno, f.path);
	free_pathname(&f);
	closedir(dir);
}

void link_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *flp;
	int id;
	pathname_t l;
	int parid;
	int v;
	int v1;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_NOTDIR, r, &f, &flp, NULL, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%d: link - no file\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, random(), NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	v |= v1;
	init_pathname(&l);
	e = generate_fname(fep, flp - flist, &l, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			fent_to_name(&l, &flist[FT_DIR], fep);
			printf("%d/%d: link - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, l.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&l);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = link_path(&f, &l) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(flp - flist, id, parid);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: link %s %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, l.path,
		       e);
	free_pathname(&l);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void mkdir_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	int id;
	int parid;
	int v;
	int v1;

	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e = generate_fname(fep, FT_DIR, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			fent_to_name(&f, &flist[FT_DIR], fep);
			printf("%d/%d: mkdir - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = mkdir_path(&f, 0777) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(FT_DIR, id, parid);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: mkdir %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void mknod_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	int id;
	int parid;
	int v;
	int v1;

	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e = generate_fname(fep, FT_DEV, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			fent_to_name(&f, &flist[FT_DIR], fep);
			printf("%d/%d: mknod - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = mknod_path(&f, S_IFCHR | 0444, 0) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(FT_DEV, id, parid);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: mknod %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void read_f(int opno, long r)
{
	char *buf;
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	size_t len;
	int64_t lr;
	off64_t off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: read - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: read - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	if (stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: read - %s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t) random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t) (lr % stb.st_size);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % (getpagesize() * 32)) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);
	e = read(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: read %s [%lld,%ld] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off, (long int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void readlink_f(int opno, long r)
{
	char buf[PATH_MAX];
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_SYMm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: readlink - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = readlink_path(&f, buf, PATH_MAX) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: readlink %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void rename_f(int opno, long r)
{
	fent_t *dfep;
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *flp;
	int id;
	pathname_t newf;
	int oldid;
	int parid;
	int v;
	int v1;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, &flp, &fep, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%d: rename - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, random(), NULL, NULL, &dfep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = dfep->id;
	v |= v1;
	init_pathname(&newf);
	e = generate_fname(dfep, flp - flist, &newf, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			fent_to_name(&f, &flist[FT_DIR], dfep);
			printf("%d/%d: rename - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&newf);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = rename_path(&f, &newf) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0) {
		if (flp - flist == FT_DIR) {
			oldid = fep->id;
			fix_parent(oldid, id);
		}
		del_from_flist(flp - flist, fep - flp->fents);
		add_to_flist(flp - flist, id, parid);
	}
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: rename %s to %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
		       newf.path, e);
	free_pathname(&newf);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

#ifndef NO_XFS
void resvsp_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	struct xfs_flock64 fl;
	__s64 lr;
	__s64 off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: resvsp - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: resvsp - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: resvsp - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((__s64) random() << 32) + random();
	off = lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE);
	off %= maxfsize;
	memset(&fl, 0, sizeof(fl));
	fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
	fl.l_start = off;
	fl.l_len = (__s64) (random() % (1024 * 1024));
	e = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_RESVSP64, &fl) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: ioctl(XFS_IOC_RESVSP64) %s %lld %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off,
		       (long long)fl.l_len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}
#endif

void rmdir_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: rmdir - no directory\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = rmdir_path(&f) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		del_from_flist(FT_DIR, fep - flist[FT_DIR].fents);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: rmdir %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void stat_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: stat - no entries\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = lstat64_path(&f, &stb) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: stat %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void symlink_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	int i;
	int id;
	int len;
	int parid;
	int v;
	int v1;
	char *val;

	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e = generate_fname(fep, FT_SYM, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			fent_to_name(&f, &flist[FT_DIR], fep);
			printf("%d/%d: symlink - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	len = (int)(random() % PATH_MAX);
	val = malloc(len + 1);
	if (len)
		memset(val, 'x', len);
	val[len] = '\0';
	for (i = 10; i < len - 1; i += 10)
		val[i] = '/';
	e = symlink_path(val, &f) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(FT_SYM, id, parid);
	free(val);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: symlink %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
void sync_f(int opno, long r __attribute__((unused)))
{
	sync();
	if (verbose)
		printf("%d/%d: sync\n", procid, opno);
}

void truncate_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int64_t lr;
	off64_t off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: truncate - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = stat64_path(&f, &stb) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e > 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: truncate - stat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t) random() << 32) + random();
	off = lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE);
	off %= maxfsize;
	e = truncate64_path(&f, off) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: truncate %s %lld %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
		       (long long)off, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void unlink_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	fent_t *fep;
	flist_t *flp;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_NOTDIR, r, &f, &flp, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: unlink - no file\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = unlink_path(&f) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		del_from_flist(flp - flist, fep - flp->fents);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: unlink %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

#ifndef NO_XFS
void unresvsp_f(int opno, long r)
{
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	struct xfs_flock64 fl;
	__s64 lr;
	__s64 off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: unresvsp - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: unresvsp - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: unresvsp - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((__s64) random() << 32) + random();
	off = lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE);
	off %= maxfsize;
	memset(&fl, 0, sizeof(fl));
	fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
	fl.l_start = off;
	fl.l_len = (__s64) (random() % (1 << 20));
	e = ioctl(fd, XFS_IOC_UNRESVSP64, &fl) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: ioctl(XFS_IOC_UNRESVSP64) %s %lld %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off,
		       (long long)fl.l_len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}
#endif

void write_f(int opno, long r)
{
	char *buf;
	int e;
	pathname_t f;
	int fd;
	size_t len;
	int64_t lr;
	off64_t off;
	struct stat64 stb;
	int v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: write - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: write - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%d: write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t) random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t) (lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % (getpagesize() * 32)) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);
	memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);
	e = write(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%d: write %s [%lld,%ld] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, (long long)off, (long int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}