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1.. highlight:: c
2
3
4.. _countingrefs:
5
6******************
7Reference Counting
8******************
9
10The macros in this section are used for managing reference counts of Python
11objects.
12
13
14.. c:function:: void Py_INCREF(PyObject *o)
15
16   Increment the reference count for object *o*.
17
18   This function is usually used to convert a :term:`borrowed reference` to a
19   :term:`strong reference` in-place. The :c:func:`Py_NewRef` function can be
20   used to create a new :term:`strong reference`.
21
22   The object must not be ``NULL``; if you aren't sure that it isn't
23   ``NULL``, use :c:func:`Py_XINCREF`.
24
25
26.. c:function:: void Py_XINCREF(PyObject *o)
27
28   Increment the reference count for object *o*.  The object may be ``NULL``, in
29   which case the macro has no effect.
30
31   See also :c:func:`Py_XNewRef`.
32
33
34.. c:function:: PyObject* Py_NewRef(PyObject *o)
35
36   Create a new :term:`strong reference` to an object: increment the reference
37   count of the object *o* and return the object *o*.
38
39   When the :term:`strong reference` is no longer needed, :c:func:`Py_DECREF`
40   should be called on it to decrement the object reference count.
41
42   The object *o* must not be ``NULL``; use :c:func:`Py_XNewRef` if *o* can be
43   ``NULL``.
44
45   For example::
46
47       Py_INCREF(obj);
48       self->attr = obj;
49
50   can be written as::
51
52       self->attr = Py_NewRef(obj);
53
54   See also :c:func:`Py_INCREF`.
55
56   .. versionadded:: 3.10
57
58
59.. c:function:: PyObject* Py_XNewRef(PyObject *o)
60
61   Similar to :c:func:`Py_NewRef`, but the object *o* can be NULL.
62
63   If the object *o* is ``NULL``, the function just returns ``NULL``.
64
65   .. versionadded:: 3.10
66
67
68.. c:function:: void Py_DECREF(PyObject *o)
69
70   Decrement the reference count for object *o*.
71
72   If the reference count reaches zero, the object's type's deallocation
73   function (which must not be ``NULL``) is invoked.
74
75   This function is usually used to delete a :term:`strong reference` before
76   exiting its scope.
77
78   The object must not be ``NULL``; if you aren't sure that it isn't ``NULL``,
79   use :c:func:`Py_XDECREF`.
80
81   .. warning::
82
83      The deallocation function can cause arbitrary Python code to be invoked (e.g.
84      when a class instance with a :meth:`__del__` method is deallocated).  While
85      exceptions in such code are not propagated, the executed code has free access to
86      all Python global variables.  This means that any object that is reachable from
87      a global variable should be in a consistent state before :c:func:`Py_DECREF` is
88      invoked.  For example, code to delete an object from a list should copy a
89      reference to the deleted object in a temporary variable, update the list data
90      structure, and then call :c:func:`Py_DECREF` for the temporary variable.
91
92
93.. c:function:: void Py_XDECREF(PyObject *o)
94
95   Decrement the reference count for object *o*.  The object may be ``NULL``, in
96   which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect is the same as for
97   :c:func:`Py_DECREF`, and the same warning applies.
98
99
100.. c:function:: void Py_CLEAR(PyObject *o)
101
102   Decrement the reference count for object *o*.  The object may be ``NULL``, in
103   which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect is the same as for
104   :c:func:`Py_DECREF`, except that the argument is also set to ``NULL``.  The warning
105   for :c:func:`Py_DECREF` does not apply with respect to the object passed because
106   the macro carefully uses a temporary variable and sets the argument to ``NULL``
107   before decrementing its reference count.
108
109   It is a good idea to use this macro whenever decrementing the reference
110   count of an object that might be traversed during garbage collection.
111
112
113The following functions are for runtime dynamic embedding of Python:
114``Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)``, ``Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)``. They are
115simply exported function versions of :c:func:`Py_XINCREF` and
116:c:func:`Py_XDECREF`, respectively.
117
118The following functions or macros are only for use within the interpreter core:
119:c:func:`_Py_Dealloc`, :c:func:`_Py_ForgetReference`, :c:func:`_Py_NewReference`,
120as well as the global variable :c:data:`_Py_RefTotal`.
121
122