1.. highlight:: c 2 3 4.. _concrete: 5 6********************** 7Concrete Objects Layer 8********************** 9 10The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types. 11Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an 12object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type, 13you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a 14dictionary, use :c:func:`PyDict_Check`. The chapter is structured like the 15"family tree" of Python object types. 16 17.. warning:: 18 19 While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the 20 objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for ``NULL`` being passed 21 instead of a valid object. Allowing ``NULL`` to be passed in can cause memory 22 access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter. 23 24 25.. _fundamental: 26 27Fundamental Objects 28=================== 29 30This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object ``None``. 31 32.. toctree:: 33 34 type.rst 35 none.rst 36 37 38.. _numericobjects: 39 40Numeric Objects 41=============== 42 43.. index:: object: numeric 44 45.. toctree:: 46 47 long.rst 48 bool.rst 49 float.rst 50 complex.rst 51 52 53.. _sequenceobjects: 54 55Sequence Objects 56================ 57 58.. index:: object: sequence 59 60Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter; 61this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are 62intrinsic to the Python language. 63 64.. XXX sort out unicode, str, bytes and bytearray 65 66.. toctree:: 67 68 bytes.rst 69 bytearray.rst 70 unicode.rst 71 tuple.rst 72 list.rst 73 74 75.. _mapobjects: 76 77Container Objects 78================= 79 80.. index:: object: mapping 81 82.. toctree:: 83 84 dict.rst 85 set.rst 86 87 88.. _otherobjects: 89 90Function Objects 91================ 92 93.. toctree:: 94 95 function.rst 96 method.rst 97 cell.rst 98 code.rst 99 100 101Other Objects 102============= 103 104.. toctree:: 105 106 file.rst 107 module.rst 108 iterator.rst 109 descriptor.rst 110 slice.rst 111 memoryview.rst 112 weakref.rst 113 capsule.rst 114 gen.rst 115 coro.rst 116 contextvars.rst 117 datetime.rst 118 typehints.rst 119