runtime_core/assembler/assembly-emitter.cpp

/**
 * Copyright (c) 2021-2025 Huawei Device Co., Ltd.
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "assembly-emitter.h"

#include "bytecode_instruction-inl.h"
#include "emit-item.h"
#include "mangling.h"

namespace {

using panda::os::file::Mode;
using panda::os::file::Open;
using panda::panda_file::AnnotationItem;
using panda::panda_file::ArrayValueItem;
using panda::panda_file::BaseClassItem;
using panda::panda_file::BaseFieldItem;
using panda::panda_file::BaseMethodItem;
using panda::panda_file::ClassItem;
using panda::panda_file::CodeItem;
using panda::panda_file::DebugInfoItem;
using panda::panda_file::FieldItem;
using panda::panda_file::FileWriter;
using panda::panda_file::ForeignClassItem;
using panda::panda_file::ForeignFieldItem;
using panda::panda_file::ForeignMethodItem;
using panda::panda_file::ItemContainer;
using panda::panda_file::LineNumberProgramItem;
using panda::panda_file::MemoryBufferWriter;
using panda::panda_file::MethodHandleItem;
using panda::panda_file::MethodItem;
using panda::panda_file::MethodParamItem;
using panda::panda_file::ParamAnnotationsItem;
using panda::panda_file::PrimitiveTypeItem;
using panda::panda_file::ProtoItem;
using panda::panda_file::ScalarValueItem;
using panda::panda_file::StringItem;
using panda::panda_file::Type;
using panda::panda_file::TypeItem;
using panda::panda_file::ValueItem;
using panda::panda_file::Writer;
using panda::panda_file::LiteralArrayItem;

std::unordered_map<Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> CreatePrimitiveTypes(ItemContainer *container)
{
    auto res = std::unordered_map<Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> {};
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::VOID, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::VOID)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::U1, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::U1)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::I8, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::I8)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::U8, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::U8)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::I16, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::I16)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::U16, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::U16)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::I32, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::I32)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::U32, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::U32)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::I64, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::I64)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::U64, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::U64)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::F32, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::F32)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::F64, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::F64)});
    res.insert({Type::TypeId::TAGGED, container->GetOrCreatePrimitiveTypeItem(Type::TypeId::TAGGED)});
    return res;
}

template <class T>
typename T::mapped_type Find(const T &map, typename T::key_type key)
{
    auto res = map.find(key);
    ASSERT(res != map.end());
    return res->second;
}

}  // anonymous namespace

namespace panda::pandasm {

/* static */
std::string AsmEmitter::last_error("");

static panda_file::Type::TypeId GetTypeId(Value::Type type)
{
    switch (type) {
        case Value::Type::U1:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::U1;
        case Value::Type::I8:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::I8;
        case Value::Type::U8:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::U8;
        case Value::Type::I16:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::I16;
        case Value::Type::U16:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::U16;
        case Value::Type::I32:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::I32;
        case Value::Type::U32:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::U32;
        case Value::Type::I64:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::I64;
        case Value::Type::U64:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::U64;
        case Value::Type::F32:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::F32;
        case Value::Type::F64:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::F64;
        case Value::Type::VOID:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::VOID;
        default:
            return panda_file::Type::TypeId::REFERENCE;
    }
}

/* static */
std::string AsmEmitter::GetMethodSignatureFromProgram(const std::string &name, const Program &program)
{
    if (IsSignatureOrMangled(name)) {
        return name;
    }

    const auto it_synonym = program.function_synonyms.find(name);
    const bool is_method_known = (it_synonym != program.function_synonyms.end());
    const bool is_single_synonym = (is_method_known && (it_synonym->second.size() == 1));
    if (is_single_synonym) {
        return it_synonym->second[0];
    } else {
        SetLastError("More than one alternative for method " + name);
        return std::string("");
    }
}

/* static */
panda_file::LiteralItem *AsmEmitter::CreateLiteralItem(
    ItemContainer *container, const Value *value, std::vector<panda_file::LiteralItem> *out,
    const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    ASSERT(out != nullptr);

    auto value_type = value->GetType();

    switch (value_type) {
        case Value::Type::U1:
        case Value::Type::I8:
        case Value::Type::U8: {
            auto v = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<uint8_t>();
            out->emplace_back(v);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::I16:
        case Value::Type::U16: {
            auto v = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<uint16_t>();
            out->emplace_back(v);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::I32:
        case Value::Type::U32:
        case Value::Type::STRING_NULLPTR: {
            auto v = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<uint32_t>();
            out->emplace_back(v);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::I64:
        case Value::Type::U64: {
            auto v = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<uint64_t>();
            out->emplace_back(v);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::F32: {
            auto v = bit_cast<uint32_t>(value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<float>());
            out->emplace_back(v);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::F64: {
            auto v = bit_cast<uint64_t>(value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<double>());
            out->emplace_back(v);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::STRING: {
            auto *string_item = container->GetOrCreateStringItem(value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>());
            out->emplace_back(string_item);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::METHOD: {
            auto name = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>();
            auto method_item = static_cast<panda::panda_file::MethodItem *>(Find(entities.method_items, name));
            out->emplace_back(method_item);
            return &out->back();
        }
        case Value::Type::LITERALARRAY: {
            auto key = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>();
            auto lit_item = Find(entities.literalarray_items, key);
            out->emplace_back(lit_item);
            return &out->back();
        }
        default:
            return nullptr;
    }
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarStringValueItem(ItemContainer *container, const Value *value,
                                                         std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out)
{
    auto *string_item = container->GetOrCreateStringItem(value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>());
    if (out != nullptr) {
        out->emplace_back(string_item, container);
        return &out->back();
    }

    return container->CreateItem<ScalarValueItem>(string_item);
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarRecordValueItem(
    ItemContainer *container, const Value *value, std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out,
    const std::unordered_map<std::string, BaseClassItem *> &classes)
{
    auto type = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<Type>();
    BaseClassItem *class_item;
    if (type.IsObject()) {
        auto name = type.GetName();
        auto it = classes.find(name);
        if (it == classes.cend()) {
            return nullptr;
        }

        class_item = it->second;
    } else {
        class_item = container->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(type.GetDescriptor());
    }

    if (out != nullptr) {
        out->emplace_back(class_item, container);
        return &out->back();
    }

    return container->CreateItem<ScalarValueItem>(class_item);
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarMethodValueItem(
    ItemContainer *container, const Value *value, std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out, const Program &program,
    const std::unordered_map<std::string, BaseMethodItem *> &methods)
{
    auto name = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>();

    name = GetMethodSignatureFromProgram(name, program);

    auto it = methods.find(name);
    if (it == methods.cend()) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    auto *method_item = it->second;
    if (out != nullptr) {
        out->emplace_back(method_item, container);
        return &out->back();
    }

    return container->CreateItem<ScalarValueItem>(method_item);
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarLiteralArrayItem(
    ItemContainer *container, const Value *value, std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out, const Program &program,
    const std::unordered_map<std::string, LiteralArrayItem *> &literalarrays)
{
    auto name = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>();
    auto it = literalarrays.find(name);
    ASSERT(it != literalarrays.end());
    auto *literalarray_item = it->second;
    if (out != nullptr) {
        out->emplace_back(literalarray_item, container);
        return &out->back();
    }

    return container->CreateItem<ScalarValueItem>(literalarray_item);
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarEnumValueItem(ItemContainer *container, const Value *value,
                                                       std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out,
                                                       const std::unordered_map<std::string, BaseFieldItem *> &fields)
{
    auto name = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<std::string>();
    auto it = fields.find(name);
    if (it == fields.cend()) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    auto *field_item = it->second;
    if (out != nullptr) {
        out->emplace_back(field_item, container);
        return &out->back();
    }

    return container->CreateItem<ScalarValueItem>(field_item);
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarAnnotationValueItem(
    ItemContainer *container, const Value *value, std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out, const Program &program,
    const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    auto annotation = value->GetAsScalar()->GetValue<AnnotationData>();
    auto *annotation_item = CreateAnnotationItem(container, annotation, program, entities);
    if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (out != nullptr) {
        out->emplace_back(annotation_item, container);
        return &out->back();
    }

    return container->CreateItem<ScalarValueItem>(annotation_item);
}

/* static */
ScalarValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateScalarValueItem(ItemContainer *container, const Value *value,
                                                   std::vector<ScalarValueItem> *out, const Program &program,
                                                   const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    auto value_type = value->GetType();

    switch (value_type) {
        case Value::Type::U1:
        case Value::Type::I8:
        case Value::Type::U8:
        case Value::Type::I16:
        case Value::Type::U16:
        case Value::Type::I32:
        case Value::Type::U32:
        case Value::Type::STRING_NULLPTR: {
            return CreateScalarPrimValueItem<uint32_t>(container, value, out);
        }
        case Value::Type::I64:
        case Value::Type::U64: {
            return CreateScalarPrimValueItem<uint64_t>(container, value, out);
        }
        case Value::Type::F32: {
            return CreateScalarPrimValueItem<float>(container, value, out);
        }
        case Value::Type::F64: {
            return CreateScalarPrimValueItem<double>(container, value, out);
        }
        case Value::Type::STRING: {
            return CreateScalarStringValueItem(container, value, out);
        }
        case Value::Type::RECORD: {
            return CreateScalarRecordValueItem(container, value, out, entities.class_items);
        }
        case Value::Type::METHOD: {
            return CreateScalarMethodValueItem(container, value, out, program, entities.method_items);
        }
        case Value::Type::ENUM: {
            return CreateScalarEnumValueItem(container, value, out, entities.field_items);
        }
        case Value::Type::ANNOTATION: {
            return CreateScalarAnnotationValueItem(container, value, out, program, entities);
        }
        case Value::Type::LITERALARRAY: {
            return CreateScalarLiteralArrayItem(container, value, out, program, entities.literalarray_items);
        }
        default: {
            UNREACHABLE();
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
}

/* static */
ValueItem *AsmEmitter::CreateValueItem(ItemContainer *container, const Value *value, const Program &program,
                                       const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    switch (value->GetType()) {
        case Value::Type::ARRAY: {
            std::vector<ScalarValueItem> elements;
            for (const auto &elem_value : value->GetAsArray()->GetValues()) {
                auto *item =
                    CreateScalarValueItem(container, &elem_value, &elements, program, entities);
                if (item == nullptr) {
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }

            auto component_type = value->GetAsArray()->GetComponentType();
            return container->CreateItem<ArrayValueItem>(panda_file::Type(GetTypeId(component_type)),
                                                         std::move(elements));
        }
        default: {
            return CreateScalarValueItem(container, value, nullptr, program, entities);
        }
    }
}

/* static */
AnnotationItem *AsmEmitter::CreateAnnotationItem(ItemContainer *container, const AnnotationData &annotation,
    const Program &program, const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    auto record_name = annotation.GetName();
    if (!program.isGeneratedFromMergedAbc) {
        auto it = program.record_table.find(record_name);
        if (it == program.record_table.cend()) {
            SetLastError("Record " + record_name + " not found");
            return nullptr;
        }

        auto &record = it->second;
        // For an imported custom annotation, it will be represented as external.
        if (!record.metadata->IsAnnotation() && !record.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            SetLastError("Record " + record_name + " isn't annotation");
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    std::vector<AnnotationItem::Elem> item_elements;
    std::vector<AnnotationItem::Tag> tag_elements;

    for (const auto &element : annotation.GetElements()) {
        auto name = element.GetName();
        auto *value = element.GetValue();

        auto value_type = value->GetType();

        uint8_t tag_type;

        if (value_type == Value::Type::ARRAY && !value->GetAsArray()->GetValues().empty()) {
            auto array_element_type = value->GetAsArray()->GetComponentType();
            tag_type = static_cast<uint8_t>(Value::GetArrayTypeAsChar(array_element_type));
        } else {
            tag_type = static_cast<uint8_t>(Value::GetTypeAsChar(value_type));
        }

        ASSERT(tag_type != '0');

        auto *item = CreateValueItem(container, value, program, entities);
        if (item == nullptr) {
            SetLastError("Cannot create value item for annotation element " + name + ": " + GetLastError());
            return nullptr;
        }

        item_elements.emplace_back(container->GetOrCreateStringItem(name), item);
        tag_elements.emplace_back(tag_type);
    }

    auto *cls = entities.class_items.find(record_name)->second;
    return container->CreateItem<AnnotationItem>(cls, std::move(item_elements), std::move(tag_elements));
}

MethodHandleItem *AsmEmitter::CreateMethodHandleItem(ItemContainer *container, const MethodHandle &mh,
                                                     const std::unordered_map<std::string, BaseFieldItem *> &fields,
                                                     const std::unordered_map<std::string, BaseMethodItem *> &methods)
{
    MethodHandleItem *item = nullptr;
    switch (mh.type) {
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::PUT_STATIC:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::GET_STATIC:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::PUT_INSTANCE:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::GET_INSTANCE: {
            item = container->CreateItem<MethodHandleItem>(mh.type, fields.at(mh.item_name));
            break;
        }
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::INVOKE_STATIC:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::INVOKE_INSTANCE:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::INVOKE_CONSTRUCTOR:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::INVOKE_DIRECT:
        case panda_file::MethodHandleType::INVOKE_INTERFACE: {
            item = container->CreateItem<MethodHandleItem>(mh.type, methods.at(mh.item_name));
            break;
        }
        default:
            UNREACHABLE();
            break;
    }
    return item;
}

/* static */
template <class T>
bool AsmEmitter::AddAnnotations(T *item, ItemContainer *container, const AnnotationMetadata &metadata,
                                const Program &program, const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &annotation : metadata.GetAnnotations()) {
        auto *annotation_item = CreateAnnotationItem(container, annotation, program, entities);
        if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
            return false;
        }

        /**
         * When abc is used as input, the function annotation and its corresponding record
         * are placed into two different programs, which causes the record to be missing
         * from the record_table of the program that contains the function annotation.
         */
        if (program.isGeneratedFromMergedAbc &&
            program.record_table.find(annotation.GetName()) == program.record_table.cend()) {
            item->AddAnnotation(annotation_item);
            continue;
        }

        auto &record = program.record_table.find(annotation.GetName())->second;
        if (record.metadata->IsRuntimeAnnotation()) {
            item->AddRuntimeAnnotation(annotation_item);
        } else if (record.metadata->IsAnnotation()) {
            item->AddAnnotation(annotation_item);
        } else if (record.metadata->IsRuntimeTypeAnnotation()) {
            item->AddRuntimeTypeAnnotation(annotation_item);
        } else if (record.metadata->IsTypeAnnotation()) {
            item->AddTypeAnnotation(annotation_item);
        }
    }

    return true;
}

template <class T>
static bool AddDependencyByIndex(MethodItem *method, const InsPtr &insn,
                                 const std::unordered_map<std::string, T *> &items, size_t idx = 0)
{
    auto ids = insn->Ids();
    if (idx >= ids.size()) {
        return false;
    };
    const auto &id = ids[idx];
    auto it = items.find(id);
    ASSERT(it != items.cend());
    auto *item = it->second;
    ASSERT(item->GetIndexType() != panda_file::IndexType::NONE);
    method->AddIndexDependency(item);
    return true;
}

static bool AddBytecodeIndexDependencies(MethodItem *method, const Function &func,
                                         const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &insn : func.ins) {
        if (insn->opcode == Opcode::INVALID) {
            continue;
        }

        if (insn->opcode == Opcode::DEFINECLASSWITHBUFFER) {
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.method_items)) {
                return false;
            }
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.literalarray_items, 1)) {
                return false;
            }
            continue;
        }

        if (insn->opcode == Opcode::CALLRUNTIME_DEFINESENDABLECLASS) {
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.method_items)) {
                return false;
            }
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.literalarray_items, 1)) {
                return false;
            }
            continue;
        }

        if (insn->HasFlag(InstFlags::METHOD_ID)) {
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.method_items)) {
                return false;
            }
            continue;
        }

        if (insn->HasFlag(InstFlags::STRING_ID)) {
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.string_items)) {
                return false;
            }
            continue;
        }

        if (insn->HasFlag(InstFlags::LITERALARRAY_ID)) {
            if (!AddDependencyByIndex(method, insn, entities.literalarray_items)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
void AsmEmitter::MakeStringItems(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                                 AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &s : program.strings) {
        auto *item = items->GetOrCreateStringItem(s);
        entities.string_items.insert({s, item});
    }
}

/* static */
void AsmEmitter::MakeLiteralItems(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                                  AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &[id, l] : program.literalarray_table) {
        auto *literal_array_item = items->GetOrCreateLiteralArrayItem(id);
        entities.literalarray_items.insert({id, literal_array_item});
    }

    for (const auto &[id, l] : program.literalarray_table) {
        auto *literal_array_item = entities.literalarray_items.find(id)->second;
        std::vector<panda_file::LiteralItem> literal_array;
        for (auto &literal : l.literals_) {
            std::unique_ptr<ScalarValue> value;
            switch (literal.tag_) {
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_U1: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("u1", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U1>(static_cast<bool>(std::get<bool>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_U8: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("u8", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U8>(std::get<uint8_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_I8: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("i8", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::I8>(std::get<uint8_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_U16: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("u16", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U16>(std::get<uint16_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_I16: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("i16", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::I16>(std::get<uint16_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_U32: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("u32", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U32>(std::get<uint32_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_I32: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("i32", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::I32>(std::get<uint32_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_U64: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("u64", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U64>(std::get<uint64_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_I64: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("i64", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::I64>(std::get<uint64_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_F32: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("f32", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::F32>(std::get<float>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_F64: {
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type("f64", 1)) != program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::F64>(std::get<double>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                }
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ARRAY_STRING:
                    ASSERT(program.array_types.find(Type(
                        Type::FromDescriptor(panda::panda_file::GetStringClassDescriptor(program.lang)), 1)) !=
                           program.array_types.end());
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::STRING>(
                        std::string_view(std::get<std::string>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::TAGVALUE:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ACCESSOR:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::NULLVALUE:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::BUILTINTYPEINDEX:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U8>(static_cast<uint8_t>(std::get<uint8_t>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::BOOL:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U8>(static_cast<uint8_t>(std::get<bool>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::METHODAFFILIATE:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::U16>(std::get<uint16_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::INTEGER:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::LITERALBUFFERINDEX:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::I32>(std::get<uint32_t>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::FLOAT:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::F32>(std::get<float>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::DOUBLE:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(
                        ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::F64>(std::get<double>(literal.value_)));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::STRING:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ETS_IMPLEMENTS:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::STRING>(
                        std::string_view(std::get<std::string>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::METHOD:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::GETTER:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::SETTER:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::GENERATORMETHOD:
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::ASYNCGENERATORMETHOD:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::METHOD>(
                        std::string_view(std::get<std::string>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                case panda_file::LiteralTag::LITERALARRAY:
                    value = std::make_unique<ScalarValue>(ScalarValue::Create<Value::Type::LITERALARRAY>(
                        std::string_view(std::get<std::string>(literal.value_))));
                    break;
                default:
                    UNREACHABLE();
            }

            // the return pointer of vector element should not be rewrited
            CreateLiteralItem(items, value.get(), &literal_array, entities);
        }
        literal_array_item->AddItems(literal_array);
    }
}

/* static */
void AsmEmitter::MakeArrayTypeItems(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                                    AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &t : program.array_types) {
        auto *foreign_record = items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(t.GetDescriptor());
        entities.class_items.insert({t.GetName(), foreign_record});
    }
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleRecordAsForeign(
    ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
    const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types, const std::string &name,
    const Record &rec)
{
    Type record_type = Type::FromName(name);
    auto *foreign_record = items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(record_type.GetDescriptor(rec.conflict));
    entities.class_items.insert({name, foreign_record});
    for (const auto &f : rec.field_list) {
        ASSERT(f.metadata->IsForeign());
        auto *field_name = items->GetOrCreateStringItem(pandasm::DeMangleName(f.name));
        std::string full_field_name = name + "." + f.name;
        if (!f.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            SetLastError("External record " + name + " has a non-external field " + f.name);
            return false;
        }
        auto *type_item = GetTypeItem(items, primitive_types, f.type, program);
        if (type_item == nullptr) {
            SetLastError("Field " + full_field_name + " has undefined type");
            return false;
        }
        auto *field = items->CreateItem<ForeignFieldItem>(foreign_record, field_name, type_item);
        entities.field_items.insert({full_field_name, field});
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleBaseRecord(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, const std::string &name,
                                  const Record &base_rec, ClassItem *record)
{
    auto base_name = base_rec.metadata->GetBase();
    if (!base_name.empty()) {
        auto it = program.record_table.find(base_name);
        if (it == program.record_table.cend()) {
            SetLastError("Base record " + base_name + " is not defined for record " + name);
            return false;
        }
        auto &rec = it->second;
        Type base_type(base_name, 0);
        if (rec.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            record->SetSuperClass(items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(base_type.GetDescriptor(rec.conflict)));
        } else {
            record->SetSuperClass(items->GetOrCreateClassItem(base_type.GetDescriptor(rec.conflict)));
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleInterfaces(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, const std::string &name,
                                  const Record &rec, ClassItem *record)
{
    auto ifaces = rec.metadata->GetInterfaces();
    for (const auto &item : ifaces) {
        auto it = program.record_table.find(item);
        if (it == program.record_table.cend()) {
            SetLastError("Interface record " + item + " is not defined for record " + name);
            return false;
        }
        auto &iface = it->second;
        Type iface_type(item, 0);
        if (iface.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            record->AddInterface(items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(iface_type.GetDescriptor(iface.conflict)));
        } else {
            record->AddInterface(items->GetOrCreateClassItem(iface_type.GetDescriptor(iface.conflict)));
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleFields(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
                              const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types,
                              const std::string &name, const Record &rec, ClassItem *record)
{
    for (const auto &f : rec.field_list) {
        std::string full_field_name = name + "." + f.name;
        if (entities.field_items.find(full_field_name) != entities.field_items.end()) {
            continue;
        }
        auto *field_name = items->GetOrCreateStringItem(pandasm::DeMangleName(f.name));
        auto *type_item = GetTypeItem(items, primitive_types, f.type, program);
        if (type_item == nullptr) {
            SetLastError("Field " + full_field_name + " has undefined type");
            return false;
        }
        BaseFieldItem *field;
        if (f.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            field = items->CreateItem<ForeignFieldItem>(record, field_name, type_item);
        } else {
            field = record->AddField(field_name, type_item, f.metadata->GetAccessFlags());
        }
        entities.field_items.insert({full_field_name, field});
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleRecord(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
                              const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types,
                              const std::string &name, const Record &rec)
{
    Type record_type = Type::FromName(name);
    auto *record = items->GetOrCreateClassItem(record_type.GetDescriptor(rec.conflict));
    entities.class_items.insert({name, record});

    record->SetAccessFlags(rec.metadata->GetAccessFlags());
    record->SetSourceLang(rec.language);

    if (!rec.source_file.empty()) {
        auto *source_file_item = items->GetOrCreateStringItem(rec.source_file);
        record->SetSourceFile(source_file_item);
    }

    if (!HandleBaseRecord(items, program, name, rec, record)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (!HandleInterfaces(items, program, name, rec, record)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (!HandleFields(items, program, entities, primitive_types, name, rec, record)) {
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::MakeRecordItems(
    ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
    const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types)
{
    for (const auto &[name, rec] : program.record_table) {
        if (rec.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            if (!HandleRecordAsForeign(items, program, entities, primitive_types, name, rec)) {
                return false;
            }
        } else {
            if (!HandleRecord(items, program, entities, primitive_types, name, rec)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
StringItem *AsmEmitter::GetMethodName(ItemContainer *items, const Function &func, const std::string &name)
{
    if (func.metadata->IsCtor()) {
        return items->GetOrCreateStringItem(panda::panda_file::GetCtorName(func.language));
    } else if (func.metadata->IsCctor()) {
        return items->GetOrCreateStringItem(panda::panda_file::GetCctorName(func.language));
    } else {
        return items->GetOrCreateStringItem(GetItemName(name));
    }
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleAreaForInner(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, ClassItem **area,
                                    ForeignClassItem **foreign_area, const std::string &name,
                                    const std::string &record_owner_name)
{
    auto iter = program.record_table.find(record_owner_name);
    if (iter != program.record_table.end()) {
        auto &rec = iter->second;
        Type record_owner_type = Type::FromName(record_owner_name);
        auto descriptor = record_owner_type.GetDescriptor(rec.conflict);
        if (rec.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            *foreign_area = items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(descriptor);
            if (*foreign_area == nullptr) {
                SetLastError("Unable to create external record " + iter->first);
                return false;
            }
        } else {
            *area = items->GetOrCreateClassItem(descriptor);
            (*area)->SetAccessFlags(rec.metadata->GetAccessFlags());
        }
    } else {
        SetLastError("Function " + name + " is bound to undefined record " + record_owner_name);
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleRecordOnwer(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, ClassItem **area,
                                   ForeignClassItem **foreign_area, const std::string &name,
                                   const std::string &record_owner_name)
{
    if (record_owner_name.empty()) {
        *area = items->GetOrCreateGlobalClassItem();
        (*area)->SetAccessFlags(ACC_PUBLIC);
        (*area)->SetSourceLang(program.lang);
    } else {
        if (!HandleAreaForInner(items, program, area, foreign_area, name, record_owner_name)) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleFunctionParams(
    ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, size_t idx, const std::string &name, const Function &func,
    const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types,
    std::vector<MethodParamItem> &params)
{
    for (size_t i = idx; i < func.params.size(); i++) {
        const auto &p = func.params[i].type;
        auto *type_item = GetTypeItem(items, primitive_types, p, program);
        if (type_item == nullptr) {
            SetLastError("Argument " + std::to_string(i) + " of function " + name + " has undefined type");
            return false;
        }
        params.emplace_back(type_item);
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::HandleFunctionLocalVariables(ItemContainer *items, const Function &func, const std::string &name)
{
    for (const auto &v : func.local_variable_debug) {
        if (v.name.empty()) {
            SetLastError("Function '" + name + "' has an empty local variable name");
            return false;
        }
        if (v.signature.empty()) {
            SetLastError("Function '" + name + "' has an empty local variable signature");
            return false;
        }
        items->GetOrCreateStringItem(v.name);
        // Skip signature and signature type for parameters
        ASSERT(v.reg >= 0);
        if (func.IsParameter(v.reg)) {
            continue;
        }
        items->GetOrCreateStringItem(v.signature);
        if (!v.signature_type.empty()) {
            items->GetOrCreateStringItem(v.signature_type);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::CreateMethodItem(ItemContainer *items, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
                                  const Function &func, TypeItem *type_item, ClassItem *area,
                                  ForeignClassItem *foreign_area, uint32_t access_flags, StringItem *method_name,
                                  const std::string &mangled_name, const std::string &name,
                                  std::vector<MethodParamItem> &params)
{
    auto *proto = items->GetOrCreateProtoItem(type_item, params);
    BaseMethodItem *method;
    if (foreign_area == nullptr) {
        if (func.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            method = items->CreateItem<ForeignMethodItem>(area, method_name, proto, access_flags);
        } else {
            method = area->AddMethod(method_name, proto, access_flags, params);
            method->SetFunctionKind(func.GetFunctionKind());
        }
    } else {
        if (!func.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            SetLastError("Non-external function " + name + " is bound to external record");
            return false;
        }
        method = items->CreateItem<ForeignMethodItem>(foreign_area, method_name, proto, access_flags);
    }
    entities.method_items.insert({mangled_name, method});
    if (!func.metadata->IsForeign()) {
        if (!func.source_file.empty()) {
            items->GetOrCreateStringItem(func.source_file);
        }
        if (!func.source_code.empty()) {
            items->GetOrCreateStringItem(func.source_code);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::MakeFunctionItems(
    ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
    const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types, bool emit_debug_info)
{
    for (const auto &f : program.function_table) {
        const auto &[mangled_name, func] = f;

        auto name = pandasm::DeMangleName(mangled_name);

        StringItem *method_name = GetMethodName(items, func, name);

        ClassItem *area = nullptr;
        ForeignClassItem *foreign_area = nullptr;

        std::string record_owner_name = GetOwnerName(name);
        if (!HandleRecordOnwer(items, program, &area, &foreign_area, name, record_owner_name)) {
            return false;
        }

        auto params = std::vector<MethodParamItem> {};

        uint32_t access_flags = func.metadata->GetAccessFlags();

        if (func.params.empty() || func.params[0].type.GetName() != record_owner_name) {
            access_flags |= ACC_STATIC;
        }

        bool is_static = (access_flags & ACC_STATIC) != 0;
        size_t idx = is_static ? 0 : 1;

        if (!HandleFunctionParams(items, program, idx, name, func, primitive_types, params)) {
            return false;
        }

        if (emit_debug_info && !HandleFunctionLocalVariables(items, func, name)) {
            return false;
        }

        auto *type_item = GetTypeItem(items, primitive_types, func.return_type, program);
        if (type_item == nullptr) {
            SetLastError("Function " + name + " has undefined return type");
            return false;
        }

        if (!CreateMethodItem(items, entities, func, type_item, area, foreign_area, access_flags, method_name,
                              mangled_name, name, params)) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

bool AsmEmitter::CheckDuplicateField(ValueItem &value_item, FieldItem &field_item, std::string &field_name)
{
    if (!field_item.GetValue()) {
        return true;
    }

    if (field_item.GetValue()->IsArray() || value_item.IsArray()) {
        SetLastError("Duplicated array type field {" + field_name + "} is not supported.");
        return false;
    }

    if (field_item.GetValue()->GetAsScalar() == value_item.GetAsScalar()) {
        return true;
    }
    SetLastError("Field {" + field_name + "} has different value.");
    return false;
}

bool AsmEmitter::FillFields(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, const panda::pandasm::Record &record,
                            const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &field : record.field_list) {
        auto field_name = record.name + "." + field.name;
        auto *field_item = static_cast<FieldItem *>(Find(entities.field_items, field_name));
        if (!AddAnnotations(field_item, items, *field.metadata, program, entities)) {
            SetLastError("Cannot emit annotations for field " + field_name + ": " + GetLastError());
            return false;
        }

        auto res = field.metadata->GetValue();
        if (res) {
            auto value = res.value();
            auto *item = CreateValueItem(items, &value, program, entities);
            if (!CheckDuplicateField(*item, *field_item, field_name)) {
                return false;
            }
            field_item->SetValue(item);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::MakeRecordAnnotations(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                                       const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &[name, record] : program.record_table) {
        if (record.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            continue;
        }

        auto *class_item = static_cast<ClassItem *>(Find(entities.class_items, name));
        if (!AddAnnotations(class_item, items, *record.metadata, program, entities)) {
            SetLastError("Cannot emit annotations for record " + record.name + ": " + GetLastError());
            return false;
        }

        if (!FillFields(items, program, record, entities)) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
void AsmEmitter::SetCodeAndDebugInfo(ItemContainer *items, MethodItem *method, const Function &func,
                                     bool emit_debug_info)
{
    auto *code = items->CreateItem<CodeItem>();
    method->SetCode(code);
    code->AddMethod(method);  // we need it for Profile-Guided optimization

    if (!emit_debug_info && !func.CanThrow()) {
        return;
    }

    auto *line_number_program = items->CreateLineNumberProgramItem();
    auto *debug_info = items->CreateItem<DebugInfoItem>(line_number_program);
    if (emit_debug_info) {
        for (const auto &v : func.local_variable_debug) {
            ASSERT(v.reg >= 0);
            if (func.IsParameter(v.reg)) {
                debug_info->AddParameter(items->GetOrCreateStringItem(v.name));
            }
        }
    } else {
        auto nparams = method->GetParams().size();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < nparams; i++) {
            debug_info->AddParameter(nullptr);
        }
    }
    method->SetDebugInfo(debug_info);
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::AddMethodAndParamsAnnotations(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                                               const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities, MethodItem *method,
                                               const Function &func)
{
    if (!AddAnnotations(method, items, *func.metadata, program, entities)) {
        SetLastError("Cannot emit annotations for function " + func.name + ": " + GetLastError());
        return false;
    }

    auto &param_items = method->GetParams();
    for (size_t proto_idx = 0; proto_idx < param_items.size(); proto_idx++) {
        size_t param_idx = method->IsStatic() ? proto_idx : proto_idx + 1;
        auto &param_item = param_items[proto_idx];
        // The parameter metadata of ArkTS is always of a default value instead of a dynamically
        // generated one from ArkTS sources, so it is created here to reduce the compilation memory.
        auto metadata = extensions::MetadataExtension::CreateParamMetadata(pandasm::extensions::Language::ECMASCRIPT);
        if (!AddAnnotations(&param_item, items, *metadata, program, entities)) {
            SetLastError("Cannot emit annotations for parameter a" + std::to_string(param_idx) + "of function " +
                         func.name + ": " + GetLastError());
            return false;
        }
    }

    if (method->HasRuntimeParamAnnotations()) {
        items->CreateItem<ParamAnnotationsItem>(method, true);
    }

    if (method->HasParamAnnotations()) {
        items->CreateItem<ParamAnnotationsItem>(method, false);
    }

    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::MakeFunctionDebugInfoAndAnnotations(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                                                     const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
                                                     bool emit_debug_info)
{
    for (const auto &[name, func] : program.function_table) {
        if (func.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            continue;
        }

        auto *method = static_cast<MethodItem *>(Find(entities.method_items, name));

        SetCodeAndDebugInfo(items, method, func, emit_debug_info);
        if (!AddBytecodeIndexDependencies(method, func, entities)) {
            return false;
        }

        method->SetSourceLang(func.language);

        if (!AddMethodAndParamsAnnotations(items, program, entities, method, func)) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
void AsmEmitter::FillMap(PandaFileToPandaAsmMaps *maps, AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities)
{
    for (const auto &[name, method] : entities.method_items) {
        maps->methods.insert({method->GetFileId().GetOffset(), std::string(name)});
    }

    for (const auto &[name, field] : entities.field_items) {
        maps->fields.insert({field->GetFileId().GetOffset(), std::string(name)});
    }

    for (const auto &[name, cls] : entities.class_items) {
        maps->classes.insert({cls->GetFileId().GetOffset(), std::string(name)});
    }

    for (const auto &[name, str] : entities.string_items) {
        maps->strings.insert({str->GetFileId().GetOffset(), std::string(name)});
    }

    for (const auto &[name, arr] : entities.literalarray_items) {
        maps->literalarrays.emplace(arr->GetFileId().GetOffset(), name);
    }
}

/* static */
void AsmEmitter::EmitDebugInfo(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, const std::vector<uint8_t> *bytes,
                               const MethodItem *method, const Function &func, const std::string &name,
                               bool emit_debug_info)
{
    auto *debug_info = method->GetDebugInfo();
    if (debug_info == nullptr) {
        return;
    }

    auto *line_number_program = debug_info->GetLineNumberProgram();
    auto *constant_pool = debug_info->GetConstantPool();

    std::string record_name = GetOwnerName(name);
    std::string record_source_file;
    if (!record_name.empty()) {
        auto &rec = program.record_table.find(record_name)->second;
        record_source_file = rec.source_file;
    }

    if (!func.source_file.empty() && func.source_file != record_source_file) {
        if (!func.source_code.empty()) {
            auto *source_code_item = items->GetOrCreateStringItem(func.source_code);
            ASSERT(source_code_item->GetOffset() != 0);
            line_number_program->EmitSetSourceCode(constant_pool, source_code_item);
        }
        auto *source_file_item = items->GetOrCreateStringItem(func.source_file);
        ASSERT(source_file_item->GetOffset() != 0);
        line_number_program->EmitSetFile(constant_pool, source_file_item);
    }
    func.BuildLineNumberProgram(debug_info, *bytes, items, constant_pool, emit_debug_info);
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::EmitFunctions(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program,
                               const AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities, bool emit_debug_info)
{
    for (const auto &f : program.function_table) {
        const auto &[name, func] = f;

        if (func.metadata->IsForeign()) {
            continue;
        }

        auto emitter = BytecodeEmitter {};
        auto *method = static_cast<MethodItem *>(Find(entities.method_items, name));
        if (!func.Emit(emitter, method, entities.method_items, entities.field_items, entities.class_items,
                       entities.string_items, entities.literalarray_items)) {
            SetLastError("Internal error during emitting function: " + func.name);
            return false;
        }

        auto *code = method->GetCode();
        code->SetNumVregs(func.regs_num);
        code->SetNumArgs(func.GetParamsNum());

        auto num_ins = static_cast<size_t>(
            std::count_if(func.ins.begin(), func.ins.end(), [](auto &it) { return it->opcode != Opcode::INVALID; }));
        code->SetNumInstructions(num_ins);

        auto *bytes = code->GetInstructions();
        auto status = emitter.Build(static_cast<std::vector<unsigned char> *>(bytes));
        if (status != BytecodeEmitter::ErrorCode::SUCCESS) {
            SetLastError("Internal error during emitting binary code, status=" +
                         std::to_string(static_cast<int>(status)));
            return false;
        }
        auto try_blocks = func.BuildTryBlocks(method, entities.class_items, *bytes);
        for (auto &try_block : try_blocks) {
            code->AddTryBlock(try_block);
        }

        EmitDebugInfo(items, program, bytes, method, func, name, emit_debug_info);
    }
    return true;
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::MakeItemsForSingleProgram(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, bool emit_debug_info,
    AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections &entities,
    std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> primitive_types)
{
    MakeStringItems(items, program, entities);
    MakeArrayTypeItems(items, program, entities);
    if (!MakeRecordItems(items, program, entities, primitive_types)) {
        return false;
    }
    if (!MakeFunctionItems(items, program, entities, primitive_types, emit_debug_info)) {
        return false;
    }
    MakeLiteralItems(items, program, entities);
    // Add annotations for records and fields
    if (!MakeRecordAnnotations(items, program, entities)) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

bool AsmEmitter::EmitPrograms(const std::string &filename, const std::vector<Program *> &progs, bool emit_debug_info,
                              const EmitterConfig &emitterConfig)
{
    ASSERT(!progs.empty());

    ItemContainer::SetApi(emitterConfig.api);
    ItemContainer::SetSubApi(emitterConfig.subApi);
    auto items = ItemContainer {};
    auto primitive_types = CreatePrimitiveTypes(&items);
    auto entities = AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections {};
    SetLastError("");

    for (auto *prog : progs) {
        if (!MakeItemsForSingleProgram(&items, *prog, emit_debug_info, entities, primitive_types)) {
            return false;
        }
        prog->strings.clear();
        prog->literalarray_table.clear();
        prog->array_types.clear();
    }

    for (auto *prog : progs) {
        if (!MakeFunctionDebugInfoAndAnnotations(&items, *prog, entities, emit_debug_info)) {
            return false;
        }
        prog->function_synonyms.clear();
    }

    items.ReLayout();
    items.ComputeLayout();
    {
        auto queue_emit = new EmitFunctionsQueue(emitterConfig.fileThreadCount, items, progs, entities,
                                                 emit_debug_info);
        queue_emit->Schedule();
        queue_emit->Consume();
        queue_emit->Wait();
        delete queue_emit;
        queue_emit = nullptr;
    }

    auto writer = FileWriter(filename);
    if (!writer) {
        SetLastError("Unable to open" + filename + " for writing");
        return false;
    }

    return items.Write(&writer, !emitterConfig.isDebug);
}

/* static */
bool AsmEmitter::Emit(ItemContainer *items, const Program &program, PandaFileToPandaAsmMaps *maps, bool emit_debug_info,
                      panda::panda_file::pgo::ProfileOptimizer *profile_opt)
{
    auto primitive_types = CreatePrimitiveTypes(items);

    auto entities = AsmEmitter::AsmEntityCollections {};

    SetLastError("");

    if (!MakeItemsForSingleProgram(items, program, emit_debug_info, entities, primitive_types)) {
        return false;
    }

    // Add Code and DebugInfo items last due to they have variable size that depends on bytecode
    if (!MakeFunctionDebugInfoAndAnnotations(items, program, entities, emit_debug_info)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (profile_opt != nullptr) {
        items->ReorderItems(profile_opt);
    }

    items->ComputeLayout();

    if (maps != nullptr) {
        FillMap(maps, entities);
    }

    if (!EmitFunctions(items, program, entities, emit_debug_info)) {
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

bool AsmEmitter::Emit(Writer *writer, const Program &program, std::map<std::string, size_t> *stat,
                      PandaFileToPandaAsmMaps *maps, bool debug_info,
                      panda::panda_file::pgo::ProfileOptimizer *profile_opt, uint8_t api, std::string subApi)
{
    ItemContainer::SetApi(api);
    ItemContainer::SetSubApi(subApi);
    auto items = ItemContainer {};
    if (!Emit(&items, program, maps, debug_info, profile_opt)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (stat != nullptr) {
        *stat = items.GetStat();
    }

    return items.Write(writer);
}

bool AsmEmitter::Emit(const std::string &filename, const Program &program, std::map<std::string, size_t> *stat,
                      PandaFileToPandaAsmMaps *maps, bool debug_info,
                      panda::panda_file::pgo::ProfileOptimizer *profile_opt, uint8_t api, std::string subApi)
{
    auto writer = FileWriter(filename);
    if (!writer) {
        SetLastError("Unable to open" + filename + " for writing");
        return false;
    }
    return Emit(&writer, program, stat, maps, debug_info, profile_opt, api, subApi);
}

std::unique_ptr<const panda_file::File> AsmEmitter::Emit(const Program &program, PandaFileToPandaAsmMaps *maps,
                                                         uint8_t api, std::string subApi)
{
    ItemContainer::SetApi(api);
    ItemContainer::SetSubApi(subApi);
    auto items = ItemContainer {};
    if (!Emit(&items, program, maps)) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    size_t size = items.ComputeLayout();
    auto *buffer = new std::byte[size];

    auto writer = MemoryBufferWriter(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(buffer), size);
    if (!items.Write(&writer)) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    os::mem::ConstBytePtr ptr(
        buffer, size, [](std::byte *buffer_ptr, [[maybe_unused]] size_t param_size) noexcept { delete[] buffer_ptr; });
    return panda_file::File::OpenFromMemory(std::move(ptr));
}

TypeItem *AsmEmitter::GetTypeItem(
    ItemContainer *items, const std::unordered_map<panda_file::Type::TypeId, PrimitiveTypeItem *> &primitive_types,
    const Type &type, const Program &program)
{
    if (!type.IsObject()) {
        return Find(primitive_types, type.GetId());
    }

    if (type.IsArray()) {
        return items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(type.GetDescriptor());
    }

    const auto &name = type.GetName();
    if (name == STRING_CLASS_NAME) {
        return items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(type.GetDescriptor());
    }

    auto iter = program.record_table.find(name);
    if (iter == program.record_table.end()) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    auto &rec = iter->second;

    if (rec.metadata->IsForeign()) {
        return items->GetOrCreateForeignClassItem(type.GetDescriptor());
    }

    return items->GetOrCreateClassItem(type.GetDescriptor());
}

bool Function::Emit(BytecodeEmitter &emitter, panda_file::MethodItem *method,
                    const std::unordered_map<std::string, panda_file::BaseMethodItem *> &methods,
                    const std::unordered_map<std::string, panda_file::BaseFieldItem *> &fields,
                    const std::unordered_map<std::string, panda_file::BaseClassItem *> &classes,
                    const std::unordered_map<std::string, panda_file::StringItem *> &strings,
                    const std::unordered_map<std::string, panda_file::LiteralArrayItem *> &literalarrays) const
{
    auto labels = std::unordered_map<std::string_view, panda::Label> {};

    for (const auto &insn : ins) {
        if (insn->IsLabel()) {
            labels.insert_or_assign(insn->Label(), emitter.CreateLabel());
        }
    }

    for (const auto &insn : ins) {
        if (insn->IsLabel()) {
            auto search = labels.find(insn->Label());
            ASSERT(search != labels.end());
            emitter.Bind(search->second);
        }

        if (insn->opcode != Opcode::INVALID) {
            if (!Ins::Emit(emitter, insn, method, methods, fields, classes, strings, literalarrays, labels)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static void TryEmitPc(panda_file::LineNumberProgramItem *program, std::vector<uint8_t> *constant_pool,
                      uint32_t &pc_inc)
{
    if (pc_inc) {
        program->EmitAdvancePc(constant_pool, pc_inc);
        pc_inc = 0;
    }
}

void Function::EmitLocalVariable(panda_file::LineNumberProgramItem *program, const ItemContainer *container,
                                 std::vector<uint8_t> *constant_pool, const LocalVarEmitContext &context) const
{
    ASSERT(context.variable_index < local_variable_debug.size());
    const auto &v = local_variable_debug[context.variable_index];
    ASSERT(!IsParameter(v.reg));
    if (context.instruction_number == v.start) {
        TryEmitPc(program, constant_pool, context.pc_inc);
        StringItem *variable_name = container->GetStringItem(v.name);
        ASSERT(variable_name->GetOffset() != 0);
        StringItem *variable_type = container->GetStringItem(v.signature);
        ASSERT(variable_type->GetOffset() != 0);
        if (v.signature_type.empty()) {
            program->EmitStartLocal(constant_pool, v.reg, variable_name, variable_type);
        } else {
            StringItem *type_signature = container->GetStringItem(v.signature_type);
            ASSERT(type_signature->GetOffset() != 0);
            program->EmitStartLocalExtended(constant_pool, v.reg, variable_name, variable_type, type_signature);
        }
    }

    if (context.instruction_number == (v.start + v.length)) {
        TryEmitPc(program, constant_pool, context.pc_inc);
        program->EmitEndLocal(v.reg);
    }
}

size_t Function::GetLineNumber(size_t i) const
{
    return ins[i]->ins_debug.line_number;
}

uint32_t Function::GetColumnNumber(size_t i) const
{
    return ins[i]->ins_debug.column_number;
}

void Function::EmitNumber(panda_file::LineNumberProgramItem *program, std::vector<uint8_t> *constant_pool,
                          uint32_t pc_inc, int32_t line_inc) const
{
    if (!program->EmitSpecialOpcode(pc_inc, line_inc)) {
        if (pc_inc) {
            program->EmitAdvancePc(constant_pool, pc_inc);
            if (!program->EmitSpecialOpcode(0, line_inc)) {
                program->EmitAdvanceLine(constant_pool, line_inc);
                program->EmitSpecialOpcode(0, 0);
            }
        } else {
            program->EmitAdvanceLine(constant_pool, line_inc);
            program->EmitSpecialOpcode(0, 0);
        }
    }
}

void Function::EmitLineNumber(panda_file::LineNumberProgramItem *program, std::vector<uint8_t> *constant_pool,
                              int32_t &prev_line_number, uint32_t &pc_inc, size_t instruction_number) const
{
    int32_t line_inc = static_cast<int32_t>(GetLineNumber(instruction_number)) - prev_line_number;
    if (line_inc) {
        prev_line_number = static_cast<int32_t>(GetLineNumber(instruction_number));
        EmitNumber(program, constant_pool, pc_inc, line_inc);
        pc_inc = 0;
    }
}

void Function::EmitColumnNumber(panda_file::LineNumberProgramItem *program, std::vector<uint8_t> *constant_pool,
                                uint32_t &prev_column_number, uint32_t &pc_inc, size_t instruction_number) const
{
    auto cn = GetColumnNumber(instruction_number);
    if (cn != prev_column_number) {
        program->EmitColumn(constant_pool, pc_inc, cn);
        pc_inc = 0;
        prev_column_number = cn;
    }
}

void Function::CollectLocalVariable(std::vector<Function::LocalVariablePair> &local_variable_info) const
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < local_variable_debug.size(); i++) {
        const auto &v = local_variable_debug[i];
        if (IsParameter(v.reg)) {
            continue;
        }
        local_variable_info.emplace_back(v.start, i);
        local_variable_info.emplace_back(v.start + v.length, i);
    }

    std::sort(local_variable_info.begin(), local_variable_info.end(),
        [this](const Function::LocalVariablePair &a, const Function::LocalVariablePair &b) {
        auto a_var = this->local_variable_debug[a.variable_index];
        auto b_var = this->local_variable_debug[b.variable_index];
        // If the same register is first used by a_var, and then used by b_var, the ending position of a_var needs
        // to be equal or less then the starting position of b_var. This is to keep the order in local_variable_debug
        // to make sure that if the usage of a_var start first, it will end first.
        if (a.insn_order == b.insn_order && a_var.reg == b_var.reg) {
            return a_var.start < b_var.start;
        }
        return a.insn_order < b.insn_order;
    });
}

void Function::BuildLineNumberProgram(panda_file::DebugInfoItem *debug_item, const std::vector<uint8_t> &bytecode,
                                      const ItemContainer *container, std::vector<uint8_t> *constant_pool,
                                      bool emit_debug_info) const
{
    auto *program = debug_item->GetLineNumberProgram();

    if (ins.empty()) {
        program->EmitEnd();
        return;
    }

    uint32_t pc_inc = 0;
    auto prev_line_number = static_cast<int32_t>(GetLineNumber(0));
    uint32_t prev_column_number = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
    BytecodeInstruction bi(bytecode.data());
    debug_item->SetLineNumber(static_cast<uint32_t>(prev_line_number));

    std::vector<Function::LocalVariablePair> local_variable_info;
    if (emit_debug_info) {
        CollectLocalVariable(local_variable_info);
    }
    const size_t num_ins = ins.size();
    size_t start = 0;
    auto iter = local_variable_info.begin();
    do {
        size_t end = emit_debug_info && iter != local_variable_info.end() ? iter->insn_order : num_ins;
        for (size_t i = start; i < end; i++) {
            /**
             * If you change the continue condition of this loop, you need to synchronously modify the same condition
             * of the BuildMapFromPcToIns method in the optimizer-bytecode.cpp.
             **/
            if (ins[i]->opcode == Opcode::INVALID) {
                continue;
            }
            if (emit_debug_info || ins[i]->CanThrow()) {
                EmitLineNumber(program, constant_pool, prev_line_number, pc_inc, i);
            }
            if (emit_debug_info) {
                EmitColumnNumber(program, constant_pool, prev_column_number, pc_inc, i);
            }
            pc_inc += bi.GetSize();
            bi = bi.GetNext();
        }
        if (iter == local_variable_info.end()) {
            break;
        }
        if (emit_debug_info) {
            LocalVarEmitContext context{pc_inc, end, iter->variable_index};
            EmitLocalVariable(program, container, constant_pool, context);
        }
        start = end;
        iter++;
    } while (true);

    program->EmitEnd();
}

Function::TryCatchInfo Function::MakeOrderAndOffsets(const std::vector<uint8_t> &bytecode) const
{
    std::unordered_map<std::string_view, size_t> try_catch_labels;
    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<const CatchBlock *>> try_catch_map;
    std::vector<std::string> try_catch_order;

    for (auto &catch_block : catch_blocks) {
        try_catch_labels.insert_or_assign(catch_block.try_begin_label, 0);
        try_catch_labels.insert_or_assign(catch_block.try_end_label, 0);
        try_catch_labels.insert_or_assign(catch_block.catch_begin_label, 0);
        try_catch_labels.insert_or_assign(catch_block.catch_end_label, 0);

        std::string try_key = catch_block.try_begin_label + ":" + catch_block.try_end_label;
        auto it = try_catch_map.find(try_key);
        if (it == try_catch_map.cend()) {
            std::tie(it, std::ignore) = try_catch_map.try_emplace(try_key);
            try_catch_order.push_back(try_key);
        }
        it->second.push_back(&catch_block);
    }

    BytecodeInstruction bi(bytecode.data());
    size_t pc_offset = 0;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < ins.size(); i++) {
        if (ins[i]->IsLabel()) {
            auto it = try_catch_labels.find(ins[i]->Label());
            if (it != try_catch_labels.cend()) {
                try_catch_labels[ins[i]->Label()] = pc_offset;
            }
        }
        if (ins[i]->opcode == Opcode::INVALID) {
            continue;
        }

        pc_offset += bi.GetSize();
        bi = bi.GetNext();
    }

    return Function::TryCatchInfo {try_catch_labels, try_catch_map, try_catch_order};
}

std::vector<CodeItem::TryBlock> Function::BuildTryBlocks(
    MethodItem *method, const std::unordered_map<std::string, BaseClassItem *> &class_items,
    const std::vector<uint8_t> &bytecode) const
{
    std::vector<CodeItem::TryBlock> try_blocks;

    if (ins.empty()) {
        return try_blocks;
    }

    Function::TryCatchInfo tcs = MakeOrderAndOffsets(bytecode);

    for (const auto &t_key : tcs.try_catch_order) {
        auto kv = tcs.try_catch_map.find(t_key);
        ASSERT(kv != tcs.try_catch_map.cend());
        auto &try_catch_blocks = kv->second;

        ASSERT(!try_catch_blocks.empty());

        std::vector<CodeItem::CatchBlock> catch_block_items;

        for (auto *catch_block : try_catch_blocks) {
            auto class_name = catch_block->exception_record;

            BaseClassItem *class_item = nullptr;
            if (!class_name.empty()) {
                auto it = class_items.find(class_name);
                ASSERT(it != class_items.cend());
                class_item = it->second;
            }

            auto handler_pc_offset = tcs.try_catch_labels[catch_block->catch_begin_label];
            auto handler_code_size = tcs.try_catch_labels[catch_block->catch_end_label] - handler_pc_offset;
            catch_block_items.emplace_back(method, class_item, handler_pc_offset, handler_code_size);
        }

        auto try_start_pc_offset = tcs.try_catch_labels[try_catch_blocks[0]->try_begin_label];
        auto try_end_pc_offset = tcs.try_catch_labels[try_catch_blocks[0]->try_end_label];
        ASSERT(try_end_pc_offset >= try_start_pc_offset);
        try_blocks.emplace_back(try_start_pc_offset, try_end_pc_offset - try_start_pc_offset, catch_block_items);
    }

    return try_blocks;
}

void Function::DebugDump() const
{
    std::cerr << "name: " << name << std::endl;
    for (const auto &i : ins) {
        std::cerr << i->ToString("\n", true, regs_num);
    }
}

std::string GetOwnerName(std::string name)
{
    name = DeMangleName(name);
    auto super_pos = name.find_last_of(PARSE_AREA_MARKER);
    if (super_pos == std::string::npos) {
        return "";
    }

    return name.substr(0, super_pos);
}

std::string GetItemName(std::string name)
{
    name = DeMangleName(name);
    auto super_pos = name.find_last_of(PARSE_AREA_MARKER);
    if (super_pos == std::string::npos) {
        return name;
    }

    return name.substr(super_pos + 1);
}

}  // namespace panda::pandasm