1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> 2<!DOCTYPE supplementalData SYSTEM "../../common/dtd/ldmlSupplemental.dtd"> 3<!-- Copyright © 1991-2015 Unicode, Inc. 4CLDR data files are interpreted according to the LDML specification (http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/) 5For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html --> 6<supplementalData> 7 <version number="$Revision: 12347 $" /> 8 <transforms> 9 <transform source="am" target="am_FONIPA" direction="both" alias="am-fonipa-t-am" backwardAlias="am-t-am-fonipa"> 10 <tRule> 11# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA). 12# 13# Long vowels, long/geminated consonants: 14# In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination 15# and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although 16# they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include 17# school books and textbooks for non-native speakers. 18# Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off 19# in a post-processing step. 20# 21# Labialization: 22# Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa]; 23# labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w]. 24# Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic 25# transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme 26# set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes 27# such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/. 28# 29# References: 30# [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification 31# for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009; 32# retrieved on November 4, 2014. 33# http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf 34# Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation 35# with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly) 36# writes as */y/. 37 38$IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou]; 39$IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}]; 40 41# Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/. 42# Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script 43# does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically 44# not written in Amharic. 45$LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}{d͡ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r]; 46 47← [ ʼ ͡ ͜ ̯]; 48::(null); 49 50# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to 51# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence 52# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/. 53ሀ → ha; 54ሀ ← hə; 55ሁ ↔ hu; 56ሂ ↔ hi; 57ሃ ↔ ha; 58ሄ ↔ he; 59ህ ↔ hɨ; 60ሆ ↔ ho; 61ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 62ህ ← h; 63 64ለ ↔ lə; 65ሉ ↔ lu; 66ሊ ↔ li; 67ላ ↔ la; 68ሌ ↔ le; 69ል ↔ lɨ; 70ሎ ↔ lo; 71ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 72ሏ ↔ lwa; 73ል ← l; 74 75# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative 76# /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic 77# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both 78# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according 79# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it 80# gets pronounced as /ha/. 81ሐ → ha; 82ሑ → hu; 83ሒ → hi; 84ሓ → ha; 85ሔ → he; 86ሕ → hɨ; 87ሖ → ho; 88ሗ → hwa; 89 90መ ↔ mə; 91ሙ ↔ mu; 92ሚ ↔ mi; 93ማ ↔ ma; 94ሜ ↔ me; 95ም ↔ mɨ; 96ሞ ↔ mo; 97ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 98ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 99ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 100ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 101ሟ ↔ mwa; 102ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 103ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/. 104ም ← m; 105 106ሠ → sə; 107ሡ → su; 108ሢ → si; 109ሣ → sa; 110ሤ → se; 111ሥ → sɨ; 112ሦ → so; 113ሧ → swa; 114 115ረ ↔ rə; 116ሩ ↔ ru; 117ሪ ↔ ri; 118ራ ↔ ra; 119ሬ ↔ re; 120ር ↔ rɨ; 121ሮ ↔ ro; 122ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 123ሯ ↔ rwa; 124ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/. 125ር ← r; 126 127# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B. 128ⶠ → ʃə; 129ⶡ → ʃu; 130ⶢ → ʃi; 131ⶣ → ʃa; 132ⶤ → ʃe; 133ⶥ → ʃɨ; 134ⶦ → ʃo; 135 136ሸ ↔ ʃə; 137ሹ ↔ ʃu; 138ሺ ↔ ʃi; 139ሻ ↔ ʃa; 140ሼ ↔ ʃe; 141ሽ ↔ ʃɨ; 142ሾ ↔ ʃo; 143ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 144ሿ ↔ ʃwa; 145ሽ ← ʃ; 146 147ቀ ↔ kʼə; 148ቁ ↔ kʼu; 149ቂ ↔ kʼi; 150ቃ ↔ kʼa; 151ቄ ↔ kʼe; 152ቅ ↔ kʼɨ; 153ቆ ↔ kʼo; 154ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 155ቈ ↔ kʼwə; 156ቍ ↔ kʼwu; 157ቊ ↔ kʼwi; 158ቋ ↔ kʼwa; 159ቌ ↔ kʼwe; 160ቅ ← kʼ; 161 162# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. 163# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme. 164# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce 165# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/. 166ቐ → kʼə; 167ቑ → kʼu; 168ቒ → kʼi; 169ቓ → kʼa; 170ቔ → kʼe; 171ቕ → kʼɨ; 172ቖ → kʼo; 173ቘ → kʼwə; 174ቝ → kʼwu; 175ቚ → kʼwi; 176ቛ → kʼwa; 177ቜ → kʼwe; 178 179# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H). 180# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names. 181ⷀ → kʼjə; 182ⷁ → kʼju; 183ⷂ → kʼji; 184ⷃ → kʼja; 185ⷄ → kʼje; 186ⷅ → kʼjɨ; 187ⷆ → kʼjo; 188 189በ ↔ bə; 190ቡ ↔ bu; 191ቢ ↔ bi; 192ባ ↔ ba; 193ቤ ↔ be; 194ብ ↔ bɨ; 195ቦ ↔ bo; 196ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 197ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 198ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 199ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 200ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 201ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 202ብ ← b; 203 204ቨ ↔ və; 205ቩ ↔ vu; 206ቪ ↔ vi; 207ቫ ↔ va; 208ቬ ↔ ve; 209ቭ ↔ vɨ; 210ቮ ↔ vo; 211ቯ ↔ vwa; 212ቭ ← v; 213 214# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the 215# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ. 216# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ. 217ⶨ → t͡ʃə; 218ⶩ → t͡ʃu; 219ⶪ → t͡ʃi; 220ⶫ → t͡ʃa; 221ⶬ → t͡ʃe; 222ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ; 223ⶮ → t͡ʃo; 224 225# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ. 226# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5. 227# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to 228# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic. 229# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/. 230 231ኀ → ha; 232ኁ → hu; 233ኂ → hi; 234ኃ → ha; 235ኄ → he; 236ኅ → hɨ; 237ኆ → ho; 238ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 239ኈ → hwə; 240ኍ → hwu; 241ኊ → hwi; 242ኋ → hwa; 243ኌ → hwe; 244 245ነ ↔ nə; 246ኑ ↔ nu; 247ኒ ↔ ni; 248ና ↔ na; 249ኔ ↔ ne; 250ን ↔ nɨ; 251ኖ ↔ no; 252ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 253ኗ ↔ nwa; 254ን ← n; 255 256ኘ ↔ ɲə; 257ኙ ↔ ɲu; 258ኚ ↔ ɲi; 259ኛ ↔ ɲa; 260ኜ ↔ ɲe; 261ኝ ↔ ɲɨ; 262ኞ ↔ ɲo; 263ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 264ኟ ↔ ɲwa; 265ኝ ← ɲ; 266 267# Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound. 268# However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x], 269# several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ. 270ዀ → hwə; 271ዂ → hwi; 272ዃ → hwa; 273ዄ → hwe; 274ዅ → hwɨ; 275ኸ → hə; 276ኹ → hu; 277ኺ → hi; 278ኻ → ha; 279ኼ → he; 280ኽ → hɨ; 281ኾ → ho; 282ዀ ← xwə; 283ዂ ← xwi; 284ዃ ← xwa; 285ዄ ← xwe; 286ዅ ← xwɨ; 287ዅ ← xw; 288ኸ ← xə; 289ኹ ← xu; 290ኺ ← xi; 291ኻ ← xa; 292ኼ ← xe; 293ኽ ← xɨ; 294ኾ ← xo; 295ኽ ← x; 296 297አ ↔ ʔə; 298ኡ ↔ ʔu; 299ኢ ↔ ʔi; 300ኣ ↔ ʔa; 301ኤ ↔ ʔe; 302እ ↔ ʔɨ; 303ኦ ↔ ʔo; 304ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 305እ ← ʔ; 306 307ከ ↔ kə; 308ኩ ↔ ku; 309ኪ ↔ ki; 310ካ ↔ ka; 311ኬ ↔ ke; 312ክ ↔ kɨ; 313ኮ ↔ ko; 314ኰ ↔ kwə; 315ኵ ↔ kwu; 316ኲ ↔ kwi; 317ኳ ↔ kwa; 318ኴ ↔ kwe; 319ክ ← k; 320 321# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H). 322# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization. 323ⷈ → kə; 324ⷉ → ku; 325ⷊ → ki; 326ⷋ → ka; 327ⷌ → ke; 328ⷍ → kɨ; 329ⷎ → ko; 330 331# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/ 332# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names, 333# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization. 334ⷐ → kə; 335ⷑ → ku; 336ⷒ → ki; 337ⷓ → ka; 338ⷔ → ke; 339ⷕ → kɨ; 340ⷖ → ko; 341 342ወ ↔ wə; 343ዉ ↔ wu; 344ዊ ↔ wi; 345ዋ ↔ wa; 346ዌ ↔ we; 347ው ↔ wɨ; 348ዎ ↔ wo; 349ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 350ው ← w; 351 352ዐ ↔ ʕə; 353ዑ ↔ ʕu; 354ዒ ↔ ʕi; 355ዓ ↔ ʕa; 356ዔ ↔ ʕe; 357ዕ ↔ ʕɨ; 358ዖ ↔ ʕo; 359ዒ ← ʕ; 360 361ዘ ↔ zə; 362ዙ ↔ zu; 363ዚ ↔ zi; 364ዛ ↔ za; 365ዜ ↔ ze; 366ዝ ↔ zɨ; 367ዞ ↔ zo; 368ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 369ዟ ↔ zwa; 370ዝ ← z; 371 372ዠ ↔ ʒə; 373ዡ ↔ ʒu; 374ዢ ↔ ʒi; 375ዣ ↔ ʒa; 376ዤ ↔ ʒe; 377ዥ ↔ ʒɨ; 378ዦ ↔ ʒo; 379ዧ ↔ ʒwa; 380ዢ ← ʒ; 381 382# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the 383# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ. 384# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ. 385ⶰ → ʒə; 386ⶱ → ʒu; 387ⶲ → ʒi; 388ⶳ → ʒa; 389ⶴ → ʒe; 390ⶵ → ʒɨ; 391ⶶ → ʒo; 392 393የ ↔ jə; 394ዩ ↔ ju; 395ዪ ↔ ji; 396ያ ↔ ja; 397ዬ ↔ je; 398ይ ↔ jɨ; 399ዮ ↔ jo; 400ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 401ይ ← j; 402 403ጀ ↔ d͡ʒə; 404ጁ ↔ d͡ʒu; 405ጂ ↔ d͡ʒi; 406ጃ ↔ d͡ʒa; 407ጄ ↔ d͡ʒe; 408ጅ ↔ d͡ʒɨ; 409ጆ ↔ d͡ʒo; 410ጇ ↔ d͡ʒwa; 411ጅ ← d͡ʒ; 412 413ደ ↔ də; 414ዱ ↔ du; 415ዲ ↔ di; 416ዳ ↔ da; 417ዴ ↔ de; 418ድ ↔ dɨ; 419ዶ ↔ do; 420ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 421ዷ ↔ dwa; 422ድ ← d; 423 424ገ ↔ ɡə; 425ጉ ↔ ɡu; 426ጊ ↔ ɡi; 427ጋ ↔ ɡa; 428ጌ ↔ ɡe; 429ግ ↔ ɡɨ; 430ጎ ↔ ɡo; 431ጐ ↔ ɡwə; 432ጕ ↔ ɡwu; 433ጒ ↔ ɡwi; 434ጓ ↔ ɡwa; 435ጔ ↔ ɡwe; 436ግ ← ɡ; 437 438# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ]. 439# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers 440# still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating 441# foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example, 442# the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን. 443ጘ → ŋə; 444ጙ → ŋu; 445ጚ → ŋi; 446ጛ → ŋa; 447ጜ → ŋe; 448ጝ → ŋɨ; 449ጞ → ŋo; 450ⶓ → ŋwə; 451ⶖ → ŋwu; 452ⶔ → ŋwi; 453ጟ → ŋwa; 454ⶕ → ŋwe; 455 456# Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ]. 457ጘ ← ɴə; 458ጙ ← ɴu; 459ጚ ← ɴi; 460ጛ ← ɴa; 461ጜ ← ɴe; 462ጝ ← ɴɨ; 463ጞ ← ɴo; 464ጝ ← ɴ; 465 466# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H). 467# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization. 468ⷘ → ɡə; 469ⷙ → ɡu; 470ⷚ → ɡi; 471ⷛ → ɡa; 472ⷜ → ɡe; 473ⷝ → ɡɨ; 474ⷞ → ɡo; 475 476ጠ ↔ tʼə; 477ጡ ↔ tʼu; 478ጢ ↔ tʼi; 479ጣ ↔ tʼa; 480ጤ ↔ tʼe; 481ጥ ↔ tʼɨ; 482ጦ ↔ tʼo; 483ጧ ↔ tʼwa; 484ጢ ← tʼ; 485 486ጨ ↔ t͡ʃʼə; 487ጩ ↔ t͡ʃʼu; 488ጪ ↔ t͡ʃʼi; 489ጫ ↔ t͡ʃʼa; 490ጬ ↔ t͡ʃʼe; 491ጭ ↔ t͡ʃʼɨ; 492ጮ ↔ t͡ʃʼo; 493ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 494ጯ ↔ t͡ʃʼwa; 495ጪ ← t͡ʃʼ; 496 497# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language 498# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex 499# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version. 500# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/. 501ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə; 502ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu; 503ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi; 504ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa; 505ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe; 506ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ; 507ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo; 508 509ቸ ↔ t͡ʃə; 510ቹ ↔ t͡ʃu; 511ቺ ↔ t͡ʃi; 512ቻ ↔ t͡ʃa; 513ቼ ↔ t͡ʃe; 514ች ↔ t͡ʃɨ; 515ቾ ↔ t͡ʃo; 516ቿ ↔ t͡ʃwa; 517ች ← t͡ʃ; 518 519ተ ↔ tə; 520ቱ ↔ tu; 521ቲ ↔ ti; 522ታ ↔ ta; 523ቴ ↔ te; 524ት ↔ tɨ; 525ቶ ↔ to; 526ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 527ቷ ↔ twa; 528ት ← t; 529 530ጰ ↔ pʼə; 531ጱ ↔ pʼu; 532ጲ ↔ pʼi; 533ጳ ↔ pʼa; 534ጴ ↔ pʼe; 535ጵ ↔ pʼɨ; 536ጶ ↔ pʼo; 537ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 538ጷ ↔ pʼwa; 539ጵ ← pʼ; 540 541ጸ ↔ sʼə; 542ጹ ↔ sʼu; 543ጺ ↔ sʼi; 544ጻ ↔ sʼa; 545ጼ ↔ sʼe; 546ጽ ↔ sʼɨ; 547ጾ ↔ sʼo; 548ጿ ↔ sʼwa; 549ጽ ← sʼ; 550 551# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ. 552# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5. 553ፀ → sʼə; 554ፁ → sʼu; 555ፂ → sʼi; 556ፃ → sʼa; 557ፄ → sʼe; 558ፅ → sʼɨ; 559ፆ → sʼo; 560ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 561 562# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B. 563ሰ ↔ sə; 564ሱ ↔ su; 565ሲ ↔ si; 566ሳ ↔ sa; 567ሴ ↔ se; 568ስ ↔ sɨ; 569ሶ ↔ so; 570ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 571ሷ ↔ swa; 572ስ ← s; 573 574ፈ ↔ fə; 575ፉ ↔ fu; 576ፊ ↔ fi; 577ፋ ↔ fa; 578ፌ ↔ fe; 579ፍ ↔ fɨ; 580ፎ ↔ fo; 581ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 582ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 583ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 584ፏ ↔ fwa; 585ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 586ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/. 587ፍ ← f; 588 589ፐ ↔ pə; 590ፑ ↔ pu; 591ፒ ↔ pi; 592ፓ ↔ pa; 593ፔ ↔ pe; 594ፕ ↔ pɨ; 595ፖ ↔ po; 596ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. 597ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 598ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 599ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 600ፗ ↔ pwa; 601ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. 602ፕ ← p; 603 604ኧ ↔ ə; 605ኡ ← u; # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/ 606አ ← a; # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/ 607ኤ ← e; 608እ ← ɨ; 609ኦ ← o; # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/ 610ኢ ← i; # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/ 611 612# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules. 613# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA. 614፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK 615፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE 616። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP 617፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA 618፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON 619፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON 620፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON 621፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK 622፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR 623 624# Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules, 625# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation. 626# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling 627# the am → am_FONIPA transform. 628፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE 629፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO 630፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE 631፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR 632፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE 633፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX 634፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN 635፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT 636፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE 637፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN 638፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY 639፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY 640፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY 641፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY 642፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY 643፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY 644፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY 645፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY 646፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED 647፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND 648 649# Transform IPA length markers to one of these: 650# U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK 651# U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK 652# U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK 653::null(); 654← ː ; # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers. 655::(null); 656($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː; 657($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː; 658($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2; 659[\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ; # Strip off any remaining length markers. 660 661$1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː; # ቷ፝ ← [tːʷaː] 662$1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) waː; # ቷ፞ ← [tʷaː] 663$1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa; # አቷ፟ ← [tːʷa] 664 665$1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː; 666$1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)}; 667 668$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː); 669$1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː); 670$1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː); 671$1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?); 672$1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː); 673$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː); 674$1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?); 675 676# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass. 677::null; 678{($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.; 679 680::(null); 681← [ˈˌ\. ̯̃]; 682 683aj ← ai; # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ 684aw ← au; # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው 685eji ← ei; # Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ 686ewo ← eo; # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ 687ija ← ia; # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ 688ijə ← iə; # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን 689iw ← iu; # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ 690jo ← io; # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ 691nɡ ← ŋɡ; # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ 692nɡ ← ŋ; # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ 693uwa ← ua; # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ 694bwe ← bue; # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ 695sʼ ← t͡s; # Podgorica /podɡorit͡sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut͡s/ ፋዱጽ 696uwi ← ui; # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ 697uwe ← ue; # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ 698 699::(null); 700ʔə ← \. ə; 701ʔu ← \. u; 702ʔi ← \. i; 703ʔa ← \. a; 704ʔe ← \. e; 705ʔɨ ← \. ɨ; 706ʔo ← \. o; 707$1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) ̯} $IPA_VOWEL; # /ewowa/ ← /e̯o̯a/ 708 709::(null); 710 711n ← [n {n̼} {n̼̊} {m̺} {n̊} {n̥} ⁿ ᵑ]; 712m ← [ɱ {m̥} {m̪} ᵐ]; 713ɲ ← [{ɳ̊} {ɳ̥} ɳ {ɲ̊} {ɲ̥} ɲ]; 714ŋ ← [{ŋ̊} {ŋ̥} ŋ]; 715ɴ ← [{ɴ̊} {ɴ̥} ɴ]; 716 717p ← [{t̼} {p̺}]; 718pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ]; 719b ← [{d̼} {b̺} {ɾ̼} ɓ]; 720t ← [{t̪} ʈ]; 721tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ]; 722d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ]; 723k ← q; 724kʼ ← [ǃ ʗ]; 725ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ]; 726nɡ ← ᵑɡ; 727ʔ ← ʡ; 728 729s ← [θ {θ̱} {θ̞} {θ̼} {ɸ̺}]; 730z ← [ð {ð̠} {ð̼} {β̺}]; 731sʼ ← [{t͡s} {t͜s} ʦ]; 732t͡ʃ ← [{t͜ʃ} ʧ {t͡ɕ} {t͜ɕ} ʨ {ʈ͡ʂ} c]; 733t͡ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ]; 734d͡ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d͡z} {d͜z} {d͡ɕ} ʥ {d͡ʑ} {d͜ʑ} {ɖ͡ʐ} {d͡ʐ} ɟ]; 735pf ← [{p̪} {p͆} ȹ {p͡f} {p̪f} {p̪͜f}]; 736bv ← [{b̪} {b͆} ȸ {b͡v} {b̪͡v}]; 737 738ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ]; 739ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ]; 740r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ]; 741rːʒ ← r̝ː; 742rʒ ← r̝; 743 744v ← β; 745x ← [ç x χ]; 746ʕ ← ʕ̝; 747h ← ɦ; 748j ← [ʝ ʲ]; 749lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?; 750t͡ʃl ← [{t͡ɬ} {tɬ}]; 751ʃl ← ɬ; 752 753w ← {u̯} $IPA_VOWEL; 754w ← ʷ; 755ʼː ← ːʼ; # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc. 756 757::(null); 758 759i ← y; 760ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ]; 761u ← [ʊ ɯ]; 762ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ]; 763o ← [ɔ ø]; 764a ← ɑ; 765ʼ ← ʰ; 766← [ʱ]; 767$1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː; # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː] 768$1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː; # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː] 769 770::(NFC); 771← [ ̃ ̰ ̋ ́ ̄ ̀ ̏ ̌ ̂ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ]; 772::(NFD); 773 </tRule> 774 </transform> 775 </transforms> 776</supplementalData> 777