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41 } 42 } 43 </style> 44 45 <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> 46 47 <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> 48 49 50 51 52 </head><body> 53 <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> 54 <h3>Navigation</h3> 55 <ul> 56 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> 57 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" 58 accesskey="I">index</a></li> 59 <li class="right" > 60 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" 61 >modules</a> |</li> 62 <li class="right" > 63 <a href="othergui.html" title="Other Graphical User Interface Packages" 64 accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> 65 <li class="right" > 66 <a href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html" title="tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget" 67 accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> 68 69 <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" 70 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> 71 <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> 72 73 74 <li> 75 <a href="../index.html">3.8.0a1 Documentation</a> » 76 </li> 77 78 <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> 79 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="tk.html" accesskey="U">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a> »</li> 80 <li class="right"> 81 82 83 <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> 84 <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> 85 <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> 86 <input type="submit" value="Go" /> 87 <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> 88 <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> 89 </form> 90 </div> 91 <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> 92 | 93 </li> 94 95 </ul> 96 </div> 97 98 <div class="document"> 99 <div class="documentwrapper"> 100 <div class="bodywrapper"> 101 <div class="body" role="main"> 102 103 <div class="section" id="idle"> 104<span id="id1"></span><h1>IDLE<a class="headerlink" href="#idle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> 105<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/master/Lib/idlelib/">Lib/idlelib/</a></p> 106<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" /> 107<p>IDLE is Python’s Integrated Development and Learning Environment.</p> 108<p>IDLE has the following features:</p> 109<ul class="simple"> 110<li>coded in 100% pure Python, using the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> GUI toolkit</li> 111<li>cross-platform: works mostly the same on Windows, Unix, and macOS</li> 112<li>Python shell window (interactive interpreter) with colorizing 113of code input, output, and error messages</li> 114<li>multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing, 115smart indent, call tips, auto completion, and other features</li> 116<li>search within any window, replace within editor windows, and search 117through multiple files (grep)</li> 118<li>debugger with persistent breakpoints, stepping, and viewing 119of global and local namespaces</li> 120<li>configuration, browsers, and other dialogs</li> 121</ul> 122<div class="section" id="menus"> 123<h2>Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#menus" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> 124<p>IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It is 125possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. On Windows and 126Linux, each has its own top menu. Each menu documented below indicates 127which window type it is associated with.</p> 128<p>Output windows, such as used for Edit => Find in Files, are a subtype of editor 129window. They currently have the same top menu but a different 130default title and context menu.</p> 131<p>On macOS, there is one application menu. It dynamically changes according 132to the window currently selected. It has an IDLE menu, and some entries 133described below are moved around to conform to Apple guidlines.</p> 134<div class="section" id="file-menu-shell-and-editor"> 135<h3>File menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 136<dl class="docutils"> 137<dt>New File</dt> 138<dd>Create a new file editing window.</dd> 139<dt>Open…</dt> 140<dd>Open an existing file with an Open dialog.</dd> 141<dt>Recent Files</dt> 142<dd>Open a list of recent files. Click one to open it.</dd> 143<dt>Open Module…</dt> 144<dd>Open an existing module (searches sys.path).</dd> 145</dl> 146<dl class="docutils" id="index-1"> 147<dt>Class Browser</dt> 148<dd>Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in a 149tree structure. In the shell, open a module first.</dd> 150<dt>Path Browser</dt> 151<dd>Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in a 152tree structure.</dd> 153<dt>Save</dt> 154<dd>Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one. Windows 155that have been changed since being opened or last saved have a * before 156and after the window title. If there is no associated file, 157do Save As instead.</dd> 158<dt>Save As…</dt> 159<dd>Save the current window with a Save As dialog. The file saved becomes the 160new associated file for the window.</dd> 161<dt>Save Copy As…</dt> 162<dd>Save the current window to different file without changing the associated 163file.</dd> 164<dt>Print Window</dt> 165<dd>Print the current window to the default printer.</dd> 166<dt>Close</dt> 167<dd>Close the current window (ask to save if unsaved).</dd> 168<dt>Exit</dt> 169<dd>Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved windows).</dd> 170</dl> 171</div> 172<div class="section" id="edit-menu-shell-and-editor"> 173<h3>Edit menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 174<dl class="docutils"> 175<dt>Undo</dt> 176<dd>Undo the last change to the current window. A maximum of 1000 changes may 177be undone.</dd> 178<dt>Redo</dt> 179<dd>Redo the last undone change to the current window.</dd> 180<dt>Cut</dt> 181<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</dd> 182<dt>Copy</dt> 183<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</dd> 184<dt>Paste</dt> 185<dd>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</dd> 186</dl> 187<p>The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.</p> 188<dl class="docutils"> 189<dt>Select All</dt> 190<dd>Select the entire contents of the current window.</dd> 191<dt>Find…</dt> 192<dd>Open a search dialog with many options</dd> 193<dt>Find Again</dt> 194<dd>Repeat the last search, if there is one.</dd> 195<dt>Find Selection</dt> 196<dd>Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.</dd> 197<dt>Find in Files…</dt> 198<dd>Open a file search dialog. Put results in a new output window.</dd> 199<dt>Replace…</dt> 200<dd>Open a search-and-replace dialog.</dd> 201<dt>Go to Line</dt> 202<dd>Move cursor to the line number requested and make that line visible.</dd> 203<dt>Show Completions</dt> 204<dd>Open a scrollable list allowing selection of keywords and attributes. See 205<a class="reference internal" href="#completions"><span class="std std-ref">Completions</span></a> in the Editing and navigation section below.</dd> 206<dt>Expand Word</dt> 207<dd>Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window; 208repeat to get a different expansion.</dd> 209<dt>Show call tip</dt> 210<dd>After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window with 211function parameter hints. See <a class="reference internal" href="#calltips"><span class="std std-ref">Calltips</span></a> in the 212Editing and navigation section below.</dd> 213<dt>Show surrounding parens</dt> 214<dd>Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.</dd> 215</dl> 216</div> 217<div class="section" id="format-menu-editor-window-only"> 218<span id="format-menu"></span><h3>Format menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 219<dl class="docutils"> 220<dt>Indent Region</dt> 221<dd>Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</dd> 222<dt>Dedent Region</dt> 223<dd>Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</dd> 224<dt>Comment Out Region</dt> 225<dd>Insert ## in front of selected lines.</dd> 226<dt>Uncomment Region</dt> 227<dd>Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.</dd> 228<dt>Tabify Region</dt> 229<dd>Turn <em>leading</em> stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using 2304 space blocks to indent Python code.)</dd> 231<dt>Untabify Region</dt> 232<dd>Turn <em>all</em> tabs into the correct number of spaces.</dd> 233<dt>Toggle Tabs</dt> 234<dd>Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.</dd> 235<dt>New Indent Width</dt> 236<dd>Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python 237community is 4 spaces.</dd> 238<dt>Format Paragraph</dt> 239<dd>Reformat the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block or 240multiline string or selected line in a string. All lines in the 241paragraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where N defaults to 72.</dd> 242<dt>Strip trailing whitespace</dt> 243<dd>Remove trailing space and other whitespace characters after the last 244non-whitespace character of a line by applying str.rstrip to each line, 245including lines within multiline strings.</dd> 246</dl> 247</div> 248<div class="section" id="run-menu-editor-window-only"> 249<span id="index-2"></span><h3>Run menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 250<dl class="docutils"> 251<dt>Python Shell</dt> 252<dd>Open or wake up the Python Shell window.</dd> 253<dt>Check Module</dt> 254<dd>Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the 255module has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save or 256autosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog. If 257there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in the 258Editor window.</dd> 259<dt>Run Module</dt> 260<dd>Do Check Module (above). If no error, restart the shell to clean the 261environment, then execute the module. Output is displayed in the Shell 262window. Note that output requires use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code>. 263When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt. 264At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution. 265This is similar to executing a file with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code> at a command 266line.</dd> 267</dl> 268</div> 269<div class="section" id="shell-menu-shell-window-only"> 270<h3>Shell menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 271<dl class="docutils"> 272<dt>View Last Restart</dt> 273<dd>Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart.</dd> 274<dt>Restart Shell</dt> 275<dd>Restart the shell to clean the environment.</dd> 276<dt>Previous History</dt> 277<dd>Cycle through earlier commands in history which match the current entry.</dd> 278<dt>Next History</dt> 279<dd>Cycle through later commands in history which match the current entry.</dd> 280<dt>Interrupt Execution</dt> 281<dd>Stop a running program.</dd> 282</dl> 283</div> 284<div class="section" id="debug-menu-shell-window-only"> 285<h3>Debug menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 286<dl class="docutils"> 287<dt>Go to File/Line</dt> 288<dd>Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename 289and line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show the 290line. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback 291and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of 292the Shell window and Output windows.</dd> 293</dl> 294<dl class="docutils" id="index-3"> 295<dt>Debugger (toggle)</dt> 296<dd>When activated, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will run 297under the debugger. In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the context 298menu. This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.</dd> 299<dt>Stack Viewer</dt> 300<dd>Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, with 301access to locals and globals.</dd> 302<dt>Auto-open Stack Viewer</dt> 303<dd>Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.</dd> 304</dl> 305</div> 306<div class="section" id="options-menu-shell-and-editor"> 307<h3>Options menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 308<dl class="docutils"> 309<dt>Configure IDLE</dt> 310<dd>Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following: 311fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows and 312size, additional help sources, and extensions. On macOS, open the 313configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the application 314menu. For more, see 315<a class="reference internal" href="#preferences"><span class="std std-ref">Setting preferences</span></a> under Help and preferences.</dd> 316<dt>Zoom/Restore Height</dt> 317<dd>Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size 318defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the 319Configure IDLE dialog.</dd> 320<dt>Show/Hide Code Context (Editor Window only)</dt> 321<dd>Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context 322of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window. See 323<a class="reference internal" href="#code-context"><span class="std std-ref">Code Context</span></a> in the Editing and Navigation section below.</dd> 324</dl> 325</div> 326<div class="section" id="window-menu-shell-and-editor"> 327<h3>Window menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 328<p>Lists the names of all open windows; select one to bring it to the foreground 329(deiconifying it if necessary).</p> 330</div> 331<div class="section" id="help-menu-shell-and-editor"> 332<h3>Help menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 333<dl class="docutils"> 334<dt>About IDLE</dt> 335<dd>Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.</dd> 336<dt>IDLE Help</dt> 337<dd>Display this IDLE document, detailing the menu options, basic editing and 338navigation, and other tips.</dd> 339<dt>Python Docs</dt> 340<dd>Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browser 341and open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.</dd> 342<dt>Turtle Demo</dt> 343<dd>Run the turtledemo module with example Python code and turtle drawings.</dd> 344</dl> 345<p>Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog under 346the General tab. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#help-sources"><span class="std std-ref">Help sources</span></a> subsection below 347for more on Help menu choices.</p> 348</div> 349<div class="section" id="context-menus"> 350<span id="index-4"></span><h3>Context Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#context-menus" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 351<p>Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on macOS). 352Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.</p> 353<dl class="docutils"> 354<dt>Cut</dt> 355<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</dd> 356<dt>Copy</dt> 357<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</dd> 358<dt>Paste</dt> 359<dd>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</dd> 360</dl> 361<p>Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set are 362specially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the 363debugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user’s .idlerc directory.</p> 364<dl class="docutils"> 365<dt>Set Breakpoint</dt> 366<dd>Set a breakpoint on the current line.</dd> 367<dt>Clear Breakpoint</dt> 368<dd>Clear the breakpoint on that line.</dd> 369</dl> 370<p>Shell and Output windows also have the following.</p> 371<dl class="docutils"> 372<dt>Go to file/line</dt> 373<dd>Same as in Debug menu.</dd> 374</dl> 375<p>The Shell window also has an output squeezing facility explained in the 376the <em>Python Shell window</em> subsection below.</p> 377<dl class="docutils"> 378<dt>Squeeze</dt> 379<dd>If the cursor is over an output line, squeeze all the output between 380the code above and the prompt below down to a ‘Squeezed text’ label.</dd> 381</dl> 382</div> 383</div> 384<div class="section" id="editing-and-navigation"> 385<span id="id2"></span><h2>Editing and navigation<a class="headerlink" href="#editing-and-navigation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> 386<div class="section" id="editor-windows"> 387<h3>Editor windows<a class="headerlink" href="#editor-windows" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 388<p>IDLE may open editor windows when it starts, depending on settings 389and how you start IDLE. Thereafter, use the File menu. There can be only 390one open editor window for a given file.</p> 391<p>The title bar contains the name of the file, the full path, and the version 392of Python and IDLE running the window. The status bar contains the line 393number (‘Ln’) and column number (‘Col’). Line numbers start with 1; 394column numbers with 0.</p> 395<p>IDLE assumes that files with a known .py* extension contain Python code 396and that other files do not. Run Python code with the Run menu.</p> 397</div> 398<div class="section" id="key-bindings"> 399<h3>Key bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#key-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 400<p>In this section, ‘C’ refers to the <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd> key on Windows and Unix and 401the <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Command</kbd> key on macOS.</p> 402<ul> 403<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Backspace</kbd> deletes to the left; <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Del</kbd> deletes to the right</p> 404</li> 405<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-Backspace</kbd> delete word left; <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-Del</kbd> delete word to the right</p> 406</li> 407<li><p class="first">Arrow keys and <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Page Up</kbd>/<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Page Down</kbd> to move around</p> 408</li> 409<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-LeftArrow</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-RightArrow</kbd> moves by words</p> 410</li> 411<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Home</kbd>/<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">End</kbd> go to begin/end of line</p> 412</li> 413<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-Home</kbd>/<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-End</kbd> go to begin/end of file</p> 414</li> 415<li><p class="first">Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:</p> 416<blockquote> 417<div><ul class="simple"> 418<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-a</kbd> beginning of line</li> 419<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-e</kbd> end of line</li> 420<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-k</kbd> kill line (but doesn’t put it in clipboard)</li> 421<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-l</kbd> center window around the insertion point</li> 422<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-b</kbd> go backward one character without deleting (usually you can 423also use the cursor key for this)</li> 424<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-f</kbd> go forward one character without deleting (usually you can 425also use the cursor key for this)</li> 426<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-p</kbd> go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key for 427this)</li> 428<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-d</kbd> delete next character</li> 429</ul> 430</div></blockquote> 431</li> 432</ul> 433<p>Standard keybindings (like <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-c</kbd> to copy and <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-v</kbd> to paste) 434may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.</p> 435</div> 436<div class="section" id="automatic-indentation"> 437<h3>Automatic indentation<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-indentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 438<p>After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the 439Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.) 440the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Backspace</kbd> deletes up 441to 4 spaces if they are there. <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Tab</kbd> inserts spaces (in the Python 442Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently, tabs 443are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.</p> 444<p>See also the indent/dedent region commands on the 445<a class="reference internal" href="#format-menu"><span class="std std-ref">Format menu</span></a>.</p> 446</div> 447<div class="section" id="completions"> 448<span id="id3"></span><h3>Completions<a class="headerlink" href="#completions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 449<p>Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes, 450both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided for 451filenames.</p> 452<p>The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default is 453two seconds) after a ‘.’ or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after one 454of those characters (plus zero or more other characters) a tab is typed 455the ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found.</p> 456<p>If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a 457<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Tab</kbd> will supply that completion without opening the ACW.</p> 458<p>‘Show Completions’ will force open a completions window, by default the 459<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-space</kbd> will open a completions window. In an empty 460string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a 461blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and 462classes in the current namespaces, plus any modules imported. If some 463characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.</p> 464<p>If a string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the 465entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">tab</kbd> will 466cause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Editor window or 467Shell. Two <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">tab</kbd> in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as 468will return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection, 469and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW.</p> 470<p>“Hidden” attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden 471name after a ‘.’, e.g. ‘_’. This allows access to modules with 472<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__all__</span></code> set, or to class-private attributes.</p> 473<p>Completions and the ‘Expand Word’ facility can save a lot of typing!</p> 474<p>Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in 475an Editor window which are not via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> will 476not be found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation. 477Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, so 478much can be found by default, e.g. the re module.</p> 479<p>If you don’t like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay 480longer or disable the extension.</p> 481</div> 482<div class="section" id="calltips"> 483<span id="id4"></span><h3>Calltips<a class="headerlink" href="#calltips" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 484<p>A calltip is shown when one types <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">(</kbd> after the name of an <em>accessible</em> 485function. A name expression may include dots and subscripts. A calltip 486remains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area, 487or <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">)</kbd> is typed. When the cursor is in the argument part of a definition, 488the menu or shortcut display a calltip.</p> 489<p>A calltip consists of the function signature and the first line of the 490docstring. For builtins without an accessible signature, the calltip 491consists of all lines up the fifth line or the first blank line. These 492details may change.</p> 493<p>The set of <em>accessible</em> functions depends on what modules have been imported 494into the user process, including those imported by Idle itself, 495and what definitions have been run, all since the last restart.</p> 496<p>For example, restart the Shell and enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.count(</span></code>. A calltip 497appears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use. 498(This could change.) Enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> and nothing appears. Idle does 499not import turtle. The menu or shortcut do nothing either. Enter 500<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code> and then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> will work.</p> 501<p>In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file. One 502might want to run a file after writing the import statements at the top, 503or immediately run an existing file before editing.</p> 504</div> 505<div class="section" id="code-context"> 506<span id="id5"></span><h3>Code Context<a class="headerlink" href="#code-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 507<p>Within an editor window containing Python code, code context can be toggled 508in order to show or hide a pane at the top of the window. When shown, this 509pane freezes the opening lines for block code, such as those beginning with 510<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> keywords, that would have otherwise scrolled 511out of view. The size of the pane will be expanded and contracted as needed 512to show the all current levels of context, up to the maximum number of 513lines defined in the Configure IDLE dialog (which defaults to 15). If there 514are no current context lines and the feature is toggled on, a single blank 515line will display. Clicking on a line in the context pane will move that 516line to the top of the editor.</p> 517<p>The text and background colors for the context pane can be configured under 518the Highlights tab in the Configure IDLE dialog.</p> 519</div> 520<div class="section" id="python-shell-window"> 521<h3>Python Shell window<a class="headerlink" href="#python-shell-window" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 522<p>With IDLE’s Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements. 523Most consoles and terminals only work with a single physical line at a time.</p> 524<p>When one pastes code into Shell, it is not compiled and possibly executed 525until one hits <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Return</kbd>. One may edit pasted code first. 526If one pastes more that one statement into Shell, the result will be a 527<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> when multiple statements are compiled as if they were one.</p> 528<p>The editing features described in previous subsections work when entering 529code interactively. IDLE’s Shell window also responds to the following keys.</p> 530<ul> 531<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-c</kbd> interrupts executing command</p> 532</li> 533<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-d</kbd> sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>></span></code> prompt</p> 534</li> 535<li><p class="first"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt-/</kbd> (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing</p> 536<p>Command history</p> 537<ul class="simple"> 538<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt-p</kbd> retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On 539macOS use <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-p</kbd>.</li> 540<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt-n</kbd> retrieves next. On macOS use <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-n</kbd>.</li> 541<li><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Return</kbd> while on any previous command retrieves that command</li> 542</ul> 543</li> 544</ul> 545</div> 546<div class="section" id="text-colors"> 547<h3>Text colors<a class="headerlink" href="#text-colors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 548<p>Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings. 549For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, and 550user error. For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these are 551keywords, builtin class and function names, names following <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span></code> and 552<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (when 553present), found text (when possible), and selected text.</p> 554<p>Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionally 555visible. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialog 556Highlighting tab. The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor and 557text in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.</p> 558</div> 559</div> 560<div class="section" id="startup-and-code-execution"> 561<h2>Startup and code execution<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-and-code-execution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> 562<p>Upon startup with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code> option, IDLE will execute the file referenced by 563the environment variables <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> or <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code></a>. 564IDLE first checks for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code>; if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is present the file 565referenced is run. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is not present, IDLE checks for 566<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code>. Files referenced by these environment variables are 567convenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLE 568shell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.</p> 569<p>In addition, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> also loads a startup file if it is present. Note that the 570Tk file is loaded unconditionally. This additional file is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.Idle.py</span></code> and is 571looked for in the user’s home directory. Statements in this file will be 572executed in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importing 573functions to be used from IDLE’s Python shell.</p> 574<div class="section" id="command-line-usage"> 575<h3>Command line usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 576<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ... 577 578-c command run command in the shell window 579-d enable debugger and open shell window 580-e open editor window 581-h print help message with legal combinations and exit 582-i open shell window 583-r file run file in shell window 584-s run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first, in shell window 585-t title set title of shell window 586- run stdin in shell (- must be last option before args) 587</pre></div> 588</div> 589<p>If there are arguments:</p> 590<ul class="simple"> 591<li>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r</span></code> is used, all arguments are placed in 592<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:...]</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></code>, 593or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-r'</span></code>. No editor window is opened, even if that is the default 594set in the Options dialog.</li> 595<li>Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and 596<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.</li> 597</ul> 598</div> 599<div class="section" id="startup-failure"> 600<h3>Startup failure<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-failure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 601<p>IDLE uses a socket to communicate between the IDLE GUI process and the user 602code execution process. A connection must be established whenever the Shell 603starts or restarts. (The latter is indicated by a divider line that says 604‘RESTART’). If the user process fails to connect to the GUI process, it 605displays a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> error box with a ‘cannot connect’ message that directs the 606user here. It then exits.</p> 607<p>A common cause of failure is a user-written file with the same name as a 608standard library module, such as <em>random.py</em> and <em>tkinter.py</em>. When such a 609file is located in the same directory as a file that is about to be run, 610IDLE cannot import the stdlib file. The current fix is to rename the 611user file.</p> 612<p>Though less common than in the past, an antivirus or firewall program may 613stop the connection. If the program cannot be taught to allow the 614connection, then it must be turned off for IDLE to work. It is safe to 615allow this internal connection because no data is visible on external 616ports. A similar problem is a network mis-configuration that blocks 617connections.</p> 618<p>Python installation issues occasionally stop IDLE: multiple versions can 619clash, or a single installation might need admin access. If one undo the 620clash, or cannot or does not want to run as admin, it might be easiest to 621completely remove Python and start over.</p> 622<p>A zombie pythonw.exe process could be a problem. On Windows, use Task 623Manager to detect and stop one. Sometimes a restart initiated by a program 624crash or Keyboard Interrupt (control-C) may fail to connect. Dismissing 625the error box or Restart Shell on the Shell menu may fix a temporary problem.</p> 626<p>When IDLE first starts, it attempts to read user configuration files in 627~/.idlerc/ (~ is one’s home directory). If there is a problem, an error 628message should be displayed. Leaving aside random disk glitches, this can 629be prevented by never editing the files by hand, using the configuration 630dialog, under Options, instead Options. Once it happens, the solution may 631be to delete one or more of the configuration files.</p> 632<p>If IDLE quits with no message, and it was not started from a console, try 633starting from a console (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">idlelib)</span></code> and see if a message appears.</p> 634</div> 635<div class="section" id="running-user-code"> 636<h3>Running user code<a class="headerlink" href="#running-user-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 637<p>With rare exceptions, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is 638intended to be the same as executing the same code by the default method, 639directly with Python in a text-mode system console or terminal window. 640However, the different interface and operation occasionally affect 641visible results. For instance, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code> starts with more entries, 642and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading.activeCount()</span></code> returns 2 instead of 1.</p> 643<p>By default, IDLE runs user code in a separate OS process rather than in 644the user interface process that runs the shell and editor. In the execution 645process, it replaces <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code> 646with objects that get input from and send output to the Shell window. 647The original values stored in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.__stdin__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.__stdout__</span></code>, and 648<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.__stderr__</span></code> are not touched, but may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p> 649<p>When Shell has the focus, it controls the keyboard and screen. This is 650normally transparent, but functions that directly access the keyboard 651and screen will not work. These include system-specific functions that 652determine whether a key has been pressed and if so, which.</p> 653<p>IDLE’s standard stream replacements are not inherited by subprocesses 654created in the execution process, whether directly by user code or by modules 655such as multiprocessing. If such subprocess use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input</span></code> from sys.stdin 656or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code> to sys.stdout or sys.stderr, 657IDLE should be started in a command line window. The secondary subprocess 658will then be attached to that window for input and output.</p> 659<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> is reset by user code, such as with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.reload(sys)</span></code>, 660IDLE’s changes are lost and input from the keyboard and output to the screen 661will not work correctly.</p> 662</div> 663<div class="section" id="user-output-in-shell"> 664<h3>User output in Shell<a class="headerlink" href="#user-output-in-shell" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 665<p>When a program outputs text, the result is determined by the 666corresponding output device. When IDLE executes user code, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> 667and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code> are connected to the display area of IDLE’s Shell. Some of 668its features are inherited from the underlying Tk Text widget. Others 669are programmed additions. Where it matters, Shell is designed for development 670rather than production runs.</p> 671<p>For instance, Shell never throws away output. A program that sends unlimited 672output to Shell will eventually fill memory, resulting in a memory error. 673In contrast, some system text windows only keep the last n lines of output. 674A Windows console, for instance, keeps a user-settable 1 to 9999 lines, 675with 300 the default.</p> 676<p>A Tk Text widget, and hence IDLE’s Shell, displays characters (codepoints) 677in the the BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane) subset of Unicode. 678Which characters are displayed with a proper glyph and which with a 679replacement box depends on the operating system and installed fonts. 680Tab characters cause the following text to begin after 681the next tab stop. (They occur every 8 ‘characters’). 682Newline characters cause following text to appear on a new line. 683Other control characters are ignored or displayed as a space, box, or 684something else, depending on the operating system and font. 685(Moving the text cursor through such output with arrow keys may exhibit 686some surprising spacing behavior.)</p> 687<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>>>> s = 'a\tb\a<\x02><\r>\bc\nd' 688>>> len(s) 68914 690>>> s # Display repr(s) 691'a\tb\x07<\x02><\r>\x08c\nd' 692>>> print(s, end='') # Display s as is. 693# Result varies by OS and font. Try it. 694</pre></div> 695</div> 696<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr</span></code> function is used for interactive echo of expression 697values. It returns an altered version of the input string in which 698control codes, some BMP codepoints, and all non-BMP codepoints are 699replaced with escape codes. As demonstrated above, it allows one to 700identify the characters in a string, regardless of how they are displayed.</p> 701<p>Normal and error output are generally kept separate (on separate lines) 702from code input and each other. They each get different highlight colors.</p> 703<p>For SyntaxError tracebacks, the normal ‘^’ marking where the error was 704detected is replaced by coloring the text with an error highlight. 705When code run from a file causes other exceptions, one may right click 706on a traceback line to jump to the corresponding line in an IDLE editor. 707The file will be opened if necessary.</p> 708<p>Shell has a special facility for squeezing output lines down to a 709‘Squeezed text’ label. This is done automatically 710for output over N lines (N = 50 by default). 711N can be changed in the PyShell section of the General 712page of the Settings dialog. Output with fewer lines can be squeezed by 713right clicking on the output. This can be useful lines long enough to slow 714down scrolling.</p> 715<p>Squeezed output is expanded in place by double-clicking the label. 716It can also be sent to the clipboard or a separate view window by 717right-clicking the label.</p> 718</div> 719<div class="section" id="developing-tkinter-applications"> 720<h3>Developing tkinter applications<a class="headerlink" href="#developing-tkinter-applications" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 721<p>IDLE is intentionally different from standard Python in order to 722facilitate development of tkinter programs. Enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">tkinter</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">tk;</span> 723<span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tk.Tk()</span></code> in standard Python and nothing appears. Enter the same 724in IDLE and a tk window appears. In standard Python, one must also enter 725<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root.update()</span></code> to see the window. IDLE does the equivalent in the 726background, about 20 times a second, which is about every 50 milleseconds. 727Next enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tk.Button(root,</span> <span class="pre">text='button');</span> <span class="pre">b.pack()</span></code>. Again, 728nothing visibly changes in standard Python until one enters <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root.update()</span></code>.</p> 729<p>Most tkinter programs run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root.mainloop()</span></code>, which usually does not 730return until the tk app is destroyed. If the program is run with 731<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span></code> or from an IDLE editor, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>></span></code> shell prompt does not 732appear until <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mainloop()</span></code> returns, at which time there is nothing left 733to interact with.</p> 734<p>When running a tkinter program from an IDLE editor, one can comment out 735the mainloop call. One then gets a shell prompt immediately and can 736interact with the live application. One just has to remember to 737re-enable the mainloop call when running in standard Python.</p> 738</div> 739<div class="section" id="running-without-a-subprocess"> 740<h3>Running without a subprocess<a class="headerlink" href="#running-without-a-subprocess" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 741<p>By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket, 742which uses the internal loopback interface. This connection is not 743externally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet. 744If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.</p> 745<p>If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you. 746Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problem 747may be either a firewall blocking the connection or misconfiguration of 748a particular system. Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle with 749the -n command line switch.</p> 750<p>If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a 751single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC 752Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create 753the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However, 754in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the 755environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If 756your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and 757re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes 758are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE 759with the default subprocess if at all possible.</p> 760<div class="deprecated"> 761<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.4.</span></p> 762</div> 763</div> 764</div> 765<div class="section" id="help-and-preferences"> 766<h2>Help and preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#help-and-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> 767<div class="section" id="help-sources"> 768<span id="id6"></span><h3>Help sources<a class="headerlink" href="#help-sources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 769<p>Help menu entry “IDLE Help” displays a formatted html version of the 770IDLE chapter of the Library Reference. The result, in a read-only 771tkinter text window, is close to what one sees in a web browser. 772Navigate through the text with a mousewheel, 773the scrollbar, or up and down arrow keys held down. 774Or click the TOC (Table of Contents) button and select a section 775header in the opened box.</p> 776<p>Help menu entry “Python Docs” opens the extensive sources of help, 777including tutorials, available at docs.python.org/x.y, where ‘x.y’ 778is the currently running Python version. If your system 779has an off-line copy of the docs (this may be an installation option), 780that will be opened instead.</p> 781<p>Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using the 782General tab of the Configure IDLE dialog .</p> 783</div> 784<div class="section" id="setting-preferences"> 785<span id="preferences"></span><h3>Setting preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 786<p>The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can be 787changed via Configure IDLE on the Option menu. 788Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user’s 789home directory. Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solved 790by editing or deleting one or more of the files in .idlerc.</p> 791<p>On the Font tab, see the text sample for the effect of font face and size 792on multiple characters in multiple languages. Edit the sample to add 793other characters of personal interest. Use the sample to select 794monospaced fonts. If particular characters have problems in Shell or an 795editor, add them to the top of the sample and try changing first size 796and then font.</p> 797<p>On the Highlights and Keys tab, select a built-in or custom color theme 798and key set. To use a newer built-in color theme or key set with older 799IDLEs, save it as a new custom theme or key set and it well be accessible 800to older IDLEs.</p> 801</div> 802<div class="section" id="idle-on-macos"> 803<h3>IDLE on macOS<a class="headerlink" href="#idle-on-macos" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 804<p>Under System Preferences: Dock, one can set “Prefer tabs when opening 805documents” to “Always”. This setting is not compatible with the tk/tkinter 806GUI framework used by IDLE, and it breaks a few IDLE features.</p> 807</div> 808<div class="section" id="extensions"> 809<h3>Extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#extensions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> 810<p>IDLE contains an extension facility. Preferences for extensions can be 811changed with the Extensions tab of the preferences dialog. See the 812beginning of config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further 813information. The only current default extension is zzdummy, an example 814also used for testing.</p> 815</div> 816</div> 817</div> 818 819 820 </div> 821 </div> 822 </div> 823 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> 824 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> 825 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> 826 <ul> 827<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">IDLE</a><ul> 828<li><a class="reference internal" href="#menus">Menus</a><ul> 829<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor">File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> 830<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> 831<li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only">Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li> 832<li><a class="reference internal" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only">Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li> 833<li><a class="reference internal" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only">Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li> 834<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only">Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li> 835<li><a class="reference internal" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor">Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> 836<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor">Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> 837<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor">Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> 838<li><a class="reference internal" href="#context-menus">Context Menus</a></li> 839</ul> 840</li> 841<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editing-and-navigation">Editing and navigation</a><ul> 842<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editor-windows">Editor windows</a></li> 843<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-bindings">Key bindings</a></li> 844<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatic-indentation">Automatic indentation</a></li> 845<li><a class="reference internal" href="#completions">Completions</a></li> 846<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calltips">Calltips</a></li> 847<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-context">Code Context</a></li> 848<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-shell-window">Python Shell window</a></li> 849<li><a class="reference internal" href="#text-colors">Text colors</a></li> 850</ul> 851</li> 852<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-and-code-execution">Startup and code execution</a><ul> 853<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a></li> 854<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-failure">Startup failure</a></li> 855<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-user-code">Running user code</a></li> 856<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-output-in-shell">User output in Shell</a></li> 857<li><a class="reference internal" href="#developing-tkinter-applications">Developing tkinter applications</a></li> 858<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-without-a-subprocess">Running without a subprocess</a></li> 859</ul> 860</li> 861<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-preferences">Help and preferences</a><ul> 862<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-sources">Help sources</a></li> 863<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences">Setting preferences</a></li> 864<li><a class="reference internal" href="#idle-on-macos">IDLE on macOS</a></li> 865<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extensions">Extensions</a></li> 866</ul> 867</li> 868</ul> 869</li> 870</ul> 871 872 <h4>Previous topic</h4> 873 <p class="topless"><a href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html" 874 title="previous chapter"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></p> 875 <h4>Next topic</h4> 876 <p class="topless"><a href="othergui.html" 877 title="next chapter">Other Graphical User Interface 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