1r"""File-like objects that read from or write to a string buffer. 2 3This implements (nearly) all stdio methods. 4 5f = StringIO() # ready for writing 6f = StringIO(buf) # ready for reading 7f.close() # explicitly release resources held 8flag = f.isatty() # always false 9pos = f.tell() # get current position 10f.seek(pos) # set current position 11f.seek(pos, mode) # mode 0: absolute; 1: relative; 2: relative to EOF 12buf = f.read() # read until EOF 13buf = f.read(n) # read up to n bytes 14buf = f.readline() # read until end of line ('\n') or EOF 15list = f.readlines()# list of f.readline() results until EOF 16f.truncate([size]) # truncate file at to at most size (default: current pos) 17f.write(buf) # write at current position 18f.writelines(list) # for line in list: f.write(line) 19f.getvalue() # return whole file's contents as a string 20 21Notes: 22- Using a real file is often faster (but less convenient). 23- There's also a much faster implementation in C, called cStringIO, but 24 it's not subclassable. 25- fileno() is left unimplemented so that code which uses it triggers 26 an exception early. 27- Seeking far beyond EOF and then writing will insert real null 28 bytes that occupy space in the buffer. 29- There's a simple test set (see end of this file). 30""" 31try: 32 from errno import EINVAL 33except ImportError: 34 EINVAL = 22 35 36__all__ = ["StringIO"] 37 38def _complain_ifclosed(closed): 39 if closed: 40 raise ValueError, "I/O operation on closed file" 41 42class StringIO: 43 """class StringIO([buffer]) 44 45 When a StringIO object is created, it can be initialized to an existing 46 string by passing the string to the constructor. If no string is given, 47 the StringIO will start empty. 48 49 The StringIO object can accept either Unicode or 8-bit strings, but 50 mixing the two may take some care. If both are used, 8-bit strings that 51 cannot be interpreted as 7-bit ASCII (that use the 8th bit) will cause 52 a UnicodeError to be raised when getvalue() is called. 53 """ 54 def __init__(self, buf = ''): 55 # Force self.buf to be a string or unicode 56 if not isinstance(buf, basestring): 57 buf = str(buf) 58 self.buf = buf 59 self.len = len(buf) 60 self.buflist = [] 61 self.pos = 0 62 self.closed = False 63 self.softspace = 0 64 65 def __iter__(self): 66 return self 67 68 def next(self): 69 """A file object is its own iterator, for example iter(f) returns f 70 (unless f is closed). When a file is used as an iterator, typically 71 in a for loop (for example, for line in f: print line), the next() 72 method is called repeatedly. This method returns the next input line, 73 or raises StopIteration when EOF is hit. 74 """ 75 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 76 r = self.readline() 77 if not r: 78 raise StopIteration 79 return r 80 81 def close(self): 82 """Free the memory buffer. 83 """ 84 if not self.closed: 85 self.closed = True 86 del self.buf, self.pos 87 88 def isatty(self): 89 """Returns False because StringIO objects are not connected to a 90 tty-like device. 91 """ 92 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 93 return False 94 95 def seek(self, pos, mode = 0): 96 """Set the file's current position. 97 98 The mode argument is optional and defaults to 0 (absolute file 99 positioning); other values are 1 (seek relative to the current 100 position) and 2 (seek relative to the file's end). 101 102 There is no return value. 103 """ 104 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 105 if self.buflist: 106 self.buf += ''.join(self.buflist) 107 self.buflist = [] 108 if mode == 1: 109 pos += self.pos 110 elif mode == 2: 111 pos += self.len 112 self.pos = max(0, pos) 113 114 def tell(self): 115 """Return the file's current position.""" 116 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 117 return self.pos 118 119 def read(self, n = -1): 120 """Read at most size bytes from the file 121 (less if the read hits EOF before obtaining size bytes). 122 123 If the size argument is negative or omitted, read all data until EOF 124 is reached. The bytes are returned as a string object. An empty 125 string is returned when EOF is encountered immediately. 126 """ 127 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 128 if self.buflist: 129 self.buf += ''.join(self.buflist) 130 self.buflist = [] 131 if n is None or n < 0: 132 newpos = self.len 133 else: 134 newpos = min(self.pos+n, self.len) 135 r = self.buf[self.pos:newpos] 136 self.pos = newpos 137 return r 138 139 def readline(self, length=None): 140 r"""Read one entire line from the file. 141 142 A trailing newline character is kept in the string (but may be absent 143 when a file ends with an incomplete line). If the size argument is 144 present and non-negative, it is a maximum byte count (including the 145 trailing newline) and an incomplete line may be returned. 146 147 An empty string is returned only when EOF is encountered immediately. 148 149 Note: Unlike stdio's fgets(), the returned string contains null 150 characters ('\0') if they occurred in the input. 151 """ 152 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 153 if self.buflist: 154 self.buf += ''.join(self.buflist) 155 self.buflist = [] 156 i = self.buf.find('\n', self.pos) 157 if i < 0: 158 newpos = self.len 159 else: 160 newpos = i+1 161 if length is not None and length >= 0: 162 if self.pos + length < newpos: 163 newpos = self.pos + length 164 r = self.buf[self.pos:newpos] 165 self.pos = newpos 166 return r 167 168 def readlines(self, sizehint = 0): 169 """Read until EOF using readline() and return a list containing the 170 lines thus read. 171 172 If the optional sizehint argument is present, instead of reading up 173 to EOF, whole lines totalling approximately sizehint bytes (or more 174 to accommodate a final whole line). 175 """ 176 total = 0 177 lines = [] 178 line = self.readline() 179 while line: 180 lines.append(line) 181 total += len(line) 182 if 0 < sizehint <= total: 183 break 184 line = self.readline() 185 return lines 186 187 def truncate(self, size=None): 188 """Truncate the file's size. 189 190 If the optional size argument is present, the file is truncated to 191 (at most) that size. The size defaults to the current position. 192 The current file position is not changed unless the position 193 is beyond the new file size. 194 195 If the specified size exceeds the file's current size, the 196 file remains unchanged. 197 """ 198 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 199 if size is None: 200 size = self.pos 201 elif size < 0: 202 raise IOError(EINVAL, "Negative size not allowed") 203 elif size < self.pos: 204 self.pos = size 205 self.buf = self.getvalue()[:size] 206 self.len = size 207 208 def write(self, s): 209 """Write a string to the file. 210 211 There is no return value. 212 """ 213 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 214 if not s: return 215 # Force s to be a string or unicode 216 if not isinstance(s, basestring): 217 s = str(s) 218 spos = self.pos 219 slen = self.len 220 if spos == slen: 221 self.buflist.append(s) 222 self.len = self.pos = spos + len(s) 223 return 224 if spos > slen: 225 self.buflist.append('\0'*(spos - slen)) 226 slen = spos 227 newpos = spos + len(s) 228 if spos < slen: 229 if self.buflist: 230 self.buf += ''.join(self.buflist) 231 self.buflist = [self.buf[:spos], s, self.buf[newpos:]] 232 self.buf = '' 233 if newpos > slen: 234 slen = newpos 235 else: 236 self.buflist.append(s) 237 slen = newpos 238 self.len = slen 239 self.pos = newpos 240 241 def writelines(self, iterable): 242 """Write a sequence of strings to the file. The sequence can be any 243 iterable object producing strings, typically a list of strings. There 244 is no return value. 245 246 (The name is intended to match readlines(); writelines() does not add 247 line separators.) 248 """ 249 write = self.write 250 for line in iterable: 251 write(line) 252 253 def flush(self): 254 """Flush the internal buffer 255 """ 256 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 257 258 def getvalue(self): 259 """ 260 Retrieve the entire contents of the "file" at any time before 261 the StringIO object's close() method is called. 262 263 The StringIO object can accept either Unicode or 8-bit strings, 264 but mixing the two may take some care. If both are used, 8-bit 265 strings that cannot be interpreted as 7-bit ASCII (that use the 266 8th bit) will cause a UnicodeError to be raised when getvalue() 267 is called. 268 """ 269 _complain_ifclosed(self.closed) 270 if self.buflist: 271 self.buf += ''.join(self.buflist) 272 self.buflist = [] 273 return self.buf 274 275 276# A little test suite 277 278def test(): 279 import sys 280 if sys.argv[1:]: 281 file = sys.argv[1] 282 else: 283 file = '/etc/passwd' 284 lines = open(file, 'r').readlines() 285 text = open(file, 'r').read() 286 f = StringIO() 287 for line in lines[:-2]: 288 f.write(line) 289 f.writelines(lines[-2:]) 290 if f.getvalue() != text: 291 raise RuntimeError, 'write failed' 292 length = f.tell() 293 print 'File length =', length 294 f.seek(len(lines[0])) 295 f.write(lines[1]) 296 f.seek(0) 297 print 'First line =', repr(f.readline()) 298 print 'Position =', f.tell() 299 line = f.readline() 300 print 'Second line =', repr(line) 301 f.seek(-len(line), 1) 302 line2 = f.read(len(line)) 303 if line != line2: 304 raise RuntimeError, 'bad result after seek back' 305 f.seek(len(line2), 1) 306 list = f.readlines() 307 line = list[-1] 308 f.seek(f.tell() - len(line)) 309 line2 = f.read() 310 if line != line2: 311 raise RuntimeError, 'bad result after seek back from EOF' 312 print 'Read', len(list), 'more lines' 313 print 'File length =', f.tell() 314 if f.tell() != length: 315 raise RuntimeError, 'bad length' 316 f.truncate(length/2) 317 f.seek(0, 2) 318 print 'Truncated length =', f.tell() 319 if f.tell() != length/2: 320 raise RuntimeError, 'truncate did not adjust length' 321 f.close() 322 323if __name__ == '__main__': 324 test() 325