common/base/Preconditions.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.base;

import static com.google.common.base.Strings.lenientFormat;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.compatqual.NonNullDecl;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.compatqual.NullableDecl;

/**
 * Static convenience methods that help a method or constructor check whether it was invoked
 * correctly (that is, whether its <i>preconditions</i> were met).
 *
 * <p>If the precondition is not met, the {@code Preconditions} method throws an unchecked exception
 * of a specified type, which helps the method in which the exception was thrown communicate that
 * its caller has made a mistake. This allows constructs such as
 *
 * <pre>{@code
 * public static double sqrt(double value) {
 *   if (value < 0) {
 *     throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is negative: " + value);
 *   }
 *   // calculate square root
 * }
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p>to be replaced with the more compact
 *
 * <pre>{@code
 * public static double sqrt(double value) {
 *   checkArgument(value >= 0, "input is negative: %s", value);
 *   // calculate square root
 * }
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p>so that a hypothetical bad caller of this method, such as:
 *
 * <pre>{@code
 *   void exampleBadCaller() {
 *     double d = sqrt(-1.0);
 * }
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p>would be flagged as having called {@code sqrt()} with an illegal argument.
 *
 * <h3>Performance</h3>
 *
 * <p>Avoid passing message arguments that are expensive to compute; your code will always compute
 * them, even though they usually won't be needed. If you have such arguments, use the conventional
 * if/throw idiom instead.
 *
 * <p>Depending on your message arguments, memory may be allocated for boxing and varargs array
 * creation. However, the methods of this class have a large number of overloads that prevent such
 * allocations in many common cases.
 *
 * <p>The message string is not formatted unless the exception will be thrown, so the cost of the
 * string formatting itself should not be a concern.
 *
 * <p>As with any performance concerns, you should consider profiling your code (in a production
 * environment if possible) before spending a lot of effort on tweaking a particular element.
 *
 * <h3>Other types of preconditions</h3>
 *
 * <p>Not every type of precondition failure is supported by these methods. Continue to throw
 * standard JDK exceptions such as {@link java.util.NoSuchElementException} or {@link
 * UnsupportedOperationException} in the situations they are intended for.
 *
 * <h3>Non-preconditions</h3>
 *
 * <p>It is of course possible to use the methods of this class to check for invalid conditions
 * which are <i>not the caller's fault</i>. Doing so is <b>not recommended</b> because it is
 * misleading to future readers of the code and of stack traces. See <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/ConditionalFailuresExplained">Conditional failures
 * explained</a> in the Guava User Guide for more advice. Notably, {@link Verify} offers assertions
 * similar to those in this class for non-precondition checks.
 *
 * <h3>{@code java.util.Objects.requireNonNull()}</h3>
 *
 * <p>Projects which use {@code com.google.common} should generally avoid the use of {@link
 * java.util.Objects#requireNonNull(Object)}. Instead, use whichever of {@link
 * #checkNotNull(Object)} or {@link Verify#verifyNotNull(Object)} is appropriate to the situation.
 * (The same goes for the message-accepting overloads.)
 *
 * <h3>Only {@code %s} is supported</h3>
 *
 * <p>{@code Preconditions} uses {@link Strings#lenientFormat} to format error message template
 * strings. This only supports the {@code "%s"} specifier, not the full range of {@link
 * java.util.Formatter} specifiers. However, note that if the number of arguments does not match the
 * number of occurrences of {@code "%s"} in the format string, {@code Preconditions} will still
 * behave as expected, and will still include all argument values in the error message; the message
 * will simply not be formatted exactly as intended.
 *
 * <h3>More information</h3>
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide on <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PreconditionsExplained">using {@code
 * Preconditions}</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 2.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Preconditions {
  private Preconditions() {}

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean expression) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will be converted to a
   *     string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean expression, @NullableDecl Object errorMessage) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
   *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
   *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
   *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean expression,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object... errorMessageArgs) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2,
      @NullableDecl Object p3) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean b,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2,
      @NullableDecl Object p3,
      @NullableDecl Object p4) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3, p4));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
   * @see Verify#verify Verify.verify()
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean expression) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will be converted to a
   *     string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
   * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
   * @see Verify#verify Verify.verify()
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean expression, @NullableDecl Object errorMessage) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
   *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
   *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
   *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
   * @see Verify#verify Verify.verify()
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean expression,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object... errorMessageArgs) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1, char p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1, int p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1, long p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2,
      @NullableDecl Object p3) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
   * involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean b,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2,
      @NullableDecl Object p3,
      @NullableDecl Object p4) {
    if (!b) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3, p4));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * @param reference an object reference
   * @return the non-null reference that was validated
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   * @see Verify#verifyNotNull Verify.verifyNotNull()
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(@NonNullDecl T reference) {
    if (reference == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException();
    }
    return reference;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * @param reference an object reference
   * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will be converted to a
   *     string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
   * @return the non-null reference that was validated
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   * @see Verify#verifyNotNull Verify.verifyNotNull()
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T reference, @NullableDecl Object errorMessage) {
    if (reference == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
    }
    return reference;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * @param reference an object reference
   * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
   *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
   *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
   *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @return the non-null reference that was validated
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   * @see Verify#verifyNotNull Verify.verifyNotNull()
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T reference,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object... errorMessageArgs) {
    if (reference == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
    }
    return reference;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, @NullableDecl Object p1) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, char p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, int p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, long p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      char p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, char p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, int p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, long p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      int p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, char p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, int p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj, @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, long p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      long p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      char p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      int p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      long p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2,
      @NullableDecl Object p3) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
   *
   * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
   *
   * @since 20.0 (varargs overload since 2.0)
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @NonNullDecl
  public static <T extends Object> T checkNotNull(
      @NonNullDecl T obj,
      @NullableDecl String errorMessageTemplate,
      @NullableDecl Object p1,
      @NullableDecl Object p2,
      @NullableDecl Object p3,
      @NullableDecl Object p4) {
    if (obj == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(lenientFormat(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3, p4));
    }
    return obj;
  }

  /*
   * All recent hotspots (as of 2009) *really* like to have the natural code
   *
   * if (guardExpression) {
   *    throw new BadException(messageExpression);
   * }
   *
   * refactored so that messageExpression is moved to a separate String-returning method.
   *
   * if (guardExpression) {
   *    throw new BadException(badMsg(...));
   * }
   *
   * The alternative natural refactorings into void or Exception-returning methods are much slower.
   * This is a big deal - we're talking factors of 2-8 in microbenchmarks, not just 10-20%. (This is
   * a hotspot optimizer bug, which should be fixed, but that's a separate, big project).
   *
   * The coding pattern above is heavily used in java.util, e.g. in ArrayList. There is a
   * RangeCheckMicroBenchmark in the JDK that was used to test this.
   *
   * But the methods in this class want to throw different exceptions, depending on the args, so it
   * appears that this pattern is not directly applicable. But we can use the ridiculous, devious
   * trick of throwing an exception in the middle of the construction of another exception. Hotspot
   * is fine with that.
   */

  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>element</i> in an array, list or string of size
   * {@code size}. An element index may range from zero, inclusive, to {@code size}, exclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying an element of an array, list or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is not less than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  public static int checkElementIndex(int index, int size) {
    return checkElementIndex(index, size, "index");
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>element</i> in an array, list or string of size
   * {@code size}. An element index may range from zero, inclusive, to {@code size}, exclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying an element of an array, list or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @param desc the text to use to describe this index in an error message
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is not less than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  public static int checkElementIndex(int index, int size, @NullableDecl String desc) {
    // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
    if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badElementIndex(index, size, desc));
    }
    return index;
  }

  private static String badElementIndex(int index, int size, @NullableDecl String desc) {
    if (index < 0) {
      return lenientFormat("%s (%s) must not be negative", desc, index);
    } else if (size < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative size: " + size);
    } else { // index >= size
      return lenientFormat("%s (%s) must be less than size (%s)", desc, index, size);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>position</i> in an array, list or string of
   * size {@code size}. A position index may range from zero to {@code size}, inclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying a position in an array, list or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is greater than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  public static int checkPositionIndex(int index, int size) {
    return checkPositionIndex(index, size, "index");
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>position</i> in an array, list or string of
   * size {@code size}. A position index may range from zero to {@code size}, inclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying a position in an array, list or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @param desc the text to use to describe this index in an error message
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is greater than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  public static int checkPositionIndex(int index, int size, @NullableDecl String desc) {
    // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
    if (index < 0 || index > size) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badPositionIndex(index, size, desc));
    }
    return index;
  }

  private static String badPositionIndex(int index, int size, @NullableDecl String desc) {
    if (index < 0) {
      return lenientFormat("%s (%s) must not be negative", desc, index);
    } else if (size < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative size: " + size);
    } else { // index > size
      return lenientFormat("%s (%s) must not be greater than size (%s)", desc, index, size);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that {@code start} and {@code end} specify a valid <i>positions</i> in an array, list
   * or string of size {@code size}, and are in order. A position index may range from zero to
   * {@code size}, inclusive.
   *
   * @param start a user-supplied index identifying a starting position in an array, list or string
   * @param end a user-supplied index identifying a ending position in an array, list or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if either index is negative or is greater than {@code size},
   *     or if {@code end} is less than {@code start}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  public static void checkPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size) {
    // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
    if (start < 0 || end < start || end > size) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badPositionIndexes(start, end, size));
    }
  }

  private static String badPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size) {
    if (start < 0 || start > size) {
      return badPositionIndex(start, size, "start index");
    }
    if (end < 0 || end > size) {
      return badPositionIndex(end, size, "end index");
    }
    // end < start
    return lenientFormat("end index (%s) must not be less than start index (%s)", end, start);
  }
}