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1.. highlightlang:: none
2
3.. _history-and-license:
4
5*******************
6History and License
7*******************
8
9
10History of the software
11=======================
12
13Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting
14Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl/) in the Netherlands as a
15successor of a language called ABC.  Guido remains Python's principal author,
16although it includes many contributions from others.
17
18In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National
19Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us/) in Reston,
20Virginia where he released several versions of the software.
21
22In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to
23form the BeOpen PythonLabs team.  In October of the same year, the PythonLabs
24team moved to Digital Creations (now Zope Corporation; see
25http://www.zope.com/).  In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see
26https://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization created
27specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property.  Zope Corporation is a
28sponsoring member of the PSF.
29
30All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org/ for the Open
31Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also
32been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases.
33
34+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
35| Release        | Derived from | Year      | Owner      | GPL compatible? |
36+================+==============+===========+============+=================+
37| 0.9.0 thru 1.2 | n/a          | 1991-1995 | CWI        | yes             |
38+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
39| 1.3 thru 1.5.2 | 1.2          | 1995-1999 | CNRI       | yes             |
40+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
41| 1.6            | 1.5.2        | 2000      | CNRI       | no              |
42+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
43| 2.0            | 1.6          | 2000      | BeOpen.com | no              |
44+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
45| 1.6.1          | 1.6          | 2001      | CNRI       | no              |
46+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
47| 2.1            | 2.0+1.6.1    | 2001      | PSF        | no              |
48+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
49| 2.0.1          | 2.0+1.6.1    | 2001      | PSF        | yes             |
50+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
51| 2.1.1          | 2.1+2.0.1    | 2001      | PSF        | yes             |
52+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
53| 2.1.2          | 2.1.1        | 2002      | PSF        | yes             |
54+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
55| 2.1.3          | 2.1.2        | 2002      | PSF        | yes             |
56+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
57| 2.2 and above  | 2.1.1        | 2001-now  | PSF        | yes             |
58+----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+
59
60.. note::
61
62   GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under the GPL.  All
63   Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without
64   making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to
65   combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others
66   don't.
67
68Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's direction to
69make these releases possible.
70
71
72Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
73============================================================
74
75
76PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON |release|
77------------------------------------------
78
79.. parsed-literal::
80
81   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and
82      the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python
83      |release| software in source or binary form and its associated documentation.
84
85   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
86      grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
87      analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
88      distribute, and otherwise use Python |release| alone or in any derivative
89      version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of
90      copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001-2018 Python Software Foundation; All Rights
91      Reserved" are retained in Python |release| alone or in any derivative version
92      prepared by Licensee.
93
94   3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or
95      incorporates Python |release| or any part thereof, and wants to make the
96      derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby
97      agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python
98      |release|.
99
100   4. PSF is making Python |release| available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.
101      PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF
102      EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR
103      WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE
104      USE OF PYTHON |release| WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
105
106   5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON |release|
107      FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF
108      MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON |release|, OR ANY DERIVATIVE
109      THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
110
111   6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
112      its terms and conditions.
113
114   7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship
115      of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee.  This License
116      Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a
117      trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
118      third party.
119
120   8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python |release|, Licensee agrees
121      to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.
122
123
124BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0
125-------------------------------------------
126
127BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1
128
129.. parsed-literal::
130
131   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at
132      160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization
133      ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary
134      form and its associated documentation ("the Software").
135
136   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement,
137      BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license
138      to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative
139      works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative
140      version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the
141      Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
142
143   3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.
144      BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF
145      EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR
146      WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE
147      USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
148
149   4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR
150      ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING,
151      MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF
152      ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
153
154   5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
155      its terms and conditions.
156
157   6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects
158      by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions.
159      Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of
160      agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee.  This License
161      Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a
162      trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
163      third party.  As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at
164      http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions
165      granted on that web page.
166
167   7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be
168      bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.
169
170
171CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1
172---------------------------------------
173
174.. parsed-literal::
175
176   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research
177      Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191
178      ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
179      otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its
180      associated documentation.
181
182   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby
183      grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
184      analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
185      distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version,
186      provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright,
187      i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All
188      Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version
189      prepared by Licensee.  Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement,
190      Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1
191      is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License
192      Agreement.  This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the
193      Internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle):
194      1895.22/1013.  This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the
195      Internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013."
196
197   3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or
198      incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative
199      work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to
200      include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1.
201
202   4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.  CNRI
203      MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE,
204      BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY
205      OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF
206      PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
207
208   5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR
209      ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF
210      MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE
211      THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
212
213   6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
214      its terms and conditions.
215
216   7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property
217      law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright
218      law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the
219      Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions.
220      Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python
221      1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed
222      under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of
223      Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or
224      with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement.  Nothing in
225      this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency,
226      partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee.  This License Agreement
227      does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark
228      sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third
229      party.
230
231   8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing
232      or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and
233      conditions of this License Agreement.
234
235
236CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2
237--------------------------------------------------
238
239.. parsed-literal::
240
241   Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The
242   Netherlands.  All rights reserved.
243
244   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
245   documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that
246   the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
247   notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that
248   the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or
249   publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
250   prior permission.
251
252   STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS
253   SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO
254   EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT
255   OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
256   DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
257   ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
258   SOFTWARE.
259
260
261Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
262=======================================================
263
264This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements
265for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution.
266
267
268Mersenne Twister
269----------------
270
271The :mod:`_random` module includes code based on a download from
272http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html. The following are
273the verbatim comments from the original code::
274
275   A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26.
276   Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.
277
278   Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed)
279   or init_by_array(init_key, key_length).
280
281   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
282   All rights reserved.
283
284   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
285   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
286   are met:
287
288    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
289       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
290
291    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
292       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
293       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
294
295    3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
296       products derived from this software without specific prior written
297       permission.
298
299   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
300   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
301   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
302   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
303   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
304   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
305   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
306   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
307   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
308   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
309   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
310
311
312   Any feedback is very welcome.
313   http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html
314   email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space)
315
316
317Sockets
318-------
319
320The :mod:`socket` module uses the functions, :func:`getaddrinfo`, and
321:func:`getnameinfo`, which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE
322Project, http://www.wide.ad.jp/. ::
323
324   Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
325   All rights reserved.
326
327   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
328   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
329   are met:
330   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
331      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
332   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
333      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
334      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
335   3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
336      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
337      without specific prior written permission.
338
339   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
340   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
341   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
342   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
343   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
344   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
345   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
346   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
347   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
348   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
349   SUCH DAMAGE.
350
351Floating point exception control
352--------------------------------
353
354The source for the :mod:`fpectl` module includes the following notice::
355
356     ---------------------------------------------------------------------
357    /                       Copyright (c) 1996.                           \
358   |          The Regents of the University of California.                 |
359   |                        All rights reserved.                           |
360   |                                                                       |
361   |   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for   |
362   |   any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this en-   |
363   |   tire notice is included in all copies of any software which is or   |
364   |   includes  a  copy  or  modification  of  this software and in all   |
365   |   copies of the supporting documentation for such software.           |
366   |                                                                       |
367   |   This  work was produced at the University of California, Lawrence   |
368   |   Livermore National Laboratory under  contract  no.  W-7405-ENG-48   |
369   |   between  the  U.S.  Department  of  Energy and The Regents of the   |
370   |   University of California for the operation of UC LLNL.              |
371   |                                                                       |
372   |                              DISCLAIMER                               |
373   |                                                                       |
374   |   This  software was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an   |
375   |   agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States   |
376   |   Government  nor the University of California nor any of their em-   |
377   |   ployees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or  assumes  any   |
378   |   liability  or  responsibility  for the accuracy, completeness, or   |
379   |   usefulness of any information,  apparatus,  product,  or  process   |
380   |   disclosed,   or  represents  that  its  use  would  not  infringe   |
381   |   privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific  commer-   |
382   |   cial  products,  process,  or  service  by trade name, trademark,   |
383   |   manufacturer, or otherwise, does not  necessarily  constitute  or   |
384   |   imply  its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United   |
385   |   States Government or the University of California. The views  and   |
386   |   opinions  of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or   |
387   |   reflect those of the United States Government or  the  University   |
388   |   of  California,  and shall not be used for advertising or product   |
389    \  endorsement purposes.                                              /
390     ---------------------------------------------------------------------
391
392
393MD5 message digest algorithm
394----------------------------
395
396The source code for the :mod:`md5` module contains the following notice::
397
398     Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Aladdin Enterprises.  All rights reserved.
399
400     This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
401     warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
402     arising from the use of this software.
403
404     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
405     including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
406     freely, subject to the following restrictions:
407
408     1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
409        claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
410        in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
411        appreciated but is not required.
412     2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
413        misrepresented as being the original software.
414     3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
415
416     L. Peter Deutsch
417     ghost@aladdin.com
418
419     Independent implementation of MD5 (RFC 1321).
420
421     This code implements the MD5 Algorithm defined in RFC 1321, whose
422     text is available at
423           http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt
424     The code is derived from the text of the RFC, including the test suite
425     (section A.5) but excluding the rest of Appendix A.  It does not include
426     any code or documentation that is identified in the RFC as being
427     copyrighted.
428
429     The original and principal author of md5.h is L. Peter Deutsch
430     <ghost@aladdin.com>.  Other authors are noted in the change history
431     that follows (in reverse chronological order):
432
433     2002-04-13 lpd Removed support for non-ANSI compilers; removed
434           references to Ghostscript; clarified derivation from RFC 1321;
435           now handles byte order either statically or dynamically.
436     1999-11-04 lpd Edited comments slightly for automatic TOC extraction.
437     1999-10-18 lpd Fixed typo in header comment (ansi2knr rather than md5);
438           added conditionalization for C++ compilation from Martin
439           Purschke <purschke@bnl.gov>.
440     1999-05-03 lpd Original version.
441
442
443Asynchronous socket services
444----------------------------
445
446The :mod:`asynchat` and :mod:`asyncore` modules contain the following notice::
447
448   Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing
449
450                           All Rights Reserved
451
452   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
453   its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
454   granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
455   copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
456   notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam
457   Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
458   distribution of the software without specific, written prior
459   permission.
460
461   SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
462   INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN
463   NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
464   CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS
465   OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
466   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
467   CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
468
469
470Cookie management
471-----------------
472
473The :mod:`Cookie` module contains the following notice::
474
475   Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu>
476
477                  All Rights Reserved
478
479   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
480   and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
481   granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
482   copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
483   notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of
484   Timothy O'Malley  not be used in advertising or publicity
485   pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
486   prior permission.
487
488   Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS
489   SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
490   AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR
491   ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
492   WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
493   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
494   ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
495   PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
496
497
498Execution tracing
499-----------------
500
501The :mod:`trace` module contains the following notice::
502
503   portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights...
504   err...  reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the
505   Python 2.2 license.
506   Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx
507   http://zooko.com/
508   mailto:zooko@zooko.com
509
510   Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved.
511   Author: Skip Montanaro
512
513   Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved.
514   Author: Andrew Dalke
515
516   Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved.
517   Author: Skip Montanaro
518
519   Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved.
520
521
522   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and
523   its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby
524   granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies,
525   and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
526   supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix,
527   Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
528   distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
529
530
531UUencode and UUdecode functions
532-------------------------------
533
534The :mod:`uu` module contains the following notice::
535
536   Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse
537   Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America.
538                          All Rights Reserved
539   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
540   documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
541   provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
542   both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
543   supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse
544   not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
545   of the software without specific, written prior permission.
546   LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
547   THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
548   FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE
549   FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
550   WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
551   ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
552   OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
553
554   Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995:
555   - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion
556     between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C
557     version is still 5 times faster, though.
558   - Arguments more compliant with Python standard
559
560
561XML Remote Procedure Calls
562--------------------------
563
564The :mod:`xmlrpclib` module contains the following notice::
565
566       The XML-RPC client interface is
567
568   Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB
569   Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh
570
571   By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its
572   associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood,
573   and will comply with the following terms and conditions:
574
575   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
576   its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is
577   hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in
578   all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission
579   notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of
580   Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity
581   pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
582   prior permission.
583
584   SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD
585   TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-
586   ABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR
587   BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY
588   DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
589   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
590   ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
591   OF THIS SOFTWARE.
592
593
594test_epoll
595----------
596
597The :mod:`test_epoll` contains the following notice::
598
599  Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
600
601  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
602  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
603  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
604  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
605  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
606  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
607  the following conditions:
608
609  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
610  included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
611
612  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
613  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
614  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
615  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
616  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
617  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
618  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
619
620Select kqueue
621-------------
622
623The :mod:`select` and contains the following notice for the kqueue interface::
624
625  Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes
626  All rights reserved.
627
628  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
629  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
630  are met:
631  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
632     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
633  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
634     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
635     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
636
637  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
638  ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
639  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
640  ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
641  FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
642  DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
643  OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
644  HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
645  LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
646  OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
647  SUCH DAMAGE.
648
649
650strtod and dtoa
651---------------
652
653The file :file:`Python/dtoa.c`, which supplies C functions dtoa and
654strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived
655from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available
656from http://www.netlib.org/fp/.  The original file, as retrieved on
657March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing
658notice::
659
660   /****************************************************************
661    *
662    * The author of this software is David M. Gay.
663    *
664    * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies.
665    *
666    * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
667    * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
668    * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
669    * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting
670    * documentation for such software.
671    *
672    * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
673    * WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY
674    * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY
675    * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
676    *
677    ***************************************************************/
678
679
680OpenSSL
681-------
682
683The modules :mod:`hashlib`, :mod:`posix`, :mod:`ssl`, :mod:`crypt` use
684the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the
685operating system. Additionally, the Windows and Mac OS X installers for
686Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy
687of the OpenSSL license here::
688
689
690  LICENSE ISSUES
691  ==============
692
693  The OpenSSL toolkit stays under a dual license, i.e. both the conditions of
694  the OpenSSL License and the original SSLeay license apply to the toolkit.
695  See below for the actual license texts. Actually both licenses are BSD-style
696  Open Source licenses. In case of any license issues related to OpenSSL
697  please contact openssl-core@openssl.org.
698
699  OpenSSL License
700  ---------------
701
702    /* ====================================================================
703     * Copyright (c) 1998-2008 The OpenSSL Project.  All rights reserved.
704     *
705     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
706     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
707     * are met:
708     *
709     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
710     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
711     *
712     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
713     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
714     *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
715     *    distribution.
716     *
717     * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
718     *    software must display the following acknowledgment:
719     *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
720     *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"
721     *
722     * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
723     *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
724     *    prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
725     *    openssl-core@openssl.org.
726     *
727     * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
728     *    nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
729     *    permission of the OpenSSL Project.
730     *
731     * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
732     *    acknowledgment:
733     *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
734     *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"
735     *
736     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
737     * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
738     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
739     * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
740     * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
741     * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
742     * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
743     * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
744     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
745     * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
746     * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
747     * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
748     * ====================================================================
749     *
750     * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
751     * (eay@cryptsoft.com).  This product includes software written by Tim
752     * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
753     *
754     */
755
756  Original SSLeay License
757  -----------------------
758
759    /* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
760     * All rights reserved.
761     *
762     * This package is an SSL implementation written
763     * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
764     * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
765     *
766     * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
767     * the following conditions are aheared to.  The following conditions
768     * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
769     * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code.  The SSL documentation
770     * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
771     * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
772     *
773     * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
774     * the code are not to be removed.
775     * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
776     * as the author of the parts of the library used.
777     * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
778     * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
779     *
780     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
781     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
782     * are met:
783     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
784     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
785     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
786     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
787     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
788     * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
789     *    must display the following acknowledgement:
790     *    "This product includes cryptographic software written by
791     *     Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
792     *    The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
793     *    being used are not cryptographic related :-).
794     * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
795     *    the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
796     *    "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
797     *
798     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
799     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
800     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
801     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
802     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
803     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
804     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
805     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
806     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
807     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
808     * SUCH DAMAGE.
809     *
810     * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
811     * derivative of this code cannot be changed.  i.e. this code cannot simply be
812     * copied and put under another distribution licence
813     * [including the GNU Public Licence.]
814     */
815
816
817expat
818-----
819
820The :mod:`pyexpat` extension is built using an included copy of the expat
821sources unless the build is configured ``--with-system-expat``::
822
823  Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd
824                                 and Clark Cooper
825
826  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
827  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
828  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
829  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
830  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
831  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
832  the following conditions:
833
834  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
835  in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
836
837  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
838  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
839  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
840  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
841  CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
842  TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
843  SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
844
845
846libffi
847------
848
849The :mod:`_ctypes` extension is built using an included copy of the libffi
850sources unless the build is configured ``--with-system-libffi``::
851
852   Copyright (c) 1996-2008  Red Hat, Inc and others.
853
854   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
855   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
856   ``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
857   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
858   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
859   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
860   the following conditions:
861
862   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
863   in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
864
865   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
866   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
867   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
868   NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
869   HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
870   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
871   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
872   DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
873
874
875zlib
876----
877
878The :mod:`zlib` extension is built using an included copy of the zlib
879sources if the zlib version found on the system is too old to be
880used for the build::
881
882  Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler
883
884  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
885  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
886  arising from the use of this software.
887
888  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
889  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
890  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
891
892  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
893     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
894     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
895     appreciated but is not required.
896
897  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
898     misrepresented as being the original software.
899
900  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
901
902  Jean-loup Gailly        Mark Adler
903  jloup@gzip.org          madler@alumni.caltech.edu
904