1
2 /* @(#)e_log.c 1.3 95/01/18 */
3 /*
4 * ====================================================
5 * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
6 *
7 * Developed at SunSoft, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
8 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
9 * software is freely granted, provided that this notice
10 * is preserved.
11 * ====================================================
12 */
13
14 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
15 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
16
17 /* log(x)
18 * Return the logrithm of x
19 *
20 * Method :
21 * 1. Argument Reduction: find k and f such that
22 * x = 2^k * (1+f),
23 * where sqrt(2)/2 < 1+f < sqrt(2) .
24 *
25 * 2. Approximation of log(1+f).
26 * Let s = f/(2+f) ; based on log(1+f) = log(1+s) - log(1-s)
27 * = 2s + 2/3 s**3 + 2/5 s**5 + .....,
28 * = 2s + s*R
29 * We use a special Reme algorithm on [0,0.1716] to generate
30 * a polynomial of degree 14 to approximate R The maximum error
31 * of this polynomial approximation is bounded by 2**-58.45. In
32 * other words,
33 * 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
34 * R(z) ~ Lg1*s +Lg2*s +Lg3*s +Lg4*s +Lg5*s +Lg6*s +Lg7*s
35 * (the values of Lg1 to Lg7 are listed in the program)
36 * and
37 * | 2 14 | -58.45
38 * | Lg1*s +...+Lg7*s - R(z) | <= 2
39 * | |
40 * Note that 2s = f - s*f = f - hfsq + s*hfsq, where hfsq = f*f/2.
41 * In order to guarantee error in log below 1ulp, we compute log
42 * by
43 * log(1+f) = f - s*(f - R) (if f is not too large)
44 * log(1+f) = f - (hfsq - s*(hfsq+R)). (better accuracy)
45 *
46 * 3. Finally, log(x) = k*ln2 + log(1+f).
47 * = k*ln2_hi+(f-(hfsq-(s*(hfsq+R)+k*ln2_lo)))
48 * Here ln2 is split into two floating point number:
49 * ln2_hi + ln2_lo,
50 * where n*ln2_hi is always exact for |n| < 2000.
51 *
52 * Special cases:
53 * log(x) is NaN with signal if x < 0 (including -INF) ;
54 * log(+INF) is +INF; log(0) is -INF with signal;
55 * log(NaN) is that NaN with no signal.
56 *
57 * Accuracy:
58 * according to an error analysis, the error is always less than
59 * 1 ulp (unit in the last place).
60 *
61 * Constants:
62 * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following
63 * constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the
64 * compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough
65 * to produce the hexadecimal values shown.
66 */
67
68 #include <float.h>
69
70 #include "math.h"
71 #include "math_private.h"
72
73 static const double
74 ln2_hi = 6.93147180369123816490e-01, /* 3fe62e42 fee00000 */
75 ln2_lo = 1.90821492927058770002e-10, /* 3dea39ef 35793c76 */
76 two54 = 1.80143985094819840000e+16, /* 43500000 00000000 */
77 Lg1 = 6.666666666666735130e-01, /* 3FE55555 55555593 */
78 Lg2 = 3.999999999940941908e-01, /* 3FD99999 9997FA04 */
79 Lg3 = 2.857142874366239149e-01, /* 3FD24924 94229359 */
80 Lg4 = 2.222219843214978396e-01, /* 3FCC71C5 1D8E78AF */
81 Lg5 = 1.818357216161805012e-01, /* 3FC74664 96CB03DE */
82 Lg6 = 1.531383769920937332e-01, /* 3FC39A09 D078C69F */
83 Lg7 = 1.479819860511658591e-01; /* 3FC2F112 DF3E5244 */
84
85 static const double zero = 0.0;
86 static volatile double vzero = 0.0;
87
88 double
log(double x)89 log(double x)
90 {
91 double hfsq,f,s,z,R,w,t1,t2,dk;
92 int32_t k,hx,i,j;
93 u_int32_t lx;
94
95 EXTRACT_WORDS(hx,lx,x);
96
97 k=0;
98 if (hx < 0x00100000) { /* x < 2**-1022 */
99 if (((hx&0x7fffffff)|lx)==0)
100 return -two54/vzero; /* log(+-0)=-inf */
101 if (hx<0) return (x-x)/zero; /* log(-#) = NaN */
102 k -= 54; x *= two54; /* subnormal number, scale up x */
103 GET_HIGH_WORD(hx,x);
104 }
105 if (hx >= 0x7ff00000) return x+x;
106 k += (hx>>20)-1023;
107 hx &= 0x000fffff;
108 i = (hx+0x95f64)&0x100000;
109 SET_HIGH_WORD(x,hx|(i^0x3ff00000)); /* normalize x or x/2 */
110 k += (i>>20);
111 f = x-1.0;
112 if((0x000fffff&(2+hx))<3) { /* -2**-20 <= f < 2**-20 */
113 if(f==zero) {
114 if(k==0) {
115 return zero;
116 } else {
117 dk=(double)k;
118 return dk*ln2_hi+dk*ln2_lo;
119 }
120 }
121 R = f*f*(0.5-0.33333333333333333*f);
122 if(k==0) return f-R; else {dk=(double)k;
123 return dk*ln2_hi-((R-dk*ln2_lo)-f);}
124 }
125 s = f/(2.0+f);
126 dk = (double)k;
127 z = s*s;
128 i = hx-0x6147a;
129 w = z*z;
130 j = 0x6b851-hx;
131 t1= w*(Lg2+w*(Lg4+w*Lg6));
132 t2= z*(Lg1+w*(Lg3+w*(Lg5+w*Lg7)));
133 i |= j;
134 R = t2+t1;
135 if(i>0) {
136 hfsq=0.5*f*f;
137 if(k==0) return f-(hfsq-s*(hfsq+R)); else
138 return dk*ln2_hi-((hfsq-(s*(hfsq+R)+dk*ln2_lo))-f);
139 } else {
140 if(k==0) return f-s*(f-R); else
141 return dk*ln2_hi-((s*(f-R)-dk*ln2_lo)-f);
142 }
143 }
144
145 #if (LDBL_MANT_DIG == 53)
146 __weak_reference(log, logl);
147 #endif
148