imp/fallback/mod.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT

/*
Fallback implementation using global locks.

This implementation uses seqlock for global locks.

This is basically based on global locks in crossbeam-utils's `AtomicCell`,
but seqlock is implemented in a way that does not depend on UB
(see comments in optimistic_read method in atomic! macro for details).

Note that we cannot use a lock per atomic type, since the in-memory representation of the atomic
type and the value type must be the same.
*/

#![cfg_attr(
    any(
        all(
            target_arch = "x86_64",
            not(portable_atomic_no_outline_atomics),
            not(any(target_env = "sgx", miri)),
        ),
        all(
            target_arch = "powerpc64",
            feature = "fallback",
            not(portable_atomic_no_outline_atomics),
            portable_atomic_outline_atomics, // TODO(powerpc64): currently disabled by default
            any(
                all(
                    target_os = "linux",
                    any(
                        target_env = "gnu",
                        all(
                            any(target_env = "musl", target_env = "ohos"),
                            not(target_feature = "crt-static"),
                        ),
                        portable_atomic_outline_atomics,
                    ),
                ),
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "freebsd",
                all(target_os = "openbsd", portable_atomic_outline_atomics),
            ),
            not(any(miri, portable_atomic_sanitize_thread)),
        ),
        all(
            target_arch = "riscv32",
            not(any(miri, portable_atomic_sanitize_thread)),
            not(portable_atomic_no_asm),
            not(portable_atomic_pre_llvm_19),
            any(
                target_feature = "experimental-zacas",
                portable_atomic_target_feature = "experimental-zacas",
                all(
                    feature = "fallback",
                    not(portable_atomic_no_outline_atomics),
                    any(test, portable_atomic_outline_atomics), // TODO(riscv): currently disabled by default
                    any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"),
                ),
            ),
        ),
        all(
            target_arch = "riscv64",
            not(portable_atomic_no_asm),
            not(portable_atomic_pre_llvm_19),
            any(
                target_feature = "experimental-zacas",
                portable_atomic_target_feature = "experimental-zacas",
                all(
                    feature = "fallback",
                    not(portable_atomic_no_outline_atomics),
                    any(test, portable_atomic_outline_atomics), // TODO(riscv): currently disabled by default
                    any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"),
                    not(any(miri, portable_atomic_sanitize_thread)),
                ),
            ),
        ),
        all(
            target_arch = "arm",
            any(not(portable_atomic_no_asm), portable_atomic_unstable_asm),
            any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"),
            not(portable_atomic_no_outline_atomics),
        ),
    ),
    allow(dead_code)
)]

#[macro_use]
pub(crate) mod utils;

// Use "wide" sequence lock if the pointer width <= 32 for preventing its counter against wrap
// around.
//
// In narrow architectures (pointer width <= 16), the counter is still <= 32-bit and may be
// vulnerable to wrap around. But it's mostly okay, since in such a primitive hardware, the
// counter will not be increased that fast.
//
// Some 64-bit architectures have ABI with 32-bit pointer width (e.g., x86_64 X32 ABI,
// AArch64 ILP32 ABI, mips64 N32 ABI). On those targets, AtomicU64 is available and fast,
// so use it to implement normal sequence lock.
cfg_has_fast_atomic_64! {
    mod seq_lock;
}
cfg_no_fast_atomic_64! {
    #[path = "seq_lock_wide.rs"]
    mod seq_lock;
}

use core::{cell::UnsafeCell, mem, sync::atomic::Ordering};

use seq_lock::{SeqLock, SeqLockWriteGuard};
use utils::CachePadded;

// Some 64-bit architectures have ABI with 32-bit pointer width (e.g., x86_64 X32 ABI,
// AArch64 ILP32 ABI, mips64 N32 ABI). On those targets, AtomicU64 is fast,
// so use it to reduce chunks of byte-wise atomic memcpy.
use seq_lock::{AtomicChunk, Chunk};

// Adapted from https://github.com/crossbeam-rs/crossbeam/blob/crossbeam-utils-0.8.7/crossbeam-utils/src/atomic/atomic_cell.rs#L969-L1016.
#[inline]
#[must_use]
fn lock(addr: usize) -> &'static SeqLock {
    // The number of locks is a prime number because we want to make sure `addr % LEN` gets
    // dispersed across all locks.
    //
    // crossbeam-utils 0.8.7 uses 97 here but does not use CachePadded,
    // so the actual concurrency level will be smaller.
    const LEN: usize = 67;
    const L: CachePadded<SeqLock> = CachePadded::new(SeqLock::new());
    static LOCKS: [CachePadded<SeqLock>; LEN] = [
        L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L,
        L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L,
        L, L, L, L, L, L, L,
    ];

    // If the modulus is a constant number, the compiler will use crazy math to transform this into
    // a sequence of cheap arithmetic operations rather than using the slow modulo instruction.
    &LOCKS[addr % LEN]
}

macro_rules! atomic {
    ($atomic_type:ident, $int_type:ident, $align:literal) => {
        #[repr(C, align($align))]
        pub(crate) struct $atomic_type {
            v: UnsafeCell<$int_type>,
        }

        impl $atomic_type {
            const LEN: usize = mem::size_of::<$int_type>() / mem::size_of::<Chunk>();

            #[inline]
            unsafe fn chunks(&self) -> &[AtomicChunk; Self::LEN] {
                static_assert!($atomic_type::LEN > 1);
                static_assert!(mem::size_of::<$int_type>() % mem::size_of::<Chunk>() == 0);

                // SAFETY: the caller must uphold the safety contract for `chunks`.
                unsafe { &*(self.v.get() as *const $int_type as *const [AtomicChunk; Self::LEN]) }
            }

            #[inline]
            fn optimistic_read(&self) -> $int_type {
                // Using `MaybeUninit<[usize; Self::LEN]>` here doesn't change codegen: https://godbolt.org/z/86f8s733M
                let mut dst: [Chunk; Self::LEN] = [0; Self::LEN];
                // SAFETY:
                // - There are no threads that perform non-atomic concurrent write operations.
                // - There is no writer that updates the value using atomic operations of different granularity.
                //
                // If the atomic operation is not used here, it will cause a data race
                // when `write` performs concurrent write operation.
                // Such a data race is sometimes considered virtually unproblematic
                // in SeqLock implementations:
                //
                // - https://github.com/Amanieu/seqlock/issues/2
                // - https://github.com/crossbeam-rs/crossbeam/blob/crossbeam-utils-0.8.7/crossbeam-utils/src/atomic/atomic_cell.rs#L1111-L1116
                // - https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/136281-t-lang.2Fwg-unsafe-code-guidelines/topic/avoiding.20UB.20due.20to.20races.20by.20discarding.20result.3F
                //
                // However, in our use case, the implementation that loads/stores value as
                // chunks of usize is enough fast and sound, so we use that implementation.
                //
                // See also atomic-memcpy crate, a generic implementation of this pattern:
                // https://github.com/taiki-e/atomic-memcpy
                let chunks = unsafe { self.chunks() };
                for i in 0..Self::LEN {
                    dst[i] = chunks[i].load(Ordering::Relaxed);
                }
                // SAFETY: integers are plain old data types so we can always transmute to them.
                unsafe { mem::transmute::<[Chunk; Self::LEN], $int_type>(dst) }
            }

            #[inline]
            fn read(&self, _guard: &SeqLockWriteGuard<'static>) -> $int_type {
                // This calls optimistic_read that can return teared value, but the resulting value
                // is guaranteed not to be teared because we hold the lock to write.
                self.optimistic_read()
            }

            #[inline]
            fn write(&self, val: $int_type, _guard: &SeqLockWriteGuard<'static>) {
                // SAFETY: integers are plain old data types so we can always transmute them to arrays of integers.
                let val = unsafe { mem::transmute::<$int_type, [Chunk; Self::LEN]>(val) };
                // SAFETY:
                // - The guard guarantees that we hold the lock to write.
                // - There are no threads that perform non-atomic concurrent read or write operations.
                //
                // See optimistic_read for the reason that atomic operations are used here.
                let chunks = unsafe { self.chunks() };
                for i in 0..Self::LEN {
                    chunks[i].store(val[i], Ordering::Relaxed);
                }
            }
        }

        // Send is implicitly implemented.
        // SAFETY: any data races are prevented by the lock and atomic operation.
        unsafe impl Sync for $atomic_type {}

        impl_default_no_fetch_ops!($atomic_type, $int_type);
        impl_default_bit_opts!($atomic_type, $int_type);
        impl $atomic_type {
            #[inline]
            pub(crate) const fn new(v: $int_type) -> Self {
                Self { v: UnsafeCell::new(v) }
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn is_lock_free() -> bool {
                Self::IS_ALWAYS_LOCK_FREE
            }
            pub(crate) const IS_ALWAYS_LOCK_FREE: bool = false;

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut $int_type {
                // SAFETY: the mutable reference guarantees unique ownership.
                // (UnsafeCell::get_mut requires Rust 1.50)
                unsafe { &mut *self.v.get() }
            }

            #[inline]
            #[cfg_attr(all(debug_assertions, not(portable_atomic_no_track_caller)), track_caller)]
            pub(crate) fn load(&self, order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                crate::utils::assert_load_ordering(order);
                let lock = lock(self.v.get() as usize);

                // Try doing an optimistic read first.
                if let Some(stamp) = lock.optimistic_read() {
                    let val = self.optimistic_read();

                    if lock.validate_read(stamp) {
                        return val;
                    }
                }

                // Grab a regular write lock so that writers don't starve this load.
                let guard = lock.write();
                let val = self.read(&guard);
                // The value hasn't been changed. Drop the guard without incrementing the stamp.
                guard.abort();
                val
            }

            #[inline]
            #[cfg_attr(all(debug_assertions, not(portable_atomic_no_track_caller)), track_caller)]
            pub(crate) fn store(&self, val: $int_type, order: Ordering) {
                crate::utils::assert_store_ordering(order);
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                self.write(val, &guard)
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn swap(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(val, &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            #[cfg_attr(all(debug_assertions, not(portable_atomic_no_track_caller)), track_caller)]
            pub(crate) fn compare_exchange(
                &self,
                current: $int_type,
                new: $int_type,
                success: Ordering,
                failure: Ordering,
            ) -> Result<$int_type, $int_type> {
                crate::utils::assert_compare_exchange_ordering(success, failure);
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                if prev == current {
                    self.write(new, &guard);
                    Ok(prev)
                } else {
                    // The value hasn't been changed. Drop the guard without incrementing the stamp.
                    guard.abort();
                    Err(prev)
                }
            }

            #[inline]
            #[cfg_attr(all(debug_assertions, not(portable_atomic_no_track_caller)), track_caller)]
            pub(crate) fn compare_exchange_weak(
                &self,
                current: $int_type,
                new: $int_type,
                success: Ordering,
                failure: Ordering,
            ) -> Result<$int_type, $int_type> {
                self.compare_exchange(current, new, success, failure)
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_add(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(prev.wrapping_add(val), &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_sub(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(prev.wrapping_sub(val), &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_and(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(prev & val, &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_nand(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(!(prev & val), &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_or(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(prev | val, &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_xor(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(prev ^ val, &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_max(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(core::cmp::max(prev, val), &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_min(&self, val: $int_type, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(core::cmp::min(prev, val), &guard);
                prev
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_not(&self, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(!prev, &guard);
                prev
            }
            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn not(&self, order: Ordering) {
                self.fetch_not(order);
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn fetch_neg(&self, _order: Ordering) -> $int_type {
                let guard = lock(self.v.get() as usize).write();
                let prev = self.read(&guard);
                self.write(prev.wrapping_neg(), &guard);
                prev
            }
            #[inline]
            pub(crate) fn neg(&self, order: Ordering) {
                self.fetch_neg(order);
            }

            #[inline]
            pub(crate) const fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut $int_type {
                self.v.get()
            }
        }
    };
}

#[cfg_attr(portable_atomic_no_cfg_target_has_atomic, cfg(any(test, portable_atomic_no_atomic_64)))]
#[cfg_attr(
    not(portable_atomic_no_cfg_target_has_atomic),
    cfg(any(
        test,
        not(any(
            target_has_atomic = "64",
            all(
                target_arch = "riscv32",
                not(any(miri, portable_atomic_sanitize_thread)),
                not(portable_atomic_no_asm),
                any(
                    target_feature = "experimental-zacas",
                    portable_atomic_target_feature = "experimental-zacas",
                ),
            ),
        ))
    ))
)]
cfg_no_fast_atomic_64! {
    atomic!(AtomicI64, i64, 8);
    atomic!(AtomicU64, u64, 8);
}

atomic!(AtomicI128, i128, 16);
atomic!(AtomicU128, u128, 16);

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    cfg_no_fast_atomic_64! {
        test_atomic_int!(i64);
        test_atomic_int!(u64);
    }
    test_atomic_int!(i128);
    test_atomic_int!(u128);

    // load/store/swap implementation is not affected by signedness, so it is
    // enough to test only unsigned types.
    cfg_no_fast_atomic_64! {
        stress_test!(u64);
    }
    stress_test!(u128);
}