1This is ../../docs/multiboot.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.7 2from ../../docs/multiboot.texi. 3 4INFO-DIR-SECTION Kernel 5START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 6* Multiboot Specification: (multiboot). Multiboot Specification. 7END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 8 9 Copyright (C) 1995, 96 Bryan Ford <baford@cs.utah.edu> Copyright (C) 101995, 96 Erich Stefan Boleyn <erich@uruk.org> Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 112001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 12 13 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this 14manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are 15preserved on all copies. 16 17 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of 18this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also 19that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms 20of a permission notice identical to this one. 21 22 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this 23manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified 24versions. 25 26 27File: multiboot.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir) 28 29Multiboot Specification 30*********************** 31 32This file documents Multiboot Specification, the proposal for the boot 33sequence standard. This edition documents version 0.6.93. 34 35* Menu: 36 37* Overview:: 38* Terminology:: 39* Specification:: 40* Examples:: 41* History:: 42* Index:: 43 44 45File: multiboot.info, Node: Overview, Next: Terminology, Prev: Top, Up: Top 46 471 Introduction to Multiboot Specification 48***************************************** 49 50This chapter describes some rough information on the Multiboot 51Specification. Note that this is not a part of the specification itself. 52 53* Menu: 54 55* Motivation:: 56* Architecture:: 57* Operating systems:: 58* Boot sources:: 59* Boot-time configuration:: 60* Convenience to operating systems:: 61* Boot modules:: 62 63 64File: multiboot.info, Node: Motivation, Next: Architecture, Up: Overview 65 661.1 The background of Multiboot Specification 67============================================= 68 69Every operating system ever created tends to have its own boot loader. 70Installing a new operating system on a machine generally involves 71installing a whole new set of boot mechanisms, each with completely 72different install-time and boot-time user interfaces. Getting multiple 73operating systems to coexist reliably on one machine through typical 74"chaining" mechanisms can be a nightmare. There is little or no choice 75of boot loaders for a particular operating system -- if the one that 76comes with the operating system doesn't do exactly what you want, or 77doesn't work on your machine, you're screwed. 78 79 While we may not be able to fix this problem in existing commercial 80operating systems, it shouldn't be too difficult for a few people in the 81free operating system communities to put their heads together and solve 82this problem for the popular free operating systems. That's what this 83specification aims for. Basically, it specifies an interface between a 84boot loader and a operating system, such that any complying boot loader 85should be able to load any complying operating system. This 86specification does _not_ specify how boot loaders should work -- only 87how they must interface with the operating system being loaded. 88 89 90File: multiboot.info, Node: Architecture, Next: Operating systems, Prev: Motivation, Up: Overview 91 921.2 The target architecture 93=========================== 94 95This specification is primarily targeted at PC, since they are the most 96common and have the largest variety of operating systems and boot 97loaders. However, to the extent that certain other architectures may 98need a boot specification and do not have one already, a variation of 99this specification, stripped of the x86-specific details, could be 100adopted for them as well. 101 102 103File: multiboot.info, Node: Operating systems, Next: Boot sources, Prev: Architecture, Up: Overview 104 1051.3 The target operating systems 106================================ 107 108This specification is targeted toward free 32-bit operating systems 109that can be fairly easily modified to support the specification without 110going through lots of bureaucratic rigmarole. The particular free 111operating systems that this specification is being primarily designed 112for are Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Mach, and VSTa. It is hoped that other 113emerging free operating systems will adopt it from the start, and thus 114immediately be able to take advantage of existing boot loaders. It would 115be nice if commercial operating system vendors eventually adopted this 116specification as well, but that's probably a pipe dream. 117 118 119File: multiboot.info, Node: Boot sources, Next: Boot-time configuration, Prev: Operating systems, Up: Overview 120 1211.4 Boot sources 122================ 123 124It should be possible to write compliant boot loaders that load the OS 125image from a variety of sources, including floppy disk, hard disk, and 126across a network. 127 128 Disk-based boot loaders may use a variety of techniques to find the 129relevant OS image and boot module data on disk, such as by 130interpretation of specific file systems (e.g. the BSD/Mach boot loader), 131using precalculated "block lists" (e.g. LILO), loading from a special 132"boot partition" (e.g. OS/2), or even loading from within another 133operating system (e.g. the VSTa boot code, which loads from DOS). 134Similarly, network-based boot loaders could use a variety of network 135hardware and protocols. 136 137 It is hoped that boot loaders will be created that support multiple 138loading mechanisms, increasing their portability, robustness, and 139user-friendliness. 140 141 142File: multiboot.info, Node: Boot-time configuration, Next: Convenience to operating systems, Prev: Boot sources, Up: Overview 143 1441.5 Configure an operating system at boot-time 145============================================== 146 147It is often necessary for one reason or another for the user to be able 148to provide some configuration information to an operating system 149dynamically at boot time. While this specification should not dictate 150how this configuration information is obtained by the boot loader, it 151should provide a standard means for the boot loader to pass such 152information to the operating system. 153 154 155File: multiboot.info, Node: Convenience to operating systems, Next: Boot modules, Prev: Boot-time configuration, Up: Overview 156 1571.6 How to make OS development easier 158===================================== 159 160OS images should be easy to generate. Ideally, an OS image should simply 161be an ordinary 32-bit executable file in whatever file format the 162operating system normally uses. It should be possible to `nm' or 163disassemble OS images just like normal executables. Specialized tools 164should not be required to create OS images in a _special_ file format. 165If this means shifting some work from the operating system to a boot 166loader, that is probably appropriate, because all the memory consumed 167by the boot loader will typically be made available again after the 168boot process is created, whereas every bit of code in the OS image 169typically has to remain in memory forever. The operating system should 170not have to worry about getting into 32-bit mode initially, because mode 171switching code generally needs to be in the boot loader anyway in order 172to load operating system data above the 1MB boundary, and forcing the 173operating system to do this makes creation of OS images much more 174difficult. 175 176 Unfortunately, there is a horrendous variety of executable file 177formats even among free Unix-like PC-based operating systems -- 178generally a different format for each operating system. Most of the 179relevant free operating systems use some variant of a.out format, but 180some are moving to ELF. It is highly desirable for boot loaders not to 181have to be able to interpret all the different types of executable file 182formats in existence in order to load the OS image -- otherwise the 183boot loader effectively becomes operating system specific again. 184 185 This specification adopts a compromise solution to this problem. 186Multiboot-compliant OS images always contain a magic "Multiboot header" 187(*note OS image format::), which allows the boot loader to load the 188image without having to understand numerous a.out variants or other 189executable formats. This magic header does not need to be at the very 190beginning of the executable file, so kernel images can still conform to 191the local a.out format variant in addition to being Multiboot-compliant. 192 193 194File: multiboot.info, Node: Boot modules, Prev: Convenience to operating systems, Up: Overview 195 1961.7 Boot modules 197================ 198 199Many modern operating system kernels, such as those of VSTa and Mach, do 200not by themselves contain enough mechanism to get the system fully 201operational: they require the presence of additional software modules at 202boot time in order to access devices, mount file systems, etc. While 203these additional modules could be embedded in the main OS image along 204with the kernel itself, and the resulting image be split apart manually 205by the operating system when it receives control, it is often more 206flexible, more space-efficient, and more convenient to the operating 207system and user if the boot loader can load these additional modules 208independently in the first place. 209 210 Thus, this specification should provide a standard method for a boot 211loader to indicate to the operating system what auxiliary boot modules 212were loaded, and where they can be found. Boot loaders don't have to 213support multiple boot modules, but they are strongly encouraged to, 214because some operating systems will be unable to boot without them. 215 216 217File: multiboot.info, Node: Terminology, Next: Specification, Prev: Overview, Up: Top 218 2192 The definitions of terms used through the specification 220********************************************************* 221 222"must" 223 We use the term "must", when any boot loader or OS image needs to 224 follow a rule -- otherwise, the boot loader or OS image is _not_ 225 Multiboot-compliant. 226 227"should" 228 We use the term "should", when any boot loader or OS image is 229 recommended to follow a rule, but it doesn't need to follow the 230 rule. 231 232"may" 233 We use the term "may", when any boot loader or OS image is allowed 234 to follow a rule. 235 236"boot loader" 237 Whatever program or set of programs loads the image of the final 238 operating system to be run on the machine. The boot loader may 239 itself consist of several stages, but that is an implementation 240 detail not relevant to this specification. Only the _final_ stage 241 of the boot loader -- the stage that eventually transfers control 242 to an operating system -- must follow the rules specified in this 243 document in order to be "Multiboot-compliant"; earlier boot loader 244 stages may be designed in whatever way is most convenient. 245 246"OS image" 247 The initial binary image that a boot loader loads into memory and 248 transfers control to start an operating system. The OS image is 249 typically an executable containing the operating system kernel. 250 251"boot module" 252 Other auxiliary files that a boot loader loads into memory along 253 with an OS image, but does not interpret in any way other than 254 passing their locations to the operating system when it is invoked. 255 256"Multiboot-compliant" 257 A boot loader or an OS image which follows the rules defined as 258 "must" is Multiboot-compliant. When this specification specifies a 259 rule as "should" or "may", a Multiboot-complaint boot loader/OS 260 image doesn't need to follow the rule. 261 262"u8" 263 The type of unsigned 8-bit data. 264 265"u16" 266 The type of unsigned 16-bit data. Because the target architecture 267 is little-endian, u16 is coded in little-endian. 268 269"u32" 270 The type of unsigned 32-bit data. Because the target architecture 271 is little-endian, u32 is coded in little-endian. 272 273"u64" 274 The type of unsigned 64-bit data. Because the target architecture 275 is little-endian, u64 is coded in little-endian. 276 277 278File: multiboot.info, Node: Specification, Next: Examples, Prev: Terminology, Up: Top 279 2803 The exact definitions of Multiboot Specification 281************************************************** 282 283There are three main aspects of a boot loader/OS image interface: 284 285 1. The format of an OS image as seen by a boot loader. 286 287 2. The state of a machine when a boot loader starts an operating 288 system. 289 290 3. The format of information passed by a boot loader to an operating 291 system. 292 293* Menu: 294 295* OS image format:: 296* Machine state:: 297* Boot information format:: 298 299 300File: multiboot.info, Node: OS image format, Next: Machine state, Up: Specification 301 3023.1 OS image format 303=================== 304 305An OS image may be an ordinary 32-bit executable file in the standard 306format for that particular operating system, except that it may be 307linked at a non-default load address to avoid loading on top of the 308PC's I/O region or other reserved areas, and of course it should not 309use shared libraries or other fancy features. 310 311 An OS image must contain an additional header called "Multiboot 312header", besides the headers of the format used by the OS image. The 313Multiboot header must be contained completely within the first 8192 314bytes of the OS image, and must be longword (32-bit) aligned. In 315general, it should come _as early as possible_, and may be embedded in 316the beginning of the text segment after the _real_ executable header. 317 318* Menu: 319 320* Header layout:: The layout of Multiboot header 321* Header magic fields:: The magic fields of Multiboot header 322* Header address fields:: 323* Header graphics fields:: 324 325 326File: multiboot.info, Node: Header layout, Next: Header magic fields, Up: OS image format 327 3283.1.1 The layout of Multiboot header 329------------------------------------ 330 331The layout of the Multiboot header must be as follows: 332 333Offset Type Field Name Note 3340 u32 magic required 3354 u32 flags required 3368 u32 checksum required 33712 u32 header_addr if flags[16] is set 33816 u32 load_addr if flags[16] is set 33920 u32 load_end_addr if flags[16] is set 34024 u32 bss_end_addr if flags[16] is set 34128 u32 entry_addr if flags[16] is set 34232 u32 mode_type if flags[2] is set 34336 u32 width if flags[2] is set 34440 u32 height if flags[2] is set 34544 u32 depth if flags[2] is set 346 347 The fields `magic', `flags' and `checksum' are defined in *Note 348Header magic fields::, the fields `header_addr', `load_addr', 349`load_end_addr', `bss_end_addr' and `entry_addr' are defined in *Note 350Header address fields::, and the fields `mode_type', `width', `height' 351and `depth' are defind in *Note Header graphics fields::. 352 353 354File: multiboot.info, Node: Header magic fields, Next: Header address fields, Prev: Header layout, Up: OS image format 355 3563.1.2 The magic fields of Multiboot header 357------------------------------------------ 358 359`magic' 360 The field `magic' is the magic number identifying the header, 361 which must be the hexadecimal value `0x1BADB002'. 362 363`flags' 364 The field `flags' specifies features that the OS image requests or 365 requires of an boot loader. Bits 0-15 indicate requirements; if the 366 boot loader sees any of these bits set but doesn't understand the 367 flag or can't fulfill the requirements it indicates for some 368 reason, it must notify the user and fail to load the OS image. 369 Bits 16-31 indicate optional features; if any bits in this range 370 are set but the boot loader doesn't understand them, it may simply 371 ignore them and proceed as usual. Naturally, all as-yet-undefined 372 bits in the `flags' word must be set to zero in OS images. This 373 way, the `flags' fields serves for version control as well as 374 simple feature selection. 375 376 If bit 0 in the `flags' word is set, then all boot modules loaded 377 along with the operating system must be aligned on page (4KB) 378 boundaries. Some operating systems expect to be able to map the 379 pages containing boot modules directly into a paged address space 380 during startup, and thus need the boot modules to be page-aligned. 381 382 If bit 1 in the `flags' word is set, then information on available 383 memory via at least the `mem_*' fields of the Multiboot information 384 structure (*note Boot information format::) must be included. If 385 the boot loader is capable of passing a memory map (the `mmap_*' 386 fields) and one exists, then it may be included as well. 387 388 If bit 2 in the `flags' word is set, information about the video 389 mode table (*note Boot information format::) must be available to 390 the kernel. 391 392 If bit 16 in the `flags' word is set, then the fields at offsets 393 8-24 in the Multiboot header are valid, and the boot loader should 394 use them instead of the fields in the actual executable header to 395 calculate where to load the OS image. This information does not 396 need to be provided if the kernel image is in ELF format, but it 397 _must_ be provided if the images is in a.out format or in some 398 other format. Compliant boot loaders must be able to load images 399 that either are in ELF format or contain the load address 400 information embedded in the Multiboot header; they may also 401 directly support other executable formats, such as particular 402 a.out variants, but are not required to. 403 404`checksum' 405 The field `checksum' is a 32-bit unsigned value which, when added 406 to the other magic fields (i.e. `magic' and `flags'), must have a 407 32-bit unsigned sum of zero. 408 409 410File: multiboot.info, Node: Header address fields, Next: Header graphics fields, Prev: Header magic fields, Up: OS image format 411 4123.1.3 The address fields of Multiboot header 413-------------------------------------------- 414 415All of the address fields enabled by flag bit 16 are physical addresses. 416The meaning of each is as follows: 417 418`header_addr' 419 Contains the address corresponding to the beginning of the 420 Multiboot header -- the physical memory location at which the 421 magic value is supposed to be loaded. This field serves to 422 "synchronize" the mapping between OS image offsets and physical 423 memory addresses. 424 425`load_addr' 426 Contains the physical address of the beginning of the text 427 segment. The offset in the OS image file at which to start loading 428 is defined by the offset at which the header was found, minus 429 (header_addr - load_addr). load_addr must be less than or equal to 430 header_addr. 431 432`load_end_addr' 433 Contains the physical address of the end of the data segment. 434 (load_end_addr - load_addr) specifies how much data to load. This 435 implies that the text and data segments must be consecutive in the 436 OS image; this is true for existing a.out executable formats. If 437 this field is zero, the boot loader assumes that the text and data 438 segments occupy the whole OS image file. 439 440`bss_end_addr' 441 Contains the physical address of the end of the bss segment. The 442 boot loader initializes this area to zero, and reserves the memory 443 it occupies to avoid placing boot modules and other data relevant 444 to the operating system in that area. If this field is zero, the 445 boot loader assumes that no bss segment is present. 446 447`entry_addr' 448 The physical address to which the boot loader should jump in order 449 to start running the operating system. 450 451 452File: multiboot.info, Node: Header graphics fields, Prev: Header address fields, Up: OS image format 453 4543.1.4 The graphics fields of Multiboot header 455--------------------------------------------- 456 457All of the graphics fields are enabled by flag bit 2. They specify the 458preferred graphics mode. Note that that is only a _recommended_ mode by 459the OS image. If the mode exists, the boot loader should set it, when 460the user doesn't specify a mode explicitly. Otherwise, the boot loader 461should fall back to a similar mode, if available. 462 463 The meaning of each is as follows: 464 465`mode_type' 466 Contains `0' for linear graphics mode or `1' for EGA-standard text 467 mode. Everything else is reserved for future expansion. Note that 468 the boot loader may set a text mode, even if this field contains 469 `0'. 470 471`width' 472 Contains the number of the columns. This is specified in pixels in 473 a graphics mode, and in characters in a text mode. The value zero 474 indicates that the OS image has no preference. 475 476`height' 477 Contains the number of the lines. This is specified in pixels in a 478 graphics mode, and in characters in a text mode. The value zero 479 indicates that the OS image has no preference. 480 481`depth' 482 Contains the number of bits per pixel in a graphics mode, and zero 483 in a text mode. The value zero indicates that the OS image has no 484 preference. 485 486 487File: multiboot.info, Node: Machine state, Next: Boot information format, Prev: OS image format, Up: Specification 488 4893.2 Machine state 490================= 491 492When the boot loader invokes the 32-bit operating system, the machine 493must have the following state: 494 495`EAX' 496 Must contain the magic value `0x2BADB002'; the presence of this 497 value indicates to the operating system that it was loaded by a 498 Multiboot-compliant boot loader (e.g. as opposed to another type of 499 boot loader that the operating system can also be loaded from). 500 501`EBX' 502 Must contain the 32-bit physical address of the Multiboot 503 information structure provided by the boot loader (*note Boot 504 information format::). 505 506`CS' 507 Must be a 32-bit read/execute code segment with an offset of `0' 508 and a limit of `0xFFFFFFFF'. The exact value is undefined. 509 510`DS' 511`ES' 512`FS' 513`GS' 514`SS' 515 Must be a 32-bit read/write data segment with an offset of `0' and 516 a limit of `0xFFFFFFFF'. The exact values are all undefined. 517 518`A20 gate' 519 Must be enabled. 520 521`CR0' 522 Bit 31 (PG) must be cleared. Bit 0 (PE) must be set. Other bits are 523 all undefined. 524 525`EFLAGS' 526 Bit 17 (VM) must be cleared. Bit 9 (IF) must be cleared. Other bits 527 are all undefined. 528 529 All other processor registers and flag bits are undefined. This 530includes, in particular: 531 532`ESP' 533 The OS image must create its own stack as soon as it needs one. 534 535`GDTR' 536 Even though the segment registers are set up as described above, 537 the `GDTR' may be invalid, so the OS image must not load any 538 segment registers (even just reloading the same values!) until it 539 sets up its own `GDT'. 540 541`IDTR' 542 The OS image must leave interrupts disabled until it sets up its 543 own `IDT'. 544 545 However, other machine state should be left by the boot loader in 546"normal working order", i.e. as initialized by the BIOS (or DOS, if 547that's what the boot loader runs from). In other words, the operating 548system should be able to make BIOS calls and such after being loaded, 549as long as it does not overwrite the BIOS data structures before doing 550so. Also, the boot loader must leave the PIC programmed with the normal 551BIOS/DOS values, even if it changed them during the switch to 32-bit 552mode. 553 554 555File: multiboot.info, Node: Boot information format, Prev: Machine state, Up: Specification 556 5573.3 Boot information format 558=========================== 559 560FIXME: Split this chapter like the chapter "OS image format". 561 562 Upon entry to the operating system, the `EBX' register contains the 563physical address of a "Multiboot information" data structure, through 564which the boot loader communicates vital information to the operating 565system. The operating system can use or ignore any parts of the 566structure as it chooses; all information passed by the boot loader is 567advisory only. 568 569 The Multiboot information structure and its related substructures 570may be placed anywhere in memory by the boot loader (with the exception 571of the memory reserved for the kernel and boot modules, of course). It 572is the operating system's responsibility to avoid overwriting this 573memory until it is done using it. 574 575 The format of the Multiboot information structure (as defined so far) 576follows: 577 578 +-------------------+ 579 0 | flags | (required) 580 +-------------------+ 581 4 | mem_lower | (present if flags[0] is set) 582 8 | mem_upper | (present if flags[0] is set) 583 +-------------------+ 584 12 | boot_device | (present if flags[1] is set) 585 +-------------------+ 586 16 | cmdline | (present if flags[2] is set) 587 +-------------------+ 588 20 | mods_count | (present if flags[3] is set) 589 24 | mods_addr | (present if flags[3] is set) 590 +-------------------+ 591 28 - 40 | syms | (present if flags[4] or 592 | | flags[5] is set) 593 +-------------------+ 594 44 | mmap_length | (present if flags[6] is set) 595 48 | mmap_addr | (present if flags[6] is set) 596 +-------------------+ 597 52 | drives_length | (present if flags[7] is set) 598 56 | drives_addr | (present if flags[7] is set) 599 +-------------------+ 600 60 | config_table | (present if flags[8] is set) 601 +-------------------+ 602 64 | boot_loader_name | (present if flags[9] is set) 603 +-------------------+ 604 68 | apm_table | (present if flags[10] is set) 605 +-------------------+ 606 72 | vbe_control_info | (present if flags[11] is set) 607 76 | vbe_mode_info | 608 80 | vbe_mode | 609 82 | vbe_interface_seg | 610 84 | vbe_interface_off | 611 86 | vbe_interface_len | 612 +-------------------+ 613 614 The first longword indicates the presence and validity of other 615fields in the Multiboot information structure. All as-yet-undefined 616bits must be set to zero by the boot loader. Any set bits that the 617operating system does not understand should be ignored. Thus, the 618`flags' field also functions as a version indicator, allowing the 619Multiboot information structure to be expanded in the future without 620breaking anything. 621 622 If bit 0 in the `flags' word is set, then the `mem_*' fields are 623valid. `mem_lower' and `mem_upper' indicate the amount of lower and 624upper memory, respectively, in kilobytes. Lower memory starts at 625address 0, and upper memory starts at address 1 megabyte. The maximum 626possible value for lower memory is 640 kilobytes. The value returned for 627upper memory is maximally the address of the first upper memory hole 628minus 1 megabyte. It is not guaranteed to be this value. 629 630 If bit 1 in the `flags' word is set, then the `boot_device' field is 631valid, and indicates which BIOS disk device the boot loader loaded the 632OS image from. If the OS image was not loaded from a BIOS disk, then 633this field must not be present (bit 3 must be clear). The operating 634system may use this field as a hint for determining its own "root" 635device, but is not required to. The `boot_device' field is laid out in 636four one-byte subfields as follows: 637 638 +-------+-------+-------+-------+ 639 | drive | part1 | part2 | part3 | 640 +-------+-------+-------+-------+ 641 642 The first byte contains the BIOS drive number as understood by the 643BIOS INT 0x13 low-level disk interface: e.g. 0x00 for the first floppy 644disk or 0x80 for the first hard disk. 645 646 The three remaining bytes specify the boot partition. `part1' 647specifies the "top-level" partition number, `part2' specifies a 648"sub-partition" in the top-level partition, etc. Partition numbers 649always start from zero. Unused partition bytes must be set to 0xFF. For 650example, if the disk is partitioned using a simple one-level DOS 651partitioning scheme, then `part1' contains the DOS partition number, 652and `part2' and `part3' are both 0xFF. As another example, if a disk is 653partitioned first into DOS partitions, and then one of those DOS 654partitions is subdivided into several BSD partitions using BSD's 655"disklabel" strategy, then `part1' contains the DOS partition number, 656`part2' contains the BSD sub-partition within that DOS partition, and 657`part3' is 0xFF. 658 659 DOS extended partitions are indicated as partition numbers starting 660from 4 and increasing, rather than as nested sub-partitions, even 661though the underlying disk layout of extended partitions is 662hierarchical in nature. For example, if the boot loader boots from the 663second extended partition on a disk partitioned in conventional DOS 664style, then `part1' will be 5, and `part2' and `part3' will both be 6650xFF. 666 667 If bit 2 of the `flags' longword is set, the `cmdline' field is 668valid, and contains the physical address of the command line to be 669passed to the kernel. The command line is a normal C-style 670zero-terminated string. 671 672 If bit 3 of the `flags' is set, then the `mods' fields indicate to 673the kernel what boot modules were loaded along with the kernel image, 674and where they can be found. `mods_count' contains the number of 675modules loaded; `mods_addr' contains the physical address of the first 676module structure. `mods_count' may be zero, indicating no boot modules 677were loaded, even if bit 1 of `flags' is set. Each module structure is 678formatted as follows: 679 680 +-------------------+ 681 0 | mod_start | 682 4 | mod_end | 683 +-------------------+ 684 8 | string | 685 +-------------------+ 686 12 | reserved (0) | 687 +-------------------+ 688 689 The first two fields contain the start and end addresses of the boot 690module itself. The `string' field provides an arbitrary string to be 691associated with that particular boot module; it is a zero-terminated 692ASCII string, just like the kernel command line. The `string' field may 693be 0 if there is no string associated with the module. Typically the 694string might be a command line (e.g. if the operating system treats boot 695modules as executable programs), or a pathname (e.g. if the operating 696system treats boot modules as files in a file system), but its exact use 697is specific to the operating system. The `reserved' field must be set 698to 0 by the boot loader and ignored by the operating system. 699 700 *Caution:* Bits 4 & 5 are mutually exclusive. 701 702 If bit 4 in the `flags' word is set, then the following fields in 703the Multiboot information structure starting at byte 28 are valid: 704 705 +-------------------+ 706 28 | tabsize | 707 32 | strsize | 708 36 | addr | 709 40 | reserved (0) | 710 +-------------------+ 711 712 These indicate where the symbol table from an a.out kernel image can 713be found. `addr' is the physical address of the size (4-byte unsigned 714long) of an array of a.out format "nlist" structures, followed 715immediately by the array itself, then the size (4-byte unsigned long) of 716a set of zero-terminated ASCII strings (plus sizeof(unsigned long) in 717this case), and finally the set of strings itself. `tabsize' is equal 718to its size parameter (found at the beginning of the symbol section), 719and `strsize' is equal to its size parameter (found at the beginning of 720the string section) of the following string table to which the symbol 721table refers. Note that `tabsize' may be 0, indicating no symbols, even 722if bit 4 in the `flags' word is set. 723 724 If bit 5 in the `flags' word is set, then the following fields in 725the Multiboot information structure starting at byte 28 are valid: 726 727 +-------------------+ 728 28 | num | 729 32 | size | 730 36 | addr | 731 40 | shndx | 732 +-------------------+ 733 734 These indicate where the section header table from an ELF kernel is, 735the size of each entry, number of entries, and the string table used as 736the index of names. They correspond to the `shdr_*' entries 737(`shdr_num', etc.) in the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) 738specification in the program header. All sections are loaded, and the 739physical address fields of the ELF section header then refer to where 740the sections are in memory (refer to the i386 ELF documentation for 741details as to how to read the section header(s)). Note that `shdr_num' 742may be 0, indicating no symbols, even if bit 5 in the `flags' word is 743set. 744 745 If bit 6 in the `flags' word is set, then the `mmap_*' fields are 746valid, and indicate the address and length of a buffer containing a 747memory map of the machine provided by the BIOS. `mmap_addr' is the 748address, and `mmap_length' is the total size of the buffer. The buffer 749consists of one or more of the following size/structure pairs (`size' 750is really used for skipping to the next pair): 751 752 +-------------------+ 753 -4 | size | 754 +-------------------+ 755 0 | base_addr_low | 756 4 | base_addr_high | 757 8 | length_low | 758 12 | length_high | 759 16 | type | 760 +-------------------+ 761 762 where `size' is the size of the associated structure in bytes, which 763can be greater than the minimum of 20 bytes. `base_addr_low' is the 764lower 32 bits of the starting address, and `base_addr_high' is the 765upper 32 bits, for a total of a 64-bit starting address. `length_low' 766is the lower 32 bits of the size of the memory region in bytes, and 767`length_high' is the upper 32 bits, for a total of a 64-bit length. 768`type' is the variety of address range represented, where a value of 1 769indicates available RAM, and all other values currently indicated a 770reserved area. 771 772 The map provided is guaranteed to list all standard RAM that should 773be available for normal use. 774 775 If bit 7 in the `flags' is set, then the `drives_*' fields are 776valid, and indicate the address of the physical address of the first 777drive structure and the size of drive structures. `drives_addr' is the 778address, and `drives_length' is the total size of drive structures. 779Note that `drives_length' may be zero. Each drive structure is 780formatted as follows: 781 782 +-------------------+ 783 0 | size | 784 +-------------------+ 785 4 | drive_number | 786 +-------------------+ 787 5 | drive_mode | 788 +-------------------+ 789 6 | drive_cylinders | 790 8 | drive_heads | 791 9 | drive_sectors | 792 +-------------------+ 793 10 - xx | drive_ports | 794 +-------------------+ 795 796 The `size' field specifies the size of this structure. The size 797varies, depending on the number of ports. Note that the size may not be 798equal to (10 + 2 * the number of ports), because of an alignment. 799 800 The `drive_number' field contains the BIOS drive number. The 801`drive_mode' field represents the access mode used by the boot loader. 802Currently, the following modes are defined: 803 804`0' 805 CHS mode (traditional cylinder/head/sector addressing mode). 806 807`1' 808 LBA mode (Logical Block Addressing mode). 809 810 The three fields, `drive_cylinders', `drive_heads' and 811`drive_sectors', indicate the geometry of the drive detected by the 812BIOS. `drive_cylinders' contains the number of the cylinders. 813`drive_heads' contains the number of the heads. `drive_sectors' 814contains the number of the sectors per track. 815 816 The `drive_ports' field contains the array of the I/O ports used for 817the drive in the BIOS code. The array consists of zero or more unsigned 818two-bytes integers, and is terminated with zero. Note that the array 819may contain any number of I/O ports that are not related to the drive 820actually (such as DMA controller's ports). 821 822 If bit 8 in the `flags' is set, then the `config_table' field is 823valid, and indicates the address of the ROM configuration table 824returned by the "GET CONFIGURATION" BIOS call. If the BIOS call fails, 825then the size of the table must be _zero_. 826 827 If bit 9 in the `flags' is set, the `boot_loader_name' field is 828valid, and contains the physical address of the name of a boot loader 829booting the kernel. The name is a normal C-style zero-terminated string. 830 831 If bit 10 in the `flags' is set, the `apm_table' field is valid, and 832contains the physical address of an APM table defined as below: 833 834 +----------------------+ 835 0 | version | 836 2 | cseg | 837 4 | offset | 838 8 | cseg_16 | 839 10 | dseg | 840 12 | flags | 841 14 | cseg_len | 842 16 | cseg_16_len | 843 18 | dseg_len | 844 +----------------------+ 845 846 The fields `version', `cseg', `offset', `cseg_16', `dseg', `flags', 847`cseg_len', `cseg_16_len', `dseg_len' indicate the version number, the 848protected mode 32-bit code segment, the offset of the entry point, the 849protected mode 16-bit code segment, the protected mode 16-bit data 850segment, the flags, the length of the protected mode 32-bit code 851segment, the length of the protected mode 16-bit code segment, and the 852length of the protected mode 16-bit data segment, respectively. Only 853the field `offset' is 4 bytes, and the others are 2 bytes. See Advanced 854Power Management (APM) BIOS Interface Specification 855(http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/busbios/amp_12.htm), for more 856information. 857 858 If bit 11 in the `flags' is set, the graphics table is available. 859This must only be done if the kernel has indicated in the `Multiboot 860Header' that it accepts a graphics mode. 861 862 The fields `vbe_control_info' and `vbe_mode_info' contain the 863physical addresses of VBE control information returned by the VBE 864Function 00h and VBE mode information returned by the VBE Function 01h, 865respectively. 866 867 The field `vbe_mode' indicates current video mode in the format 868specified in VBE 3.0. 869 870 The rest fields `vbe_interface_seg', `vbe_interface_off', and 871`vbe_interface_len' contain the table of a protected mode interface 872defined in VBE 2.0+. If this information is not available, those fields 873contain zero. Note that VBE 3.0 defines another protected mode 874interface which is incompatible with the old one. If you want to use 875the new protected mode interface, you will have to find the table 876yourself. 877 878 The fields for the graphics table are designed for VBE, but 879Multiboot boot loaders may simulate VBE on non-VBE modes, as if they 880were VBE modes. 881 882 883File: multiboot.info, Node: Examples, Next: History, Prev: Specification, Up: Top 884 8854 Examples 886********** 887 888*Caution:* The following items are not part of the specification 889document, but are included for prospective operating system and boot 890loader writers. 891 892* Menu: 893 894* Notes on PC:: 895* BIOS device mapping techniques:: 896* Example OS code:: 897* Example boot loader code:: 898 899 900File: multiboot.info, Node: Notes on PC, Next: BIOS device mapping techniques, Up: Examples 901 9024.1 Notes on PC 903=============== 904 905In reference to bit 0 of the `flags' parameter in the Multiboot 906information structure, if the bootloader in question uses older BIOS 907interfaces, or the newest ones are not available (see description about 908bit 6), then a maximum of either 15 or 63 megabytes of memory may be 909reported. It is _highly_ recommended that boot loaders perform a 910thorough memory probe. 911 912 In reference to bit 1 of the `flags' parameter in the Multiboot 913information structure, it is recognized that determination of which 914BIOS drive maps to which device driver in an operating system is 915non-trivial, at best. Many kludges have been made to various operating 916systems instead of solving this problem, most of them breaking under 917many conditions. To encourage the use of general-purpose solutions to 918this problem, there are 2 BIOS device mapping techniques (*note BIOS 919device mapping techniques::). 920 921 In reference to bit 6 of the `flags' parameter in the Multiboot 922information structure, it is important to note that the data structure 923used there (starting with `BaseAddrLow') is the data returned by the 924INT 15h, AX=E820h -- Query System Address Map call. See *Note Query 925System Address Map: (grub.info)Query System Address Map, for more 926information. The interface here is meant to allow a boot loader to work 927unmodified with any reasonable extensions of the BIOS interface, 928passing along any extra data to be interpreted by the operating system 929as desired. 930 931 932File: multiboot.info, Node: BIOS device mapping techniques, Next: Example OS code, Prev: Notes on PC, Up: Examples 933 9344.2 BIOS device mapping techniques 935================================== 936 937Both of these techniques should be usable from any PC operating system, 938and neither require any special support in the drivers themselves. This 939section will be flushed out into detailed explanations, particularly for 940the I/O restriction technique. 941 942 The general rule is that the data comparison technique is the quick 943and dirty solution. It works most of the time, but doesn't cover all the 944bases, and is relatively simple. 945 946 The I/O restriction technique is much more complex, but it has 947potential to solve the problem under all conditions, plus allow access 948of the remaining BIOS devices when not all of them have operating system 949drivers. 950 951* Menu: 952 953* Data comparison technique:: 954* I/O restriction technique:: 955 956 957File: multiboot.info, Node: Data comparison technique, Next: I/O restriction technique, Up: BIOS device mapping techniques 958 9594.2.1 Data comparison technique 960------------------------------- 961 962Before activating _any_ of the device drivers, gather enough data from 963similar sectors on each of the disks such that each one can be uniquely 964identified. 965 966 After activating the device drivers, compare data from the drives 967using the operating system drivers. This should hopefully be sufficient 968to provide such a mapping. 969 970 Problems: 971 972 1. The data on some BIOS devices might be identical (so the part 973 reading the drives from the BIOS should have some mechanism to give 974 up). 975 976 2. There might be extra drives not accessible from the BIOS which are 977 identical to some drive used by the BIOS (so it should be capable 978 of giving up there as well). 979 980 981File: multiboot.info, Node: I/O restriction technique, Prev: Data comparison technique, Up: BIOS device mapping techniques 982 9834.2.2 I/O restriction technique 984------------------------------- 985 986This first step may be unnecessary, but first create copy-on-write 987mappings for the device drivers writing into PC RAM. Keep the original 988copies for the "clean BIOS virtual machine" to be created later. 989 990 For each device driver brought online, determine which BIOS devices 991become inaccessible by: 992 993 1. Create a "clean BIOS virtual machine". 994 995 2. Set the I/O permission map for the I/O area claimed by the device 996 driver to no permissions (neither read nor write). 997 998 3. Access each device. 999 1000 4. Record which devices succeed, and those which try to access the 1001 "restricted" I/O areas (hopefully, this will be an "xor" 1002 situation). 1003 1004 For each device driver, given how many of the BIOS devices were 1005subsumed by it (there should be no gaps in this list), it should be easy 1006to determine which devices on the controller these are. 1007 1008 In general, you have at most 2 disks from each controller given BIOS 1009numbers, but they pretty much always count from the lowest logically 1010numbered devices on the controller. 1011 1012 1013File: multiboot.info, Node: Example OS code, Next: Example boot loader code, Prev: BIOS device mapping techniques, Up: Examples 1014 10154.3 Example OS code 1016=================== 1017 1018In this distribution, the example Multiboot kernel `kernel' is 1019included. The kernel just prints out the Multiboot information structure 1020on the screen, so you can make use of the kernel to test a 1021Multiboot-compliant boot loader and for reference to how to implement a 1022Multiboot kernel. The source files can be found under the directory 1023`docs' in the GRUB distribution. 1024 1025 The kernel `kernel' consists of only three files: `boot.S', 1026`kernel.c' and `multiboot.h'. The assembly source `boot.S' is written 1027in GAS (*note GNU assembler: (as.info)Top.), and contains the Multiboot 1028information structure to comply with the specification. When a 1029Multiboot-compliant boot loader loads and execute it, it initialize the 1030stack pointer and `EFLAGS', and then call the function `cmain' defined 1031in `kernel.c'. If `cmain' returns to the callee, then it shows a 1032message to inform the user of the halt state and stops forever until 1033you push the reset key. The file `kernel.c' contains the function 1034`cmain', which checks if the magic number passed by the boot loader is 1035valid and so on, and some functions to print messages on the screen. 1036The file `multiboot.h' defines some macros, such as the magic number 1037for the Multiboot header, the Multiboot header structure and the 1038Multiboot information structure. 1039 1040* Menu: 1041 1042* multiboot.h:: 1043* boot.S:: 1044* kernel.c:: 1045* Other Multiboot kernels:: 1046 1047 1048File: multiboot.info, Node: multiboot.h, Next: boot.S, Up: Example OS code 1049 10504.3.1 multiboot.h 1051----------------- 1052 1053This is the source code in the file `multiboot.h': 1054 1055 /* multiboot.h - the header for Multiboot */ 1056 /* Copyright (C) 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1057 1058 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 1059 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 1060 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 1061 (at your option) any later version. 1062 1063 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 1064 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 1065 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 1066 GNU General Public License for more details. 1067 1068 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 1069 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 1070 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */ 1071 1072 /* Macros. */ 1073 1074 /* The magic number for the Multiboot header. */ 1075 #define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC 0x1BADB002 1076 1077 /* The flags for the Multiboot header. */ 1078 #ifdef __ELF__ 1079 # define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_FLAGS 0x00000003 1080 #else 1081 # define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_FLAGS 0x00010003 1082 #endif 1083 1084 /* The magic number passed by a Multiboot-compliant boot loader. */ 1085 #define MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC 0x2BADB002 1086 1087 /* The size of our stack (16KB). */ 1088 #define STACK_SIZE 0x4000 1089 1090 /* C symbol format. HAVE_ASM_USCORE is defined by configure. */ 1091 #ifdef HAVE_ASM_USCORE 1092 # define EXT_C(sym) _ ## sym 1093 #else 1094 # define EXT_C(sym) sym 1095 #endif 1096 1097 #ifndef ASM 1098 /* Do not include here in boot.S. */ 1099 1100 /* Types. */ 1101 1102 /* The Multiboot header. */ 1103 typedef struct multiboot_header 1104 { 1105 unsigned long magic; 1106 unsigned long flags; 1107 unsigned long checksum; 1108 unsigned long header_addr; 1109 unsigned long load_addr; 1110 unsigned long load_end_addr; 1111 unsigned long bss_end_addr; 1112 unsigned long entry_addr; 1113 } multiboot_header_t; 1114 1115 /* The symbol table for a.out. */ 1116 typedef struct aout_symbol_table 1117 { 1118 unsigned long tabsize; 1119 unsigned long strsize; 1120 unsigned long addr; 1121 unsigned long reserved; 1122 } aout_symbol_table_t; 1123 1124 /* The section header table for ELF. */ 1125 typedef struct elf_section_header_table 1126 { 1127 unsigned long num; 1128 unsigned long size; 1129 unsigned long addr; 1130 unsigned long shndx; 1131 } elf_section_header_table_t; 1132 1133 /* The Multiboot information. */ 1134 typedef struct multiboot_info 1135 { 1136 unsigned long flags; 1137 unsigned long mem_lower; 1138 unsigned long mem_upper; 1139 unsigned long boot_device; 1140 unsigned long cmdline; 1141 unsigned long mods_count; 1142 unsigned long mods_addr; 1143 union 1144 { 1145 aout_symbol_table_t aout_sym; 1146 elf_section_header_table_t elf_sec; 1147 } u; 1148 unsigned long mmap_length; 1149 unsigned long mmap_addr; 1150 } multiboot_info_t; 1151 1152 /* The module structure. */ 1153 typedef struct module 1154 { 1155 unsigned long mod_start; 1156 unsigned long mod_end; 1157 unsigned long string; 1158 unsigned long reserved; 1159 } module_t; 1160 1161 /* The memory map. Be careful that the offset 0 is base_addr_low 1162 but no size. */ 1163 typedef struct memory_map 1164 { 1165 unsigned long size; 1166 unsigned long base_addr_low; 1167 unsigned long base_addr_high; 1168 unsigned long length_low; 1169 unsigned long length_high; 1170 unsigned long type; 1171 } memory_map_t; 1172 1173 #endif /* ! ASM */ 1174 1175 1176File: multiboot.info, Node: boot.S, Next: kernel.c, Prev: multiboot.h, Up: Example OS code 1177 11784.3.2 boot.S 1179------------ 1180 1181In the file `boot.S': 1182 1183 /* boot.S - bootstrap the kernel */ 1184 /* Copyright (C) 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1185 1186 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 1187 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 1188 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 1189 (at your option) any later version. 1190 1191 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 1192 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 1193 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 1194 GNU General Public License for more details. 1195 1196 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 1197 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 1198 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */ 1199 1200 #define ASM 1 1201 #include <multiboot.h> 1202 1203 .text 1204 1205 .globl start, _start 1206 start: 1207 _start: 1208 jmp multiboot_entry 1209 1210 /* Align 32 bits boundary. */ 1211 .align 4 1212 1213 /* Multiboot header. */ 1214 multiboot_header: 1215 /* magic */ 1216 .long MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC 1217 /* flags */ 1218 .long MULTIBOOT_HEADER_FLAGS 1219 /* checksum */ 1220 .long -(MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC + MULTIBOOT_HEADER_FLAGS) 1221 #ifndef __ELF__ 1222 /* header_addr */ 1223 .long multiboot_header 1224 /* load_addr */ 1225 .long _start 1226 /* load_end_addr */ 1227 .long _edata 1228 /* bss_end_addr */ 1229 .long _end 1230 /* entry_addr */ 1231 .long multiboot_entry 1232 #endif /* ! __ELF__ */ 1233 1234 multiboot_entry: 1235 /* Initialize the stack pointer. */ 1236 movl $(stack + STACK_SIZE), %esp 1237 1238 /* Reset EFLAGS. */ 1239 pushl $0 1240 popf 1241 1242 /* Push the pointer to the Multiboot information structure. */ 1243 pushl %ebx 1244 /* Push the magic value. */ 1245 pushl %eax 1246 1247 /* Now enter the C main function... */ 1248 call EXT_C(cmain) 1249 1250 /* Halt. */ 1251 pushl $halt_message 1252 call EXT_C(printf) 1253 1254 loop: hlt 1255 jmp loop 1256 1257 halt_message: 1258 .asciz "Halted." 1259 1260 /* Our stack area. */ 1261 .comm stack, STACK_SIZE 1262 1263 1264File: multiboot.info, Node: kernel.c, Next: Other Multiboot kernels, Prev: boot.S, Up: Example OS code 1265 12664.3.3 kernel.c 1267-------------- 1268 1269And, in the file `kernel.c': 1270 1271 /* kernel.c - the C part of the kernel */ 1272 /* Copyright (C) 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1273 1274 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 1275 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 1276 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 1277 (at your option) any later version. 1278 1279 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 1280 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 1281 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 1282 GNU General Public License for more details. 1283 1284 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 1285 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 1286 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */ 1287 1288 #include <multiboot.h> 1289 1290 /* Macros. */ 1291 1292 /* Check if the bit BIT in FLAGS is set. */ 1293 #define CHECK_FLAG(flags,bit) ((flags) & (1 << (bit))) 1294 1295 /* Some screen stuff. */ 1296 /* The number of columns. */ 1297 #define COLUMNS 80 1298 /* The number of lines. */ 1299 #define LINES 24 1300 /* The attribute of an character. */ 1301 #define ATTRIBUTE 7 1302 /* The video memory address. */ 1303 #define VIDEO 0xB8000 1304 1305 /* Variables. */ 1306 /* Save the X position. */ 1307 static int xpos; 1308 /* Save the Y position. */ 1309 static int ypos; 1310 /* Point to the video memory. */ 1311 static volatile unsigned char *video; 1312 1313 /* Forward declarations. */ 1314 void cmain (unsigned long magic, unsigned long addr); 1315 static void cls (void); 1316 static void itoa (char *buf, int base, int d); 1317 static void putchar (int c); 1318 void printf (const char *format, ...); 1319 1320 /* Check if MAGIC is valid and print the Multiboot information structure 1321 pointed by ADDR. */ 1322 void 1323 cmain (unsigned long magic, unsigned long addr) 1324 { 1325 multiboot_info_t *mbi; 1326 1327 /* Clear the screen. */ 1328 cls (); 1329 1330 /* Am I booted by a Multiboot-compliant boot loader? */ 1331 if (magic != MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC) 1332 { 1333 printf ("Invalid magic number: 0x%x\n", (unsigned) magic); 1334 return; 1335 } 1336 1337 /* Set MBI to the address of the Multiboot information structure. */ 1338 mbi = (multiboot_info_t *) addr; 1339 1340 /* Print out the flags. */ 1341 printf ("flags = 0x%x\n", (unsigned) mbi->flags); 1342 1343 /* Are mem_* valid? */ 1344 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 0)) 1345 printf ("mem_lower = %uKB, mem_upper = %uKB\n", 1346 (unsigned) mbi->mem_lower, (unsigned) mbi->mem_upper); 1347 1348 /* Is boot_device valid? */ 1349 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 1)) 1350 printf ("boot_device = 0x%x\n", (unsigned) mbi->boot_device); 1351 1352 /* Is the command line passed? */ 1353 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 2)) 1354 printf ("cmdline = %s\n", (char *) mbi->cmdline); 1355 1356 /* Are mods_* valid? */ 1357 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 3)) 1358 { 1359 module_t *mod; 1360 int i; 1361 1362 printf ("mods_count = %d, mods_addr = 0x%x\n", 1363 (int) mbi->mods_count, (int) mbi->mods_addr); 1364 for (i = 0, mod = (module_t *) mbi->mods_addr; 1365 i < mbi->mods_count; 1366 i++, mod++) 1367 printf (" mod_start = 0x%x, mod_end = 0x%x, string = %s\n", 1368 (unsigned) mod->mod_start, 1369 (unsigned) mod->mod_end, 1370 (char *) mod->string); 1371 } 1372 1373 /* Bits 4 and 5 are mutually exclusive! */ 1374 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 4) && CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 5)) 1375 { 1376 printf ("Both bits 4 and 5 are set.\n"); 1377 return; 1378 } 1379 1380 /* Is the symbol table of a.out valid? */ 1381 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 4)) 1382 { 1383 aout_symbol_table_t *aout_sym = &(mbi->u.aout_sym); 1384 1385 printf ("aout_symbol_table: tabsize = 0x%0x, " 1386 "strsize = 0x%x, addr = 0x%x\n", 1387 (unsigned) aout_sym->tabsize, 1388 (unsigned) aout_sym->strsize, 1389 (unsigned) aout_sym->addr); 1390 } 1391 1392 /* Is the section header table of ELF valid? */ 1393 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 5)) 1394 { 1395 elf_section_header_table_t *elf_sec = &(mbi->u.elf_sec); 1396 1397 printf ("elf_sec: num = %u, size = 0x%x," 1398 " addr = 0x%x, shndx = 0x%x\n", 1399 (unsigned) elf_sec->num, (unsigned) elf_sec->size, 1400 (unsigned) elf_sec->addr, (unsigned) elf_sec->shndx); 1401 } 1402 1403 /* Are mmap_* valid? */ 1404 if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 6)) 1405 { 1406 memory_map_t *mmap; 1407 1408 printf ("mmap_addr = 0x%x, mmap_length = 0x%x\n", 1409 (unsigned) mbi->mmap_addr, (unsigned) mbi->mmap_length); 1410 for (mmap = (memory_map_t *) mbi->mmap_addr; 1411 (unsigned long) mmap < mbi->mmap_addr + mbi->mmap_length; 1412 mmap = (memory_map_t *) ((unsigned long) mmap 1413 + mmap->size + sizeof (mmap->size))) 1414 printf (" size = 0x%x, base_addr = 0x%x%x," 1415 " length = 0x%x%x, type = 0x%x\n", 1416 (unsigned) mmap->size, 1417 (unsigned) mmap->base_addr_high, 1418 (unsigned) mmap->base_addr_low, 1419 (unsigned) mmap->length_high, 1420 (unsigned) mmap->length_low, 1421 (unsigned) mmap->type); 1422 } 1423 } 1424 1425 /* Clear the screen and initialize VIDEO, XPOS and YPOS. */ 1426 static void 1427 cls (void) 1428 { 1429 int i; 1430 1431 video = (unsigned char *) VIDEO; 1432 1433 for (i = 0; i < COLUMNS * LINES * 2; i++) 1434 *(video + i) = 0; 1435 1436 xpos = 0; 1437 ypos = 0; 1438 } 1439 1440 /* Convert the integer D to a string and save the string in BUF. If 1441 BASE is equal to 'd', interpret that D is decimal, and if BASE is 1442 equal to 'x', interpret that D is hexadecimal. */ 1443 static void 1444 itoa (char *buf, int base, int d) 1445 { 1446 char *p = buf; 1447 char *p1, *p2; 1448 unsigned long ud = d; 1449 int divisor = 10; 1450 1451 /* If %d is specified and D is minus, put `-' in the head. */ 1452 if (base == 'd' && d < 0) 1453 { 1454 *p++ = '-'; 1455 buf++; 1456 ud = -d; 1457 } 1458 else if (base == 'x') 1459 divisor = 16; 1460 1461 /* Divide UD by DIVISOR until UD == 0. */ 1462 do 1463 { 1464 int remainder = ud % divisor; 1465 1466 *p++ = (remainder < 10) ? remainder + '0' : remainder + 'a' - 10; 1467 } 1468 while (ud /= divisor); 1469 1470 /* Terminate BUF. */ 1471 *p = 0; 1472 1473 /* Reverse BUF. */ 1474 p1 = buf; 1475 p2 = p - 1; 1476 while (p1 < p2) 1477 { 1478 char tmp = *p1; 1479 *p1 = *p2; 1480 *p2 = tmp; 1481 p1++; 1482 p2--; 1483 } 1484 } 1485 1486 /* Put the character C on the screen. */ 1487 static void 1488 putchar (int c) 1489 { 1490 if (c == '\n' || c == '\r') 1491 { 1492 newline: 1493 xpos = 0; 1494 ypos++; 1495 if (ypos >= LINES) 1496 ypos = 0; 1497 return; 1498 } 1499 1500 *(video + (xpos + ypos * COLUMNS) * 2) = c & 0xFF; 1501 *(video + (xpos + ypos * COLUMNS) * 2 + 1) = ATTRIBUTE; 1502 1503 xpos++; 1504 if (xpos >= COLUMNS) 1505 goto newline; 1506 } 1507 1508 /* Format a string and print it on the screen, just like the libc 1509 function printf. */ 1510 void 1511 printf (const char *format, ...) 1512 { 1513 char **arg = (char **) &format; 1514 int c; 1515 char buf[20]; 1516 1517 arg++; 1518 1519 while ((c = *format++) != 0) 1520 { 1521 if (c != '%') 1522 putchar (c); 1523 else 1524 { 1525 char *p; 1526 1527 c = *format++; 1528 switch (c) 1529 { 1530 case 'd': 1531 case 'u': 1532 case 'x': 1533 itoa (buf, c, *((int *) arg++)); 1534 p = buf; 1535 goto string; 1536 break; 1537 1538 case 's': 1539 p = *arg++; 1540 if (! p) 1541 p = "(null)"; 1542 1543 string: 1544 while (*p) 1545 putchar (*p++); 1546 break; 1547 1548 default: 1549 putchar (*((int *) arg++)); 1550 break; 1551 } 1552 } 1553 } 1554 } 1555 1556 1557File: multiboot.info, Node: Other Multiboot kernels, Prev: kernel.c, Up: Example OS code 1558 15594.3.4 Other Multiboot kernels 1560----------------------------- 1561 1562Other useful information should be available in Multiboot kernels, such 1563as GNU Mach and Fiasco `http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/'. And, it 1564is worth mentioning the OSKit 1565`http://www.cs.utah.edu/projects/flux/oskit/', which provides a library 1566supporting the specification. 1567 1568 1569File: multiboot.info, Node: Example boot loader code, Prev: Example OS code, Up: Examples 1570 15714.4 Example boot loader code 1572============================ 1573 1574The GNU GRUB (*note GRUB: (grub.info)Top.) project is a full 1575Multiboot-compliant boot loader, supporting all required and optional 1576features present in this specification. A public release has not been 1577made, but the test release is available from: 1578 1579 `ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/grub' 1580 1581 See the webpage `http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub.html', for 1582more information. 1583 1584 1585File: multiboot.info, Node: History, Next: Index, Prev: Examples, Up: Top 1586 15875 The change log of this specification 1588************************************** 1589 15900.7 1591 * "Multiboot Standard" is renamed to "Multiboot Specification". 1592 1593 * Graphics fields are added to Multiboot header. 1594 1595 * BIOS drive information, BIOS configuration table, the name of 1596 a boot loader, APM information, and graphics information are 1597 added to Multiboot information. 1598 1599 * Rewritten in Texinfo format. 1600 1601 * Rewritten, using more strict words. 1602 1603 * The maintainer changes to the GNU GRUB maintainer team 1604 <bug-grub@gnu.org>, from Bryan Ford and Erich Stefan Boleyn. 1605 16060.6 1607 * A few wording changes. 1608 1609 * Header checksum. 1610 1611 * Clasification of machine state passed to an operating system. 1612 16130.5 1614 * Name change. 1615 16160.4 1617 * Major changes plus HTMLification. 1618 1619 1620File: multiboot.info, Node: Index, Prev: History, Up: Top 1621 1622Index 1623***** 1624 1625�[index�] 1626* Menu: 1627 1628 1629Tag Table: 1630Node: Top990 1631Node: Overview1326 1632Node: Motivation1794 1633Node: Architecture3191 1634Node: Operating systems3724 1635Node: Boot sources4518 1636Node: Boot-time configuration5488 1637Node: Convenience to operating systems6096 1638Node: Boot modules8327 1639Node: Terminology9476 1640Node: Specification11855 1641Node: OS image format12418 1642Node: Header layout13476 1643Node: Header magic fields14644 1644Node: Header address fields17505 1645Node: Header graphics fields19351 1646Node: Machine state20737 1647Node: Boot information format22997 1648Node: Examples38368 1649Node: Notes on PC38741 1650Node: BIOS device mapping techniques40307 1651Node: Data comparison technique41217 1652Node: I/O restriction technique42079 1653Node: Example OS code43296 1654Node: multiboot.h44838 1655Node: boot.S48662 1656Node: kernel.c51286 1657Node: Other Multiboot kernels60013 1658Node: Example boot loader code60444 1659Node: History60970 1660Node: Index61891 1661 1662End Tag Table 1663