application-dev/connectivity/net-vpn.md

# VPN Management

## Overview

A virtual private network (VPN) is a dedicated network established on a public network. On a VPN, the connection between any two nodes does not have an end-to-end physical link required by the traditional private network. Instead, user data is transmitted over a logical link because a VPN is a logical network deployed over the network platform (such as the Internet) provided by the public network service provider.

> **NOTE**
> To maximize the application running efficiency, most API calls are called asynchronously in callback or promise mode. The following code examples use the callback mode. For details about the APIs, see [sms API Reference](../reference/apis/js-apis-net-vpn.md).

The following describes the development procedure specific to each application scenario.

## Available APIs

For the complete list of APIs and example code, see [VPN Management](../reference/apis/js-apis-net-vpn.md).

| Type        | API                                                             | Description                                           |
| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| ohos.net.vpn | setUp(config: VpnConfig, callback: AsyncCallback\<number\>): void | Establishes a VPN. This API uses an asynchronous callback to return the result.|
| ohos.net.vpn | protect(socketFd: number, callback: AsyncCallback\<void\>): void  | Enables VPN tunnel protection. This API uses an asynchronous callback to return the result.  |
| ohos.net.vpn | destroy(callback: AsyncCallback\<void\>): void                    | Destroys a VPN. This API uses an asynchronous callback to return the result.|

## Starting a VPN

1. Establish a VPN tunnel. The following uses the UDP tunnel as an example.
2. Enable protection for the UDP tunnel.
3. Establish a VPN.
4. Process data of the virtual network interface card (vNIC), such as reading or writing data.
5. Destroy the VPN.

This example shows how to develop an application using native C++ code. For details, see [Simple Native C++ Example (ArkTS) (API9)] (https://gitee.com/openharmony/codelabs/tree/master/NativeAPI/NativeTemplateDemo).

The sample application consists of two parts: JS code and C++ code.

## JS Code

The JS code is used to implement the service logic, such as creating a tunnel, establishing a VPN, enabling VPN protection, and destroying a VPN.

```js
import vpn from '@ohos.net.vpn';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';
import vpn_client from "libvpn_client.so"
import { BusinessError } from '@ohos.base';

let TunnelFd: number = -1

@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
  @State message: string = 'Test VPN'

  private context = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext;
  private VpnConnection: vpn.VpnConnection = vpn.createVpnConnection(this.context)

  //1. Establish a VPN tunnel. The following uses the UDP tunnel as an example.
  CreateTunnel() {
    TunnelFd = vpn_client.udpConnect("192.168.43.208", 8888)
  }

  // 2. Enable protection for the UDP tunnel.
  Protect() {
    this.VpnConnection.protect(TunnelFd).then(() => {
      console.info("vpn Protect Success.")
    }).catch((err: BusinessError) => {
      console.info("vpn Protect Failed " + JSON.stringify(err))
    })
  }

  SetupVpn() {
    let tunAddr : vpn.LinkAddress = {} as vpn.LinkAddress
    tunAddr.address.address = "10.0.0.5"
    tunAddr.address.family = 1

    let config : vpn.VpnConfig = {} as vpn.VpnConfig
    config.addresses.push(tunAddr)
    config.mtu = 1400
    config.dnsAddresses = ["114.114.114.114"]

    try {
      // 3. Create a VPN.
      this.VpnConnection.setUp(config, (error: BusinessError, data: number) => {
        console.info("tunfd: " + JSON.stringify(data));
        // 4. Process data of the virtual vNIC, such as reading or writing data.
        vpn_client.startVpn(data, TunnelFd)
      })
    } catch (error) {
      console.info("vpn setUp fail " + JSON.stringify(error));
    }
  }

  // 5. Destroy the VPN.
  Destroy() {
    vpn_client.stopVpn(TunnelFd)
    this.VpnConnection.destroy().then(() => {
      console.info("vpn Destroy Success.")
    }).catch((err: BusinessError) => {
      console.info("vpn Destroy Failed " + JSON.stringify(err))
    })
  }

  build() {
    Row() {
      Column() {
        Text(this.message)
          .fontSize(50)
          .fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
          .onClick(() => {
            console.info("vpn Client")
          })
        Button('CreateTunnel').onClick(() => {
          this.CreateTunnel()
        }).fontSize(50)
        Button('Protect').onClick(() => {
          this.Protect()
        }).fontSize(50)
        Button('SetupVpn').onClick(() => {
          this.SetupVpn()
        }).fontSize(50)
        Button('Destroy').onClick(() => {
          this.Destroy()
        }).fontSize(50)
      }
      .width('100%')
    }
    .height('100%')
  }
}
```

## C++ Code

The C++ code is used for underlying service implementation, such as UDP tunnel client implementation and vNIC data read and write.

```c++
#include "napi/native_api.h"
#include "hilog/log.h"

#include <cstring>
#include <thread>
#include <js_native_api.h>
#include <js_native_api_types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <thread>
#include <sys/time.h>

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

#define BUFFER_SIZE 2048

#define VPN_LOG_TAG "NetMgrVpn"
#define VPN_LOG_DOMAIN 0x15b0
#define MAKE_FILE_NAME (strrchr(__FILE__, '/') + 1)

#define NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGE(fmt, ...)                                                                                  \
    OH_LOG_Print(LOG_APP, LOG_ERROR, VPN_LOG_DOMAIN, VPN_LOG_TAG, "vpn [%{public}s %{public}d] " fmt, MAKE_FILE_NAME,  \
                 __LINE__, ##__VA_ARGS__)

#define NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGI(fmt, ...)                                                                                  \
    OH_LOG_Print(LOG_APP, LOG_INFO, VPN_LOG_DOMAIN, VPN_LOG_TAG, "vpn [%{public}s %{public}d] " fmt, MAKE_FILE_NAME,   \
                 __LINE__, ##__VA_ARGS__)

#define NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGD(fmt, ...)                                                                                  \
    OH_LOG_Print(LOG_APP, LOG_DEBUG, VPN_LOG_DOMAIN, VPN_LOG_TAG, "vpn [%{public}s %{public}d] " fmt, MAKE_FILE_NAME,   \
                 __LINE__, ##__VA_ARGS__)

struct FdInfo {
    int32_t tunFd = 0;
    int32_t tunnelFd = 0;
    struct sockaddr_in serverAddr;
};

static FdInfo fdInfo;
static bool threadRunF = false;
static std::thread threadt1;
static std::thread threadt2;

// Obtain the IP address of the UDP server.
static constexpr const int MAX_STRING_LENGTH = 1024;
std::string GetStringFromValueUtf8(napi_env env, napi_value value) {
    std::string result;
    char str[MAX_STRING_LENGTH] = {0};
    size_t length = 0;
    napi_get_value_string_utf8(env, value, str, MAX_STRING_LENGTH, &length);
    if (length > 0) {
        return result.append(str, length);
    }
    return result;
}

void HandleReadTunfd(FdInfo fdInfo) {
    uint8_t buffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = {0};
    while (threadRunF) {
        int ret = read(fdInfo.tunFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        if (ret <= 0) {
            if (errno != 11) {
                NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGE("read tun device error: %{public}d, tunfd: %{public}d", errno, fdInfo.tunFd);
            }
            continue;
        }

        // Read data from the vNIC and send the data to the UDP server through the UDP tunnel.
        NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGD("buffer: %{public}s, len: %{public}d", buffer, ret);
        ret = sendto(fdInfo.tunnelFd, buffer, ret, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&fdInfo.serverAddr, sizeof(fdInfo.serverAddr));
        if (ret <= 0) {
            NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGE("send to server[%{public}s:%{public}d] failed, ret: %{public}d, error: %{public}s",
                                inet_ntoa(fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_addr), ntohs(fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_port), ret,
                                strerror(errno));
            continue;
        }
    }
}

void HandleTcpReceived(FdInfo fdInfo) {
    int addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
    uint8_t buffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = {0};
    while (threadRunF) {
        int length = recvfrom(fdInfo.tunnelFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&fdInfo.serverAddr,
                              (socklen_t *)&addrlen);
        if (length < 0) {
            if (errno != 11) {
                NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGE("read tun device error: %{public}d, tunnelfd: %{public}d", errno, fdInfo.tunnelFd);
            }
            continue;
        }

        // Receive data from the UDP server and write the data to the vNIC.
        NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGD("from [%{public}s:%{public}d] data: %{public}s, len: %{public}d",
                            inet_ntoa(fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_addr), ntohs(fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_port), buffer, length);
        int ret = write(fdInfo.tunFd, buffer, length);
        if (ret <= 0) {
            NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGE("error Write To Tunfd, errno: %{public}d", errno);
        }
    }
}

static napi_value UdpConnect(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info) {
    size_t argc = 2;
    napi_value args[2] = {nullptr};
    napi_get_cb_info(env, info, &argc, args, nullptr, nullptr);

    int32_t port = 0;
    napi_get_value_int32(env, args[1], &port);
    std::string ipAddr = GetStringFromValueUtf8(env, args[0]);

    NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGI("ip: %{public}s port: %{public}d", ipAddr.c_str(), port);

    // Establish a UDP tunnel.
    int32_t sockFd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if (sockFd == -1) {
        NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGE("socket() error");
        return 0;
    }

    struct timeval timeout = {1, 0};
    setsockopt(sockFd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, (char *)&timeout, sizeof(struct timeval));

    memset(&fdInfo.serverAddr, 0, sizeof(fdInfo.serverAddr));
    fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(ipAddr.c_str()); // server's IP addr
    fdInfo.serverAddr.sin_port = htons(port);                      // port

    NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGI("Connection successful");

    napi_value tunnelFd;
    napi_create_int32(env, sockFd, &tunnelFd);
    return tunnelFd;
}

static napi_value StartVpn(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info) {
    size_t argc = 2;
    napi_value args[2] = {nullptr};
    napi_get_cb_info(env, info, &argc, args, nullptr, nullptr);

    napi_get_value_int32(env, args[0], &fdInfo.tunFd);
    napi_get_value_int32(env, args[1], &fdInfo.tunnelFd);

    if (threadRunF) {
        threadRunF = false;
        threadt1.join();
        threadt2.join();
    }

    // Start two threads. One is used to read data from the vNIC, and the other is used to receive data from the server.
    threadRunF = true;
    std::thread tt1(HandleReadTunfd, fdInfo);
    std::thread tt2(HandleTcpReceived, fdInfo);

    threadt1 = std::move(tt1);
    threadt2 = std::move(tt2);

    NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGI("StartVpn successful");

    napi_value retValue;
    napi_create_int32(env, 0, &retValue);
    return retValue;
}

static napi_value StopVpn(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info) {
    size_t argc = 1;
    napi_value args[1] = {nullptr};
    napi_get_cb_info(env, info, &argc, args, nullptr, nullptr);

    int32_t tunnelFd;
    napi_get_value_int32(env, args[0], &tunnelFd);
    if (tunnelFd) {
        close(tunnelFd);
        tunnelFd = 0;
    }

    // Stop the two threads.
    if (threadRunF) {
        threadRunF = false;
        threadt1.join();
        threadt2.join();
    }

    NETMANAGER_VPN_LOGI("StopVpn successful");

    napi_value retValue;
    napi_create_int32(env, 0, &retValue);
    return retValue;
}

EXTERN_C_START
static napi_value Init(napi_env env, napi_value exports) {
    napi_property_descriptor desc[] = {
        {"udpConnect", nullptr, UdpConnect, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, napi_default, nullptr},
        {"startVpn", nullptr, StartVpn, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, napi_default, nullptr},
        {"stopVpn", nullptr, StopVpn, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, napi_default, nullptr},
    };
    napi_define_properties(env, exports, sizeof(desc) / sizeof(desc[0]), desc);
    return exports;
}
EXTERN_C_END

static napi_module demoModule = {
    .nm_version = 1,
    .nm_flags = 0,
    .nm_filename = nullptr,
    .nm_register_func = Init,
    .nm_modname = "entry",
    .nm_priv = ((void *)0),
    .reserved = {0},
};

extern "C" __attribute__((constructor)) void RegisterEntryModule(void) {
    napi_module_register(&demoModule);
}
```